天然湖水表面微层砷形态分析

采用玻璃板表面微层水样器采集表面微层湖水,利用高效相色谱－氢化物发生－原子吸收联用技术测定水样中亚砷酸盐,砷酸盐,－甲基胂酸盐（ＭＭＡ）和二甲基胂酸盐（ＤＭＡ）含量,并和相应表层湖水（水面下的０．５ｍ）中相同４种不砷形态含量对比,结果表明,４种砷形态在湖水表面微层和表层中的含量分布有较大差异,表面微层水中的含量通常高于表层水,它们在湖水表面微层中具有一定的富集现象,富集倍数分别为Ａｓ（Ⅲ）１．６６     

2006年春季长江口砷形态分析及其生物有效性

于2006年春季在长江河口开展野外调查.采集水和表层沉积物样品,并进行总砷、砷形态分析和生物有效性评估.将过滤水样用于测定溶解态砷含量,而未过滤水样经酸消解后用于测定总砷含量,两者之差则为颗粒态砷含量.结果表明.长江口青草沙水源地各层水体中总砷含量为0.88-1.35ug·L-1(涨憩),2.37-3.35ug·L-1(落憩).溶解态和颗粒态砷含量均随潮汐变化明显,各形态砷含量在落憩时均高于涨憩时,颗粒态砷所占总砷的比例也是落憩时明显高于涨憩时.以0.3 mol·L-1磷酸溶液为萃取剂.在微波辅助下可以有效地将沉积物中砷酸盐[As(V)]、亚砷酸盐[As(Ⅲ)]、一甲基胂酸盐(MMA)和二甲基胂酸盐(DMA)提取出来,然后利用高效液相色谱一氢化物发生.原子吸收光谱(HPLC-HG-AAS)联用技术进行检测.结果表明,长江口表层沉积物中总砷含量为6.3-30.7 mg·kg-1,主要为无机砷形态,在江心沙洲及离岸沉积物中且以砷酸盐为主.而在近岸沉积物中以亚砷酸盐为主;利用醋酸纤维素/氧化铁复合膜方法(FeO/CAM)所得沉积物中有嫂砷含量占总砷含量0.6%-3.9%,平均约为2.1%.有效砷含量与总砷含量没有显著相关性,与亚砷酸盐含量呈显著正相关性,与砷酸盐含量呈显著负相关性.结果还表明,长江口南支沉积物中的砷形态分布特征及其生物有效性受城市支流输入和排污活动影响显著.     

环境中砷的存在形态研究

采用氢化物发生-电热石英管-原子吸收光度法对土壤、海水、海洋生物及人尿样中不同形态的砷进行了广泛的分析测定。结论指出,土壤中砷以无机砷为主,而无机砷中又以As(Ⅴ)为主;海水和人尿中以有机胂为主;海洋生物体中也主要以有机胂形态存在。     

动物饲料中砷、铜和锌调查及分析

在广东省采集市售鸡、猪配合饲料样本70个和76个,调查评价其中砷、铜、锌形态和含量,并考察常用有机胂添加剂洛克沙胂(ROX)的稳定性.结果表明,鸡、猪料平均总As含量分别为3.6 mg·kg-1和6.5 mg·kg-1,总Cu含量为18.2 mg·kg-1和119.4 mg·kg-1,总Zn含量为124.6 mg·kg-1和486.2 mg·kg-1.按照国家相关限量标准,如考虑到可能添加了有机胂,饲料总As超标现象较少,猪料Cu、Zn超标现象较为普遍.Zn、Cu、As在饲料中添加量较高成为它们在禽畜粪中残留较高的根本原因.另外,有25.4%的饲料样本检出有机胂,且普遍同时含有As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)杂质.检出ROX和阿散酸(p-ASA)含量平均分别为7.0 mg·kg-1和21.2 mg·kg-1.鸡、猪料中各有24.3%和26.3%的样本检出有机胂.鸡料中常用ROX,而猪料常用p-ASA.ROX及其无机砷杂质在添加剂和饲料中均在室温至少30 d内保持形态稳定,说明饲料中较高含量的无机砷杂质很可能源自有机胂添加剂中的砷杂质.对相关从业人员而言,这是一种新的砷暴露途径.     

洛克沙胂在青菜及土壤中的残留及降解特性

通过向土壤中施加含洛克沙胂有机肥的田间试验,研究有机肥中的洛克沙胂在土壤-蔬菜中的降解、迁移转化及残留.结果表明,土壤中施加低浓度的洛克沙胂对青菜的生长具有一定的抑制作用,相比于对照组减产15%~32%;青菜对土壤中砷具有一定的富集作用,且其根部为砷主要蓄积部位;土壤中总砷含量与施入洛克沙胂的量成正相关,并且随着种植时间的延长先升高再下降,最高达12.94 mg·kg-1,土壤无机砷含量随着种植时间的延长先升高并于30 d后趋于稳定,占总砷的66.75%~98.56%;青菜中总砷含量与土壤总砷含量及青菜砷富集系数之间均存在一定的正相关;洛克沙胂在土壤中的降解速率缓慢,含洛克沙胂有机肥量添加量高于5 000 kg·hm-2时,45 d后土壤中有洛克沙胂残留;施入一定量的洛克沙胂能显著提高土壤中细菌的数量,对于霉菌和放线菌的生长,较低浓度的洛克沙胂具有一定的抑制作用,较高浓度的洛克沙胂具有一定的促进作用.     

土壤砷污染及其防治的研究

砷是一种有毒的元素。砷在土壤中积累多了,会导致土壤的污染。砷在土壤中的移动性能很差,土壤被砷污染以后,就很难消除。我国南方某些地方,曾经使用有机胂农药(如甲基胂酸钙等)来防治水稻的病害。为了防止砷类农药导致的砷污染,我们进行了土壤中砷的残留量与水稻污染之间的关系,以及土壤对砷吸附能力的研究,并对水稻砷中毒时的症状进行了观察。 一、试验材料与方法 试验在温室条件下进行,供试土壤分别加入不同剂量的无机砷(Na_3AsO_4·12H_2O)和有机胂(甲基胂酸钙),与土壤充分混匀后进行水稻、小麦的盆栽试验,观察各种砷化物     

HPLC-(UV)-HG-AFS联用技术测定市售紫菜中砷形态

为优化高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱(HPLC-HG-AFS法)同时测定As(III)、DMA、MMA、As(V)和AsB五种砷形态的方法,选用不同提取剂和流动相测定了市售紫菜中砷的形态,考察不同比例甲醇-水溶液作为提取剂、不同流动相对测定紫菜中砷形态的影响。试验结果表明:流动相选择5mmol/L(NH4)2HPO4,在pH值为9.0时能有效分离五种砷形态;市售紫菜中的总砷含量为7.9~13.0mg/kg,未检测到As(III)、As(V)、MMA和DMA;通过对比不同比例甲醇-水溶液的提取效果,发现1∶9甲醇-水溶液和3∶1甲醇-水溶液提取紫菜中砷形态的提取效果较好。该试验结果可为紫菜等植物样品中砷形态的提取提供参考。     

我国河流湖泊砷污染研究进展

对我国14个省27处河流湖泊砷污染现状进行了归纳,认为我国河流湖泊砷污染严重,大部分水系中砷含量超过世界淡水砷背景值,最高达到1.9mg/L;水体表层底泥中砷含量范围为4.0～980.6mg/kg,44.5%的水体底泥属于中度及以上砷污染水平,矿业活动是导致砷污染的重要原因之一。在分析河流和湖泊中砷存在形态的基础上,简要探讨了砷的迁移转化过程及影响因素,我国水系表层沉积物中的砷以残渣态为主。比较了6种水体除砷方法,认为土壤法处理云南砷污染地表水更符合廉价、高效的原位修复技术要求。认为未来应加强对沉积物中砷形态的研究,并对河流和湖泊等地表水中砷的迁移转化做出系统的解释。     

氢化物发生—ICP／AES法测定地面水中的痕量砷

采用氢化物发生－ＩＣＰ／ＡＥＳ法测定地面水中痕量砷，进行了分析线、正向入射功率的选择氢化物发生系统和气动雾化系统的性能比较等实验，砷的测定波长选用１８８．９７９ｎｍ，正向入射功率为８５０Ｗ。采用氢化物生系统进样，其灵敏度比气动雾化系统进样高７５－１１０倍。方法的检测限为０．４μｇ／Ｌ；加标回收率为９２．４％－１０４．６％；精密度实验的变异系数为１．８％－８．０％。     

多功能高铁酸盐去除饮用水中砷的研究

利用高铁酸盐的氧化絮凝双重水处理功能,取代氧化铁盐法,对其氧化除砷效果进行了评价.考察了高铁酸盐除砷的适宜pH值范围、氧化时间和絮凝时间,定性和定量分析了盐度、硬度等因素对高铁酸盐除砷效果的影响.结果表明,高铁酸盐与砷浓度比为15∶1,最佳pH为5.5～7.5,适宜的氧化时间为10min,絮凝时间为30min,处理后的水样中砷残留量可达到国家饮用水标准;盐度和硬度不干扰除砷过程.与传统的铁盐法和氧化铁盐法对比,此方法简便,高效,无二次污染,更有利于饮用水的清洁化除砷.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.