大气污染物综合排放标准制订方法探讨

通过对大气污染物综合排放标准、北京市大气污染物综合排放标准、广东省大气污染物排放限值对比分析,探讨并提出大气污染物综合排放标准制订依据,从而为制订地方大气污染物综合排放标准提供参考。     

我国大气环境标准体系的研究

针对我国大气环境管理的发展及实际情况,运用系统分析及目标规划的方法,设计了大气环境标准体系。大气标准体系包括基础标准、大气环境质量标准、排放标准、方法标准、样品标准、燃料使用标准、产品设备大气环保标准、环保行业大气环境保护标准。同时,在大气标准体系中将总量控制思想引入大气污染物排放标准的规定,提出按大气污染物的特征,分3种类型制定大气污染物排放标准等。     

中美欧燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准的比较

科学制定污染物排放标准是治理环境污染问题的重要措施之一,欧美等发达国家分别制定了适合本国国情的污染物排放标准,并进行了多次修订。为借鉴欧美等发达国家在电力行业污染物控制的成功经验和科学制定我国火电大气污染物排放标准,对比分析了中美欧等国家燃煤电厂大气污染物SO2,NOx和颗粒物排放控制历程,当前中美欧现行燃煤电厂排放标准和控制技术水平及我国火电污染物控制现状,提出了科学制定我国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准的建议。     

乌鲁木齐市集中供热锅炉烟气达标对策分析

为改善乌鲁木齐市冬季大气环境质量,乌鲁木齐市实施了地方标准《燃煤锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(DB65/2154-2004).针对乌鲁木齐市现有集中供热锅炉,根据相关监测统计资料和乌鲁木齐市用煤现状及拟用煤情况,计算了大气污染物的排放状况,讨论了大气污染物达到地方标准的可行性并提出了相应的对策.     

执行大气污染物排放标准时存在的问题及解决办法

《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB13223-2003）和《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》（GBl3271-2001）均是评价锅炉大气污染物的常用标准，在长期工作实践的基础上，本文提出了在执行两个标准时存在的问题及解决办法，对正确评价锅炉大气污染物具有一定的意义。     

石家庄市今年起执行新的锅炉大气污染物排放标准

随着《石家庄市锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的制定出台,从2008年1月1日起,石家庄市整个行政辖区内执行新的锅炉大气污染物排放地方标准。《石家庄市锅炉大气污染物排放标准》规定的全市锅炉烟尘、二氧化硫的排放浓度限值将更严于现行的国家《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》（GB13271—2001）。     

移动源国家大气污染物排放标准体系演变及发展方向研究

随着机动车行业快速发展,机动车排放所带来的环境污染问题日益突出。通过制定和实施污染物排放标准,对于促进汽车行业技术进步、削减污染物排放量发挥了重要作用。本文梳理了我国移动源国家大气污染物排放标准体系的演变过程,分析了排放标准体系目前存在的主要问题,提出了移动源大气污染物排放标准体系发展的建议。     

热风炉大气污染物适用排放标准

本文从热风炉的定义、分类、特性、行业标准等方面进行分析,并从热风炉大气污染物适用的有关地方排放标准加以应证,提出热风炉大气污染物适用排放标准应按照GB13271-2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》执行。     

山东省大气污染物排放标准体系建设与推进策略

借鉴山东省流域治污经验,本文提出采用目标倒逼机制,利用8年时间并分4个阶段,实现由基于技术的行业大气污染物排放标准向基于环境质量的区域性大气污染物排放标准逐步过渡的策略和"分区分级"控制的策略,并给出了地方行业大气污染物排放限值与区域性大气污染物排放限值的确定方法,实现了排放标准与环境质量的挂钩,有助于推动转方式、调结构,并引导产业布局与环境承载力相衔接。     

武汉市大气污染物排放标准的研究与制订

武汉市首次颁布的大气污染物排放标准分为:《大气污染物铬酸雾氰化氢氨排放标准》和《大气污染物沥青油烟排放标准》。这两个标准的制订,是根据武汉市的地理、气候及环境特点,并结合有关行业、     

香港住宅室内环境及污染暴露量研究

对选定的14间香港住宅的PM10、CO、NO2等主要室内污染物浓度进行监测，通过建立多元线性回归模型，分析了室内．外PM10浓度与居民室内各种活动等其它有关因素之间的相关关系．结合香港居民日常时间安排调查的结果，计算出各种室内污染物的暴露量，对住宅室内环境污染对居民健康的影响进行了初步评估，提出了改善住宅室内环境的一些建议。     

粤港澳地区大气中有机污染物初步研究

用Ｔｅｋｍａｒ多填层吸附管连接ＴＭＰ－１５００空气采样采集ＶＯＣｓ样,然后在Ｔｅｋｍａｒ６０３２／３０００吹扫捕集系统与ＧＣ／ＭＳＤ联用仪上分析,用ＴＨ－１０００Ｌ型大量采样器收集ＴＳＰ气溶胶样,ＴＳＰ滤膜经抽提分离后,烷径和芳烃进行ＧＣ／ＭＳＤ分析,了广州,香港和澳门地区大气 有机物和气溶胶可溶有机物的与成因。     

Development and experience in the monitoring,assessment and control of environmentalpollutants in Hong Kong

The late start of environmental protection in Hong Kong was discussed in the light of problems encountered during the development of environmental protection legislation in Hong Kong for the past 20 years. The collaboration in monitoring and assessment of environmental pollutants between the University of Hong Kong and various governments were descrbed in parallel with the progress in environmental protection in Hong Kong. The developments of new analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and analysis is given and their application in environmental control described. The joint projects in assessment and control of environmental pollutants carried out in collaboration with local industries and other organizations within and without the university are given and discussed. The problems and possible solution facing Hong Kong in development control equipment for small scale industries are discussed and areas of development identified. The development and experience in the monitoring assessment and co     

国内外环境空气质量标准对比分析

2012年2月,国务院发布新修订GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》,该标准突显较大的进步,对比美国、欧盟、日本、中国香港等国家、地区和组织现行的环境空气质量标准,结果表明,SO2、CO、NO2、O3、PM10和Pb等仍是各国的重点控制污染项目,PM2.5也已经成为各国重点控制项目;中国新标准中一级标准的污染物浓度限值已接近世界大多数发达国家的控制标准,但二级标准还有很大的空间进行更加严格的修订;中国的环境空气质量标准目前采用分级制度进行管理,阻碍了地区控制污染物的均衡发展,建议逐步取消质量标准分级制度。     

Evaluation of ambient air quality in Guangzhou, China

On the basis of the reported air quality index （API） and air pollutant monitoring data provided by the Guangzhou Environment Monitoring Stations over the last twenty-five years, the characteristics of air quality, prominent pollutants, and variation of the average annual concentrations of SOE, NOE, total suspended particulate （TSP）, fine particulates （PM10）, CO and dustfall in Guangzhou City were analyzed. Results showed that TSP was the prominent pollutant in the ambient air environment of Guangzhou City. Of the prominent pollutants, TSP accounted for nearly 62%, SOE 12.3%, and NOx 6.4%, respectively. The average API of Guangzhou over 6 years was higher than that of Beijing, Tianjin, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Suzhou and Shanghai, and lower than that of Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou. Concentrations of air pollutants have shown a downward trend in recent years, but they are generally worse than ambient air quality standards for USA, Hong Kong and EU. SOE and NOx pollution were still serious, impling that waste gas pollution from all kinds of vehicles had become a significant problem for environmental protection in Guangzhou. The possible causes of worsening air quality were also discussed in this paper.     

Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM2:5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta (PRD) or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM2:5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes (0.39 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 0.08 in the inland PRD), pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio (0.97 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 0.06 in the inland PRD), and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid (1.8 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 0.05 in the inland PRD). Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio (9 2) while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.     

珠三角区域空气质量指数(RAQI)的研究

区域空气质量指数(Regional Air Quality Index,RAQI)是粤港政府联合发布、反映珠三角区域内不同地区的空气质量状况的评级系统。虽然RAQI综合考虑了空气污染的总量水平,较我国空气污染指数(Air Pollution Index,API)系统增加了O3,一定程度地考虑了大气氧化性增高的问题,但其所表征的空气质量状况与实际空气污染水平和公众感受仍存在差异。对2006年珠三角和香港监测数据的研究表明,RAQI较API能更充分地体现空气质量的分级;小时RAQI能够实时准确地反映了环境质量的变化,较每日RAQI更具有实际意义;加入PM2.5或采用不同的O3、PM10和PM2.5环境质量标准,是影响RAQI的重要因素。PM2.5/PM10为0.7,比世界卫生组织推荐的PM2.5/PM10为0.5的比例更符合珠三角的实际情况。因此,增加细粒子污染物PM2.5,适当调严某些污染物的环境质量标准,增加RAQI的发布频次,可以使RAQI更全面、准确地反映区域空气污染状况,是RAQI改进的方向。     

Impacts of pollution heterogeneity on population exposure in dense urban areas using ultra-fine resolution air quality data

Traditional air quality data have a spatial resolution of 1 km or above, making it challenging to resolve detailed air pollution exposure in complex urban areas. Combining urban morphology, dynamic traffic emission, regional and local meteorology, physicochemical transformations in air quality models using big data fusion technology, an ultra-fine resolution modeling system was developed to provide air quality data down to street level. Based on one-year ultra-fine resolution data, this study investigated the effects of pollution heterogeneity on the individual and population exposure to particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) in Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated and urbanized cities. Sharp fine-scale variabilities in air pollution were revealed within individual city blocks. Using traditional 1 km average to represent individual exposure resulted in a positively skewed deviation of up to 200% for high-end exposure individuals. Citizens were disproportionally affected by air pollution, with annual pollutant concentrations varied by factors of 2 to 5 among 452 District Council Constituency Areas (DCCAs) in Hong Kong, indicating great environmental inequities among the population. Unfavorable city planning resulted in a positive spatial coincidence between pollution and population, which increased public exposure to air pollutants by as large as 46% among districts in Hong Kong. Our results highlight the importance of ultra-fine pollutant data in quantifying the heterogeneity in pollution exposure in the dense urban area and the critical role of smart urban planning in reducing exposure inequities.     

香港大气气溶胶组成与特征

选用香港空气质量监测网中11个监测站1990～1994年间TSP（总悬浮粒子）和RSP（可吸入悬浮粒子）的监测数据,分析香港大气气溶胶的化学组成与时空变化。香港大气气溶胶的浓度较低,其浓度的季节变化主要受气候变化的影响。C是大气气溶胶中最重要的化学成分,它支配着气溶胶的季节和空间变化。SO^2-₄、NH⁺₄和NO^-₃的浓度很低,空间分布很均匀,其季节变化主要受东亚季风控制。海洋气溶胶主要以较大的颗粒形式存在,它的来源稳定且空间分布较均匀。扬尘浓度主要受降雨和湿度的影响。V和Ni浓度的季节变化与燃料油消耗量的季节变化相同,其空间的变化反映了当地工业窑炉排放对香港气溶胶的影响     

低温脱氯技术处理含氯有机挥发性气体研究及示范工程

活性炭吸附二恶英技术是减少烟气二恶英排放的有效方法,在实际应用中90%以上的二恶英会被吸附于活性炭上,然而附集了二恶英的活性炭若不进行无害化处理会造成二次污染,低温脱氯法被认为是二恶英无害化处理的首选。以氯苯作为二恶英的模拟物,通过小试研究,探讨活性炭对氯苯的吸附量,以及温度对氯苯降解效率(DE)的影响,并寻找出最适合条件,开展中试工程研究。小试结果表明:在100℃下每克活性炭可吸附139 mg的氯苯,于降解氯苯部分发现,活性炭吸附的氯苯在高温的氮气气氛下会发生降解。当温度为340℃,反应4 h,DE可达62%,在400℃反应4 h后DE可达94%。采用活性炭对二恶英降解开展示范工程研究,中试采用连续式进料设备,处理能力达20 t/h,停留时间为2 h,在430℃反应后对活性炭中的二恶英降解率可达97%以上,表明二恶英有效分解,中试工程的成功为我国钢铁行业二恶英排放的控制提供技术支持。