UV/H2O2工艺降解微囊藻毒素-LR

采用UV/H₂O₂联合工艺,研究了光强、初始浓度、H₂O₂投加量、pH及阴离子对微囊藻毒素-LR (MC-LR)去除率的影响.结果表明,单独H₂O₂对MC-LR基本无去除效果;单独UV工艺可以一定程度上降解MC-LR;而UV/H₂O₂联合工艺由于发生协同作用明显提高降解效率.试验发现,随着光强的增大,MC-LR的去除率不断提高;随着MC-LR初始浓度的增大,其去除率不断降低;随着H₂O₂投加量的增大,降解速率常数逐渐增大,当H₂O₂投加量由1 mmol/L增大到3 mmol/L时,降解速率常数由0.084 4上升到0.166 4;当pH为3.13时,在相同条件下MC-LR的去除效果最好;阴离子的投加不利于MC-LR的降解,其中CO^2-₃、NO^-₃影响最大.     

O3/H2O2降解Atrazine效能研究

利用O₃/H²O²降解莠去津,对氧化产物进行了色谱分析,以评价该体系降解莠去津效能.莠去津初始浓度2 mg/L,7.5 mg/L的O₃单独氧化去除率为27.2%;相同O₃投量下,H²O²/O₃摩尔比0.75时,5 min莠去津的去除率最高可达96.5%,表明H²O²/O₃体系对莠去津的去除效果良好,降解速度快.以离子色谱对产物的离子进行分析,莠去津浓度下降的同时,硝酸根和氯离子浓度增高.GC-MS检测的产物和对LC-MS谱图的分析表明,有机产物中存在脱乙基、脱异丙基和脱氯莠去津,说明H²O²/O₃并不能彻底氧化莠去津,因此工程中作为主要去除单元或突发性污染事件的应急手段可能还需要与活性炭等单元联用.     

UV/O3对亚硝基二甲胺降解产物的控制研究

对UV/O₃和UV/H₂Ｏ₂ 2种高级氧化工艺降解水中亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）和控制二甲胺（DMA）生成的能力进行了比较研究.结果表明,UV/H₂Ｏ₂能够有效降解NDMA,但不能控制NDMA降解产物DMA的生成;UV/O₃高级氧化技术不仅能够有效地去除NDMA,同时对DMA的生成量也有很好的控制作用.进一步考察了不同臭氧浓度、溶液pH值以及NDMA初始浓度对UV/O₃工艺控制DMA生成量的影响.结果表明,臭氧浓度对UV/O₃控制DMA的生成有一定的影响,DMA的生成量随着臭氧浓度的增大而减小,臭氧浓度为6.64 mg·L^-1时,降解7.7 mg·L^-1 NDMA生成DMA的量为0.98 mg·L^-1.溶液pH值对UV/O₃控制DMA的影响较大,酸性和中性pH条件下,DMA的生成量随着pH的增大略有增加;碱性pH条件下,DMA的生成量明显减小,pH=11.0时降解初始浓度为7.7 mg·L^-1 的NDMA,DMA的生成量仅为0.3 mg·L^-1.NDMA的初始浓度对UV/O₃控制DMA的生成也有影响,NDMA初始浓度较小时,UV/O₃对DMA生成的控制更为明显.     

UV/TiO2/H2O2体系对制药废水二级出水的处理特性研究

以某制药企业的二级出水为研究对象,对比了UV/TiO₂、UV/H₂O₂、UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂ 3种高级氧化工艺的处理效果,利用自主设计的一体化光催化装置进行了连续动态试验,并通过凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、三维荧光光谱（EEM）、斑马鱼急性毒性试验等方法研究了处理前后有机物特性和生物毒性的变化.结果表明,与UV/TiO₂和UV/H₂O₂体系相比,UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂光芬顿体系对有机物的去除效果更好,当TiO₂投加量为1 g·L^-1,H₂O₂投加量为100 mg·L^-1时,处理效果达到最佳.一体化光催化装置能够利用UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂光芬顿技术快速高效地降解二级出水中的有机污染物,反应30 min时COD去除率达到50%以上.经UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂深度处理后,废水中的大分子有机物分解转换为小分子,有机物中的不饱和结构明显减少,腐殖质等溶解性有机物基本降解完全.毒性试验结果表明,该二级出水的生物毒性经深度处理后显著降低,对斑马鱼胚胎不存在致畸致死效应.     

O3/H2O2氧化降解环嗪酮研究

利用环嗪酮的拟一级氧化速率常数考察O₃/H₂O₂体系对环嗪酮的去除效果,探讨了最佳反应条件及反应过程中过氧化氢的消耗情况,并利用IC、HPLC/MS和GC/MS等技术分析了氧化产物,对其降解途径进行了初步研究.结果表明:环嗪酮初始浓度为3mg·L^-1、温度25 ℃、O₃投量13 mg·L^-1、H₂O₂/O₃物质的量比0.5、pH为 8~9时,环嗪酮降解速率常数达0.075 min^-1;自来水中的无机离子和微量有机物对环嗪酮的氧化有一定的促进作用,反应过程中H₂O₂的消耗和环嗪酮的降解规律一致,HCO₃^-对环嗪酮的去除有明显的抑制作用,说明对环嗪酮的降解主要是羟基自由基的贡献;色谱质谱分析表明,环嗪酮的氧化经历脱甲基过程,生成的NO₃^-与去除的环嗪酮的物质的量比表明三嗪环已被打开,最终被矿化为NO₃^-、H₂O和CO₂等无机产物.     

水中无机阴离子对UV/H2O2降解LAS的影响及机理

研究了UV/H₂O₂工艺对直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）的去除效果以及水中常见无机阴离子对LAS降解的影响和机理.结果表明,UV/H₂O₂工艺可以有效的去除水中LAS,光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.在H₂O₂投加量为8 mg·L^-1,14 W低压汞灯照射下,LAS在蒸馏水和自来水中光降解速率常数分别为0.018 0 min^-1和0.012 2 min^-1;NO^-₃、Cl^-、SO^２－₄和HCO^-_３对LAS光降解有抑制作用,4种离子在浓度分别为5、10、15　mmol·L^-1时,对LAS光降解的抑制程度均为HCO^-_３>NO^-₃>Cl^->SO^２－₄;随着离子浓度增大,抑制作用增强;自来水中的光降解速率常数低于蒸馏水中的光降解速率常数是由于水中多种离子影响的结果.     

无机阴离子对CuO-H2O2氧化苯酚废水的影响

以苯酚为模型底物,研究了中性低温常压条件下无机阴离子对CuO-H₂O₂氧化苯酚废水的影响及机制.结果表明,CuO-H₂O₂能高效彻底氧化苯酚,10 min氧化率达94.7%,氧化遵循羟基自由基机制.无机阴离子对氧化效果有不同影响,浓度越高影响越显著.HCO^-₃加速H₂O₂的无效分解,当浓度从0增加到20 mmol·L^-1 时,H₂O₂分解速率常数由0.373 8 min^-1提高到0.534 7 min^-1,TOC去除速率常数由0.267 min^-1下降到0.019 4 min^-1.HPO^2-₄通过抑制H₂O₂分解实现对苯酚的氧化抑制,H₂O₂分解速率常数及TOC去除速率常数分别由0.373 8 min^-1、0.267 min^-1降低到0.033 8 min^-1、 0.033 8 min^-1.Cl^-能够促进H₂O₂有效分解,对苯酚氧化有利,H₂O₂分解速率常数及TOC去除速率常数分别由0.373 8 min^-1、0.267 min^-1提高到0.604 0 min^-1、0.387 9 min^-1.NO^-₃、SO^2-₄对H₂O₂的分解及苯酚的氧化影响不大.     

一种改进的高级氧化工艺降解微囊藻毒素动力学模型

试验利用UV/H₂Ｏ₂和臭氧2种高级氧化工艺降解太湖水中粗提取的微囊藻毒素,研究了光强、初始藻毒素浓度、H₂Ｏ₂投加量、臭氧投加量、pH值及阴离子对其去除率的影响,并探讨了包括pH,碳酸根浓度等水质参数在反应过程中的变化情况.在准一级反应动力学的基础上提出了一种简捷的适合实际水质的高级氧化技术降解数学模型.结果表明,UV/H₂Ｏ₂（包括单独UV）体系中,准一级动力学和准二级动力学相关系数R² 的平均值分别为0.927和0.827;在臭氧工艺中,准一级和准二级动力学相关系数R² 的平均值分别为0.911和0.925;而采用改进的一级动力学模型拟合的精确性有较大提高,UV/H₂Ｏ₂（包括单独UV）和臭氧2种体系中拟合相关系数R² 的平均值分别提高到0.982和0.985;而且通过模型分析还可以得出：在光强、双氧水浓度和臭氧浓度不变的情况下,pH值和碳酸根（碳酸氢根）离子浓度是影响反应最大的因素.     

紫外活化过硫酸盐降解水中三氯蔗糖动力学和机制

以新兴污染物人工甜味剂三氯蔗糖（SUC）为对象,研究紫外活化过硫酸盐（UV/PS）对其的降解效果.考察UV光强、PS投加量、溶液初始pH值和阴离子浓度等因素的影响,解析UV/PS降解SUC过程中的降解产物并评估其生态毒性.结果表明,对比单一UV和单一PS,UV/PS降解SUC效果更为明显,SUC降解反应速率常数随光强、PS投加量增加而增大,中性条件更有利于SUC降解,背景离子NO₃^-和HCO₃^-对UV/PS降解SUC有一定的抑制作用,而Cl^-和SO₄^2-促进降解过程.基于高分辨质谱HRMS和GC-MS解析出16种中间产物,降解过程主要涉及羟基化、氧化和醚裂解等反应.发光细菌毒性实验和ECOSAR预测结果表明,UV/PS降解SUC过程中会产生毒性高于母物质的中间产物,对生态环境存在潜在威胁.     

O3/UV降解水中有机物机理研究

利用O₃/UV降解了水中的硝基苯、乙醇酸和乙酸. 在硝基苯的降解过程中,当加入对H₂O₂具有催化分解作用的MnO₂时,O₃/UV降解效率明显下降,TOC的去除率甚至比单独臭氧化还低,在相同条件下处理40 min后,O₃/UV、O₃和O₃/UV+MnO₂对溶液TOC的去除率分别为44%、41%和39%.该结果表明中间产物H₂O₂对O₃/UV降解效率的提高具有重要的作用. 另外,有机物本身对自由基链反应是否具有促进作用也直接影响着O₃/UV的降解效率,当目标有机物是对自由基链反应具有促进作用的乙醇酸时,O₃/UV降解效率较高,30 min后乙醇酸的去除率即达76%; 而当目标有机物是对自由基链反应具有抑制作用的乙酸时, O₃/UV对其几乎无降解能力.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.