水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发POD与CAT对酸雨胁迫的响应

研究了pH 2.5～5.0模拟酸雨对水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)和油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)种子萌发过程中POD、CAT活性影响.静态与动态实验结果表明,酸雨胁迫下,3类种子萌发时CAT与POD活性的变化幅度是水稻(28.8%,31.7%)<小麦(34.7%,48.3%)<油菜(79.3%,50.0%);CAT与POD与CK达到差异显著水平(p<0.05)的胁迫强度是水稻(pH3.5)>小麦(pH4.0)>油菜(pH5.0),说明保护酶抗酸雨能力是水稻>小麦>油菜.相同胁迫强度下,水稻、小麦和油菜种子CAT变幅     

3类抗性种子萌发过程中糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应

为揭示酸雨影响种子萌发机理,以pH 2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0的模拟酸雨处理水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)、油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)3种不同抗性种子,研究种子萌发糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应.结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随胁迫强度增加(pH 5.0～2.0)而降低,均低于对照.3个指标响应酸雨胁迫强度的规律(伤害阈值/变幅)是:水稻(pH 3.5～4.0/53.88%～77.7%)＜小麦(pH 3.5～4.5/58.60%～89.41%)＜油菜(pH 4.0～5.0/60.14%～100%).胁迫强度一定时,水稻α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随时间延长而上升,小麦和油菜3个指标先升后降.胁迫时间一定时(3～7 d),3种种子处理组的旺α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量均低于对照,且随胁迫强度增加而降低.3个指标达到最大伤害的胁迫时间为水稻(7 d;7 d,7 d)＞小麦(7 d,6 d,5 d)＞油菜(3 d,7 d,5 d).3个指标对酸雨胁迫强度与胁迫时间的响应规律显示,水稻糖代谢抗酸雨能力＞小麦＞油菜,这是酸雨胁迫下3类种子萌发指标趋异的又一内在原因.     

酸雨对水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发的影响

采用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0与5.0模拟酸雨处理水稻、小麦和油菜种子的实验结果表明,3者在pH 2.0时不发芽,在pH 2.5时只有水稻和小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时,水稻、小麦和油菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数都与pH值显著正相关,水稻和小麦的异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低.部分生理指标的实验结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率和贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,水稻与小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;水稻、小麦和油菜的芽、根长抑制指数都与pH值显著负相关.酸雨胁迫下,种子各项指标变幅为水稻＜小麦＜油菜,这表明抗酸雨胁迫能力为水稻＞小麦＞油菜.     

不同秸秆翻埋还田对旱地和水田土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以水稻、小麦、玉米秸秆和油菜、蚕豆青秆为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法,并结合主成分分析方法,研究了不同秸秆翻埋还田对旱地和水田土壤微生物数量、菌群分布、群落结构特征等的影响.PLFA分析结果表明,旱地土壤PLFA总量变幅为8.35~25.15 nmol·g-1,大小顺序为油菜蚕豆玉米水稻小麦,5种秸秆翻埋还田均能提高土壤微生物PLFA总量,其中油菜、蚕豆处理分别是不加秸秆处理的2.18、2.08倍,差异显著;5种秸秆处理各菌群PLFA量均高于不加秸秆处理,其中真菌量均显著提高,微生物群落物种丰富度值也显著提高.水田土壤PLFA总量变幅为4.04~22.19nmol·g-1,大小顺序为水稻玉米小麦油菜蚕豆,其中油菜和蚕豆处理低于不加秸秆处理;除蚕豆外其余秸秆处理真菌PLFA量均显著高于不加秸秆处理,蚕豆处理细菌和PLFA总量均显著低于其他处理,各处理间放线菌、革兰氏阳性菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性菌(G-)无显著差异;水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜均能显著提高水田土壤微生物的物种丰富度指数和优势度指数.主成分分析结果表明蚕豆青秆对旱地土壤微生物群落结构影响最大,油菜青秆和小麦秸秆对水田土壤微生物群落结构影响最大.     

Toxic effects of wastewater from various phases of monosodium glutamate production on seed germination and root elongation of crops

To make a comprehensive assessment on monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater pollution, a pollution exposure experiment was carried out on the seed germination and root elongation of wheat, Chinese cabbage and tomato by using the wastewater discharged from different processing phases of MSG production. The results showed that there were significantly positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rates of wheat seed germination and root elongation and the COD_cr of the mother liquor scraps. The toxicity of MSG wastewater to the test crops was in the order of tomato > Chinese cabbage > wheat, indicating that tomato was the most sensitive to the wastewater, and could be considered as an ideal toxic bioindicator. The half-effect concentrations (IC₅₀) based on the seed germination and root elongation of the test crops exposed to the wastewater discharged from various processing phases of MSG production was 22.0–32 432 and 17.3–3320 mg/L, respectively. Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(7): 1286–1290 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

长三角地区秸秆燃烧排放因子与颗粒物成分谱研究

为获取长三角地区秸秆燃烧污染物排放因子及其颗粒物成分谱,利用自行设计开发的开放式燃烧源排放测试系统,选取小麦、水稻、油菜、豆秸和薪柴等5类典型作物秸秆,分别采用露天焚烧和炉灶燃烧2种燃烧方式,实测其气态污染物和颗粒物排放特征.结果表明,露天燃烧各类秸秆的CO、NOx和PM2.5平均排放因子约为28.7、1.2和2.65 g·kg-1,由于炉灶氧含量相对较低,燃烧不充分,其污染物排放因子总体高于露天燃烧,分别为81.9、2.1和8.5 g·kg-1.各类秸秆中,油菜的排放水平相对较高.含碳组分(OC和EC)是生物质秸秆燃烧产生PM2.5的主要组成,在露天燃烧中OC和EC的质量分数分别占(38.92±13.93)%和(5.66±1.54)%;炉灶燃烧中OC和EC分别为(26.37±10.14)%和(18.97±10.76)%.Cl-、K+等水溶性离子也有较大贡献,在露天燃烧中分别为(13.27±6.82)%和(12.41±3.02)%;在炉灶燃烧中分别为(16.25±9.34)%和(13.62±7.91)%.小麦、水稻、油菜和豆秸等作物秸秆露天燃烧排放颗粒物的K+/OC值分别为0.30、0.52、0.49和0.15,这些特征值可用于判断长三角区域空气质量受秸秆燃烧排放影响的程度,为大气污染来源解析提供直接的判断依据.     

E ects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities of wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic （As） were investigated on seed germination, root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As. The results showed low concentrations of As （0-1 mg/kg） stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot, however, these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As （5-20 mg/kg）. The contents of O2^-, MDA, soluble protein and peroxidase （POD） activity all increased with increasing As concentrations. Soluble sugar content, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities decreased at low concentrations of As, and increased at high concentrations of As. While acetylsalicylic acid （ASA） and chlorophyll contents, catalase （CAT） activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg, and then decreasing trend. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （PAGE）, As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings. As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg. However, As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg. The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

模拟酸雨对福州平原水稻田土壤化学结合态有机碳含量的影响

为阐明酸雨对水稻田土壤化学结合态有机碳含量的影响,以福州平原水稻田为研究对象,在早稻和晚稻生长期中,设置对照(CK)、模拟pH=2.5、pH=3.5、pH=4.5酸雨处理,对酸雨影响下福州平原水稻田土壤化学结合态有机碳含量进行了测定与分析.结果表明,酸雨作用下早、晚稻土壤有机碳(SOC)含量介于13.40～20.17 g·kg~(-1),与土壤全氮(TN)含量显著正相关(p0.01);各处理下早稻田SOC含量均低于晚稻田,且早稻田土壤各处理间SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05),其中,晚稻CK、pH=2.5和pH=3.5处理的SOC含量与早稻差异显著(p0.05),酸雨处理均高于CK(p0.05).早、晚稻土壤Ca-SOC含量介于0.31～0.42 g·kg~(-1),早稻期间pH=2.5处理中Ca-SOC含量与其他处理差异明显(p0.05).早、晚稻土壤Fe(Al)-SOC含量介于2.90～4.64 g·kg~(-1),早稻各处理间差异不显著(p0.05),而晚稻各处理间差异显著(p0.05).相比之下,晚稻残渣态-SOC含量显著高于早稻(p0.05),酸雨处理显著高于CK(p0.05),且pH=2.5处理含量最高,均值为(15.21±0.37) g·kg~(-1),而早稻各处理残渣态-SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05).此外,早、晚稻SOC与Fe(Al)-SOC、残渣态-SOC之间均具有显著正相关关系(p0.01),早稻残渣态-SOC、晚稻Fe(Al)-SOC与土壤TN显著正相关(p0.01).综上所述,酸雨通过提高晚稻SOC和Fe(Al)-SOC含量,进而增强土壤碳库稳定性,促进有机碳的积累.     

两种咪唑氯盐类离子液体对水稻幼苗根部的毒性效应

按照毒性试验标准方法研究了1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([DMIM]Cl)、1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([C12MIM]Cl)对水稻幼苗生长的影响,测定了水稻根的半数抑制浓度(IC50-5d)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、水稻根部丙二醛(MDA)含量及对水稻根系的生理影响.结果表明:两种离子液体(ILs)对水稻幼苗根部生长均具有抑制作用,随着浓度的增大抑制率增加,[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl的根长IC50-5d分别为0.10 mg·L-1和0.054 mg·L-1,水稻幼苗根部对两种ILs均有氧化应激反应,在[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl处理下,3种抗氧化酶活性均受到严重抑制,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,加剧了水稻幼苗根部细胞膜脂质过氧化作用.[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl处理导致根系活力降低,根系质膜透性增大.     

稻油不同轮作模式对农田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

以南方稻区不同轮作模式为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究水稻-油菜轮作处理的甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放特征,并估算稻田增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,双季稻田、一季中（晚）稻田、油菜地和休闲地CH₄平均排放量分别为135.25,55.64、5.05和1.89 kg ·hm^-2,稻季CH₄排放占不同轮作周年CH₄排放的91.8%~98.5%,稻田土壤水溶性有机碳与CH₄排放呈显著正相关,常规晚稻稻田CH₄排放比杂交晚稻高18.7%（P<0.05）;双季稻田、一季中（晚）稻田、油菜地和休闲地N₂O平均排放量分别为0.94、0.64、1.38和0.24 kg ·hm^-2,油菜地的N₂O排放占周年排放的57.2%~70.2%,双季稻和一季稻处理的冬闲农田N₂O排放占周年排放的17.8%和30.6%,杂交稻和常规稻稻田N₂O排放无显著性差异;双季稻-冬闲和双季稻-油菜的GWP处理高于稻-油和稻-冬闲处理,稻季排放CH₄的GWP占轮作周年GWP排放的71.2%~90.9%;GHGI以稻-稻-油菜最高,稻-油和稻-冬闲处理较低,综合环境效益和经济效益,建议南方稻区选择杂交晚稻-油菜的种植模式,有利于南方多熟制稻田的温室气体减排.     

Ca2+浸种对酸雨伤害玉米幼苗的影响

通过砂培实验,研究了钙浸种对酸雨伤害玉米幼苗的防护效应.结果表明,酸雨胁迫下,玉米幼苗叶绿素含量减少,叶绿素a/b比值下降,叶片汁液的pH值降低,SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性先升高,而在pH值2.5的酸雨胁迫下转而下降,CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性水平下降,POD(过氧化物酶)活性明显增加,脂质过氧化加剧；而在同一强度酸雨胁迫下,经CaCl     

Copper and zinc interaction on water clearance and tissue metal distribution in the freshwater mussel, Cristaria plicata, under laboratory conditions

Copper and zinc interaction on clearance from water and distribution in different tissues was investigated for the freshwater mussel, Cristaria plicata, under laboratory conditions. Clearance rate of Cu or Zn from water was highly dependent on exposure concentration. Interaction effect was most evident at 300 μg·L⁻¹ Cu exposure and depressed the Zn clearance rate significantly (p<0.05). However, the presence of 100 μg·L⁻¹ and 300 μg·L⁻¹ Zn hardly affected the Cu clearance rate. The 300 μg·L⁻¹ Cu presence enhanced Cu accumulation in each tissue most significantly (p<0.01), but caused Zn content to decrease in the gills by 62% (p<0.05), viscera by 49% (p<0.05) and foot by 31% (p<0.05), and increase in the mantle by 97% (p<0.05) and the muscles by 243% (p<0.05) for different Zn exposure treatments. The response of metal accumulation in various tissues of the test mussels indicated that Zn transferred from the gills, viscera and foot to the mantle and muscles might be one of the important characteristics of the Zn regulatory mechanism by leading to a narrow range of Zn concentration in the different tissues.     

A comparative study of classical and biochemical endpoints for phytotoxicity testing of chlorobenzoic acids

IntroductionChlorobenzoic acids ( CBAs ) are important chemicalproducts and extensive used as the intermediate and analysisreagent in many industrial fields(Zhang, 2001). Therefore,CBAs may directly and constantly release into environment,and it was a…     

不同改良剂对铅镉污染农田水稻重金属积累和产量影响的比较分析

以无机类土壤改良剂材料海泡石(SEP)、有机类土壤改良剂材料生物炭(BC)作为对比,考察新型交联改性甲壳素(CC)对大田环境下土壤重金属的生物有效性、水稻生长、产量以及吸收累积重金属的影响,为土壤改良剂开发提供新的材料选择,并为该材料培肥改土及合理农用提供依据.选取辽宁凌海市某Pb、Cd污染稻田作为试验地块,于2015~2016年进行田间小区试验,分析试验前(2015年3月)和2016年10月水稻收获后土壤的p H值、土壤中Pb、Cd有效态的变化,比较不同处理对水稻生育性状、产量及水稻根系、茎叶、籽粒各部位吸收Pb、Cd的影响.结果表明,添加167~333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC可使土壤p H值提高0.36~0.45个单位,使得土壤中有效Pb、Cd的含量分别显著(P0.05)下降46.39%~64.01%、29.73%~43.24%.添加167~333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC与CK相比可显著降低水稻各部位中的Pb、Cd含量(P0.05),其中根系中分别降低16.09%~38.14%、21.22%~31.38%,茎叶中分别降低了19.17%~46.92%、25.66%~45.34%,籽粒中分别降低了29.47%~58.25%,44.75%~64.02%,添加333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC可使水稻籽粒中的Pb、Cd含量分别降低到(0.204 1±0.011)mg·kg-1和(0.192 2±0.021)mg·kg-1,低于或接近于GB 2762-2005中大米Pb、Cd的限量值(0.20mg·kg-1).施用167~333 kg·hm~(-2)的CC与CK、SEP处理及BC处理相比,亩产分别增加了33.6~47、27.6~44、8.67~34.77 kg.其中CC-2增产效果最明显,亩增产47 kg,增产率为8.59%.CC对Pb、Cd污染土壤重金属修复及降低水稻体内Pb、Cd含量效果不亚于SEP、BC,对重金属Pb、Cd在土壤-水稻系统的迁移与再分配具有较好的阻控作用,且其增产作用明显,具有较好的保障实现水稻安全生产的潜力,具有一定推广应用价值.     

低积累水稻品种联合腐殖酸、海泡石保障重镉污染稻田安全生产的潜力

以某铅锌矿开采区周边重镉污染稻田(全Cd含量为2.52 mg·kg~(-1))以及Cd低积累型晚粳稻品种嘉33为对象,研究了Cd低积累水稻嘉33与改良剂腐殖酸、海泡石联合对重镉污染稻田的农产品安全输出的保障潜力.结果表明,重镉污染稻田上嘉33仍表现出良好的低镉积累特性,改良剂腐殖酸、海泡石单独或联合投加,可降低水稻各器官中Cd的积累,以及茎对根吸收的Cd和精米对茎中Cd的转运系数,且降低量随着改良剂施用量的增加而增加.当施用5.250 t·hm~(-2)的腐殖酸、或6.750 t·hm~(-2)的海泡石、或1.125 t·hm~(-2)的腐殖酸和3.375 t·hm~(-2)的海泡石搭配施用均可使嘉33精米中Cd含量低于国家的限量指标(GB 2762~(-2)012),其精米中Cd含量分别为(0.171±0.01)、(0.184±0.01)和(0.181±0.01)mg·kg~(-1).腐殖酸单施、海泡石单施以及腐殖酸与海泡石配施均能促进土壤Cd向残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态转化,显著降低土壤中有效Cd含量,降低Cd的生物有效性,进而降低了水稻各器官中Cd含量.其中海泡石单施、腐殖酸与海泡石配施降低土壤中有效Cd含量效果优于腐殖酸单施.同时,相比于腐殖酸单施、海泡石单施,腐殖酸和海泡石搭配施用对土壤养分的影响更趋友好,除了土壤碱解氮含量无明显性变化外,对应的土壤速效磷、速效钾及有机质含量均随改良剂施用量增加而升高.综上结果,意味着在重镉污染土壤上,低Cd积累水稻品种联合腐殖酸和海泡石配施是实现重镉污染土壤安全生产的优选措施.     

铅与丁草胺的交互作用对油麦菜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

盆栽土培试验研究了重金属铅与除草剂丁草胺的复合污染对油麦菜生长及生理生化的毒性效应.结果表明土壤铅浓度小于500mg.kg-1对油麦菜发芽率的影响不明显,铅浓度为150mg.kg-1对油麦菜株高有促进作用,但对叶片过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性有明显抑制作用.土壤铅浓度为500mg.kg-1时,油麦菜根...     

秸秆还田配施化肥对稻-油轮作土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响

秸秆还田是农业生态系统提高土壤肥力和维持作物生产力的有效管理措施.为了研究秸秆还田配施化肥对巢湖地区稻-油轮作农田土壤养分含量、酶活性和微生物群落的影响,开展连续4 a （2016~2020年）的田间定位试验,设置无秸秆+无施肥（CK）、常规施肥（F）、秸秆还田+常规施肥（SF）和秸秆还田+常规施肥减20%（SDF）这4个处理,探究不同处理下影响土壤酶活性与细菌、真菌群落发生变化的关键环境因子.结果表明,秸秆还田配施化肥较常规施肥处理能够提高土壤养分含量,SF处理的土壤养分含量最高.与F相比,SF处理的水稻季土壤有机质（OM）和全磷（TP）含量显著提高了7.94%和24.07%（P<0.05）,油菜季碱解氮（AN）含量显著提高了13.62%（P<0.05）.SF较F处理的土壤磷酸酶和脲酶在水稻季显著提高了28.54%和24.13%,在油菜季显著提高了38.97%和30.70%,而SDF处理的4种土壤酶中仅脲酶活性较F处理显著提高,水稻季和油菜季分别提高了20.31%和24.33%（P<0.05）.秸秆还田对水稻季土壤细菌的Chao1和Shannon指数有所增加,油菜季则有所减少,而对真菌群落的Chao1和Shannon指数均增加.对于微生物群落结构而言,SF和SDF较F处理的变形菌门相对丰度在水稻季分别增加了8.22%和7.88%,油菜季分别增加了18.53%和5.68%.与F相比,SF和SDF处理的绿弯菌门相对丰度在水稻季分别增加了12.00%和11.25%,油菜季分别增加了15.02%和8.43%.水稻季SF和SDF处理的担子菌门较F相比相对丰度显著提高了70%和43.42%（P<0.05）,油菜季SF和SDF处理的子囊菌门与F相比显著提高了69.79%和43.72%（P<0.05）.综上,秸秆还田配施化肥可提高土壤养分含量,土壤脲酶和磷酸酶对秸秆还田的响应更为敏感,稻-油轮作农田土壤的细菌群落构成发生改变主要受土壤TP和速效磷（AP）影响,而土壤OM、AN和pH则是引起真菌群落构成变化的主要环境因子,因而秸秆还田有利于提高农田土壤肥力和维护生态系统健康.     

伯克氏菌Y4对水稻幼苗镉损伤和镉吸收的影响

为探明伯克氏菌Y4（Burkholderia sp. Y4）对镉（Cd）胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长和Cd吸收积累的影响及其作用机制,以水稻低Cd积累品种湘早籼24（X24）和高Cd积累品种T优705（T705）为材料,通过水稻种子萌发和幼苗试验,利用非损伤微测技术和原子吸收等检测方法,研究外源施加伯克氏菌Y4对Cd胁迫下水稻生长和毒性损伤的影响及其抑制水稻Cd吸收积累的作用机制.结果表明,伯克氏菌Y4可以缓解Cd对水稻生长的抑制作用,使种子发芽势提高13.8%,此外,接种菌株Y4后7 d,水稻幼根和幼芽长度分别增长83.3%和12.2%,干重分别增加56.8%和12.5%,而接种菌株Y4后10 d,水稻幼根和幼芽长度分别增长28.6%和20.0%,干重分别增加113.2%和46.0%.深入研究发现,施加菌株Y4缓解了Cd胁迫下水稻的氧化应激损伤,显著降低了幼苗地上部及根系中氧化损伤产物丙二醛（MDA）的水平,降幅分别达到21.5%和16.9%;同时,Cd胁迫下水稻抗氧化酶活性的变化也在菌株Y4的作用下得到缓解,幼苗根系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性水平恢复至与无Cd空...