Role of post-dispersal seed and seedling predation in establishment of dandelion (Taraxacum agg.) plants

Dandelion Taraxacum agg. (formerly Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers) is a common weed species associated with pastures, grasslands and no-tillage cropping systems throughout its native range in Europe, and more recently introduced into North America, Australasia and elsewhere. Following wind-dispersal from the parent plant, its seeds are subject to predation from a host of invertebrate predators. Similarly, seedling predation may also significantly limit dandelion recruitment. Although such post-dispersal mortality is central to our understanding of dandelion population dynamics and therefore weed control, the precise spatio-temporal role played by different putative seed and seedling predators is poorly understood. Here we studied how seed viability, and seed and seedling predation influenced dandelion recruitment at two contrasting sites in central Europe. The abundance in the field and seed and seedling consumption in the laboratory were determined for the main groups of predators—ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabiade), terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) and molluscs (Gastopoda: Pulmonata). At particular sites, seed viability and seedling predation were negatively correlated while the percentage of seeds that succumbed to seed predation was similar. Combined factors accounted for the death of 98% and 87% of exposed seeds. Ground beetles (particularly Amara spp.) and terrestrial isopods (Armadillidium vulgare) were efficient and dominant seed predators, while slugs (Arion lusitanicus) and isopods were important predators of seedlings. While there was no seasonal trend in the intensity of seed predation it decreased towards autumn in parallel with the feeding activity of the declining population of A. lusitanicus. The mortality factors thus varied in their importance, largely between sites and less with the course of the season. Although seed inviability, seed and seedling predation did not stop the recruitment of dandelion seedlings they are crucial factors limiting dandelion populations. Methods of increasing the efficiency of predation of seed as a means of managing weeds are worthy of further study, particularly in areas where dandelion is an invasive species.     

松果采摘对小兴安岭主要林型红松土壤种子库和幼苗库的影响

为了探讨人为采摘松果对小兴安岭主要林型红松(Pinus koraiensis)土壤种子库和幼苗库的影响,选择阔叶红松林以及与阔叶红松林相邻的红松人工林、落叶松(Larix gmelini)人工林、白桦(Betula platyphylla)林和云冷杉林,各设置10 m×240 m的样带,调查了红松土壤种子库和幼苗库。主要结果如下:①主要林型间红松土壤种子库数量具有明显的差异,阔叶红松林最多,落叶松人工林次之,白桦林最少;②鼠类取食过或被破坏等动物侵害的种子占81.9%～90.4%,完好种子只有在阔叶红松林和落叶松人工林中发现,分别为4.3%和4.9%;③红松种子主要分布在0～10 cm层中(71.4%～91.3%);④红松幼苗库的密度云冷杉林最高(1 613株.hm-2),红松人工林最低(167株.hm-2),其中阔叶红松林(296株.hm-2)和白桦林(854株.hm-2)的幼苗密度分别为采摘前的1/68～1/9和1/9～1/4.5;⑤从龄级分布上看,松果采摘前阔叶红松林低龄级幼苗的数量较多,随着龄级的增大明显减少,呈倒J型分布;白桦林各龄级幼苗密度相差不大。人为采摘松果后,阔叶红松林各龄级间密度相差不大;白桦林呈倒J型分布。     

聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PSNPs)对大豆(Glycine max)种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨微塑料对农作物的生态毒理效应，研究了两种粒径（20 nm和100 nm）聚苯乙烯纳米塑料（Polystyrene Nanoplastics，PSNPs）在6个浓度梯度（0、50、100、200、500和1000 mg·L^-1）下对大豆（Glycine max）种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明，两种粒径PSNPs均抑制种子发芽能力（发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、平均发芽速度和发芽率），其中，发芽抑制率在一定程度上与暴露时间呈负相关关系.20 nm和100 nm PSNPs对根长、芽长和苗长的影响整体呈"低浓度促进，中高浓度抑制"的规律.20 nm PSNPs对根尖数量无显著影响，而100 nm PSNPs则表现出促进作用.20 nm和100 nm PSNPs对根直径和干重均有抑制作用.综上，PSNPs的植物毒性与粒径和浓度密切相关，在中等浓度（200 mg·L^-1）时，其对大豆幼苗生长的毒害作用最大.     

光倒刺鲃、白鲢协同投放抑制丝状藻(水绵)藻华围隔研究

为探究高效与安全抑制丝状藻藻华的方法,利用光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)、白鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的食性特点,研究了不同密度(低密度(L)40 g·m-3、高密度(H)80 g·m-3)与不同投放比例(光倒刺鲃∶白鲢=3∶1、1∶1、1∶3)协同作用下,对围隔内水体丝状藻水绵(Spirogyra sp.)的抑制效果,以及对水生植物和水质的影响.结果表明,光倒刺鲃可以显著摄食丝状藻水绵,且在低密度、高比例(3∶1)时,即对丝状藻的生长具有明显抑制作用.高密度(80 g·m-3)投放光倒刺鲃、白鲢,无论比例如何,都会引起水体水质下降,引起轻微富营养化,并导致浮游藻类生物量上升,不适用于本试验水体.在本试验条件下,高密度(80 g·m-3)投放条件下,白鲢可以抑制浮游生物总量,H(1∶3)、H(1∶1)组中,呈现藻类小型化的趋势;而在低密度(40 g·m-3)投放条件下,未发现浮游藻类有小型化趋势.本试验L(3∶1)组,即光倒刺鲃30 g·m-3、白鲢10 g·m-3,可以有效控制试验水体丝状藻水绵滋生,且能够兼顾改善水质.     

Occurrence of phytophagous insects on wild Vigna sp. and cultivated cowpea: comparing the relative importance of host-plant resistance and millet intercropping

The effects of host-plant resistance on cowpea phytophagous insects and their natural enemies under pure and mixed crop conditions was evaluated at Minjibir, Kano State, Nigeria, in 1992–1994 crop seasons. Cowpea Vigna unguiculata cv ‘IT86D-715' (susceptible to insect pests) and a wild Vigna line Vigna vexillata ‘TVnu 72' (resistant to most insect species) were planted alone and in mixtures with millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in plots of 25×25 m.Mixed cropping had limited effect on major insects and natural enemies. Colonies of Aphis craccivora were significantly smaller and there were more adults of Maruca vitrata in crop mixtures than in monocultures. However, flower and raceme infestation by larval M. vitrata, Megalurothrips sjostedti, and Sericothrips sp. were similar in crop mixtures and monocultures. Empoasca sp. populations and seedling infestation by beanfly Ophiomyia phaseoli were also similar in mixtures and monocultures as well as pod damage by M. vitrata and populations of Clavigralla tomentosicollis. Parasitization rates of M. vitrata, C. tomentosicollis and O. phaseoli and predator–prey ratios of spiders and Orius sp. were similar across cropping systems. Host-plant resistance in TVnu 72 drastically reduced insect populations and damage. Grain yield per hill was high in cowpea IT86D-715 and was not affected by intercropping with millet. Grain yield of TVnu 72 was poor and reflected the low yield potential of this accession.Host-plant resistance is an effective means of controlling insect pest damage in cowpea and there is no evidence that high levels of resistance reduced natural biological control.     

Elevated CO2 reduces the response of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) to alarm pheromone

The aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) is an efficient signal that warns aphids of attack by natural enemies. In this field study, eight open-top chambers (OTCs) located in Beijing, China (40°11′N, 116°24′E) with spring wheat Triticum aestivum were used to examine the response of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae to CO₂ (ambient vs. double ambient) and EβF (applied zero, two, or five times each day). We experimentally tested the hypotheses that, depending on frequency of EβF release, elevated CO₂ reduces the response (in terms of population density) of S. avenae to EβF, and that lower activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in S. avenae may be involved in its reduced sensitivity to EβF under elevated CO₂. Numbers of S. avenae declined with increased frequency of EβF application under ambient CO₂ but were unaffected by EβF application under elevated CO₂. Additionally, the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and the dry material and amino acid content of S. avenae increased with elevated CO₂ but declined when with EβF application. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in S. avenae under elevated vs. ambient CO₂. Under elevated CO₂, however, AChE activity remained low when S. avenae was exposed to the lower EβF frequency, while the highest AChE activity occurred in aphids exposed to the higher EβF frequency. These results indicate that aphids become insensitive to EβF under elevated CO₂, perhaps because of decreased AChE activity.     

浑善达克沙地榆树疏林生态系统的空间异质性

榆树疏林生态系统是浑善达克沙地的重要组分之一运用生物统计学(U检验和相关性分析等)和地统计学的方法(半方差分析和空间局部插值),研究了浑善达克沙地榆树疏林生态系统的土壤有机质(SOM)、土壤全氮(STN)、土壤pH(SpH)、土壤含水量(SWC)和草本层盖度(HC)的空间异质性,并探讨了它们之间以及与榆树空间位置的关系.研究结果表明:SOM、STN、SpH、SWC和HC的分布格局均具有明显的空间异质性和空间自相关性,它们的空间格局与榆树的空间分布有明显的相关性.在此基础上,应用空间局部插值法,绘制了各个性状的空间等值分布图.通过等值分布图直观的分析了榆树与各研究性状的空间格局的关系,探讨榆树对疏林生态系统土壤性状和草本层植物分布的空间异质性的影响,以及榆树下成为草原上的沃岛(fertility island)的原因.     

PREP-PAC: a nutrient replenishment product designed for smallholders in western Kenya

Continuous cropping in the absence of external nutrient inputs to soils has led to the expression of poorly productive patches in farmers’ fields of western Kenya. Farmers attempting to correct these conditions are often confused by the spatial and symptomatic irregularity of affected plants and, until recently, no soil management product was commercially available that is specifically formulated to restore soil fertility to these patches. PREP-PAC consists of 2.0 kg of Minjingu rock phosphate (RP), 200 g of urea, seeds of various symbiotic nitrogen-fixing food legumes, rhizobial inoculant, gum arabic seed adhesive, lime for seed pelleting, and instructions for the use of these materials. It is intended for addition to 25 m² and produced at a cost of $ 0.56 per unit. The general principle is to apply slowly available RP sufficient for several cropping seasons with readily available nitrogenous fertilizer and to intercrop farmer’s maize (Zea mays) with a legume that provides residual fixed-nitrogen and organic inputs to the soil. This approach was tested in on-farm experiments conducted in collaboration with several grassroots rural development organizations. An experiment examined interactions between PREP-PAC components in a maize–soybean (Glycine max) intercrop in nutrient-depleted soils with sandy and clayey surface horizons. The treatments included ±RP, ±urea, and ±inoculants arranged as a 2³ factorial with four replicates at each location. Total value of the intercrops ranged between $ 0.83 in the unamended plots and $ 2.44 in plots treated with PREP-PAC. Significant positive effects were observed with the addition of RP (P<0.001), urea (P=0.04), and inoculant (P=0.01) and in interactions between RP and urea (P=0.02) or inoculant (P=0.07). The return ratio to PREP-PAC investment was 2.6 in the sandy soil and 3.7 in the clay. PREP-PACs were tested on-farm in 52 symptomatic patches containing maize–bean intercrops with and without an improved variety of climbing Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Flora. Unamended patches (25 m²=0.0025 ha) produced 1.6 kg maize and 0.08 kg bean. With addition of PREP-PAC containing Flora, yields increased to 4.1 kg maize and 1.1 kg bean (P<0.001 for both crops). Improvement in bean yield during the first cropping season nearly offset PREP-PAC’s investment costs. PREP-PAC is a strategic approach because all of its ingredients, except for urea, originate from East Africa, and are relatively inexpensive; the product is intended for distribution through existing retail and development networks.     

Growth and alkaline phosphatase activity of Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo in response to phosphorus limitation

The growth and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) of two raphidophyceae species Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo were investigated in response to P-limitation and subsequent addition of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP, NaH₂PO₄) and two dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds: guanosine 5-monophosphate (GMP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). APAlevels increased greatly after P-starvation as the decrease of the cellular phosphorus quotes (Q_p). C. marina responded to P-limitation quickly and strongly, with 10-fold increase in APA within 24 hr after P-starvation. The larger difference between maximal and minimal Q_p values in C. marina indicated its high capacity in P storage. APA of H. akashiwo wasmaximally enlarged about 2.5 times at 48 hr of P-starvation. After the addition of nutrients, cell numbers of C. marina increased in all treatments including the P-free culture, demonstrating the higher endurance of C. marina to P-limitation. However, those of H. akashiwo increased only in DIP and GMP cultures. APA increased only after the addition of the monophosphate ester GMP. The results suggest that quick responses of C. marina to P-limitation, high capacity in P storage as well as endurance for P-depletion provide this species an ecological advantage in phytoplankton community competition under DIP-limited conditions.     

绿狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻的抑藻效应

分别将不同起始浓度(10~5、10~6、10~7、10~8和10~9ind.·L~(-1))的铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻分组与绿狐尾藻进行共培养,连续10 d,每天测定各组铜绿微囊藻或羊角月牙藻的光密度值,用以确定绿狐尾藻对两种藻类不同浓度的生长抑制情况.结果表明,2. 5 g·(200 m L)~(-1)的绿狐尾藻对起始浓度为10~7ind.·L~(-1)和10~8ind.·L~(-1)的铜绿微囊藻具有明显的抑制作用;而对实验所设的所有起始浓度的羊角月牙藻生长均没有显著的抑制作用.并且,采用溶剂浸提与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定的方法,分析了绿狐尾藻粉末浸提液和绿狐尾藻生长液中可能存在的化感物质,通过分析,确定棕榈酸是绿狐尾藻分泌的化感物质之一,并且发现了3种可能是绿狐尾藻分泌的新型化感物质:3-乙基-3-甲基庚烷、磷酸三乙酯和酞酸二丁酯.     

Winter losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from Italian ryegrass, meadow fescue and white clover in a northern temperate climate

We have studied to what degree Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) are able to preserve nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in shoots and roots from one growing season to the next in a northern temperate climate. Field experiments were performed during four consecutive winters in central southeast Norway (60°42′N, 10°51′E), and N and P in plant biomass were measured in the autumn and in the spring. We also measured the contents of total N, total P and organic carbon (C) in seepage water that percolated through the aboveground plant material. Uptake of N and P in Italian ryegrass and white clover was substantially larger than in meadow fescue. The winter losses varied greatly from year to year, depending on the winter climate. On the average for all three of the plant species, the winter losses of N from aboveground biomass were 6, 35, 68 and 10% in the four experimental years, respectively. The corresponding P losses were 11, 36, 60 and 22%. On the average for all plant species and experimental years, 43 (±12)% (S.E., n = 12) of the N, 34 (±9)% of the P and 4 (±1)% of the C that was lost from the aboveground plant biomass during the winter, was recovered in seepage water, basically as a nutrient pulse in melt water in early spring. The very low C recovery rate in seepage water suggested a considerable microbial growth on lost plant C. Assuming that all un-recovered plant C was consumed by microorganisms not included in measurements of the seepage water, modelling showed that microbial immobilisation theoretically might explain the unexpectedly low recovery rates of N and P. The study was not designed to investigate the possible effects of psychrophilic microbes on N and P cycling. Therefore, it is inconclusive and underlines the need for more knowledge on this matter.     

闽江河口芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地植物钒生物富集的影响

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展前的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者空间扩展过程中的交错带湿地为研究对象，探讨了空间扩展过程中不同湿地植被的钒（V）生物富集特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明，空间扩展影响下不同湿地土壤的V含量在0~40 cm土层均表现为芦苇湿地 > 交错带湿地 > 短叶茳芏湿地；芦苇湿地和交错带湿地土壤的V含量垂直变化特征较为一致，并均于40~50 cm土层出现较高值.芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展整体增加了交错带湿地土壤的V含量，其均值相比短叶茳芏湿地增加了8.69%，而相比芦苇湿地仅增加0.21%.空间扩展主要通过改变湿地土壤的颗粒组成、EC以及植物的生物量、株高和密度来影响土壤的V含量分布.芦苇与短叶茳芏的V生物富集特征呈相反变化，这与二者竞争过程中植被生态特征改变以及其对V的竞争利用方式有关.此外，不同湿地植被均以根的V富集能力最强，且交错带短叶茳芏的V生物富集能力要高于交错带芦苇，这与二者在竞争生境中对V的吸收利用与转运的差异有关，交错带短叶茳芏可用于未来受V污染湿地修复的备选物种.研究发现，芦苇与短叶茳芏为应对空间扩展过程中的竞争可能采取不同的V富集策略，前者通过将富集到根中的V优先转运至光合器官（叶）的方式来保持相对竞争优势，而后者通过将富集到根中的V大量转移到地上主体（茎）的方式来抗衡来自芦苇的竞争.     

Breeding birds in short-rotation coppices on farmland in central Sweden—the importance of Salix height and adjacent habitats

Plantations of short-rotation coppice (SRC) have a potential for being a useful measure to stop the ongoing impoverishment of farmland biodiversity by increasing structural diversity, and decreasing cultivation intensity and use of pesticides in intensively managed farmland landscapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of the structure of the plantation and composition of adjacent habitats for breeding birds in 41 SRCs (meansize±S.E.=9.4±1.6 ha). Mean number of species per ha in the SRCs was 2.8±0.3 species and there were more farmland birds (32 species, 808 territories) than forest birds (22 species, 400 territories). A major result of the present study was the strong influence of adjacent habitats on bird community composition (18 of 22 analysed species affected). There were large differences in bird communities between forest-bordered and open-bordered sites, but occurrence of residual habitats (i.e. other habitats than forest, pastures, shrub areas and arable fields) was also associated with occurrence of several species. The second factor of major importance for the bird fauna was the height of the plantations. Most species (14) were associated with tall plantations (>2 m), seven species were associated with plantations of intermediate (1–2 m) height, and six species were associated with plantations of low height (<1 m). A comparison of ecological traits between species classified as preferring SRC and species classified as avoiding SRC suggests that nest height was the only ecological character associated with a preference for Salix habitats, i.e. species with nests on the ground or in shrubs were more abundant in Salix habitats than in farmland landscapes in general. However, a broad spectrum of species was found in the SRCs and many of these seemed to be dependent on habitat features outside the plantations. Planting of Salix in intensively managed farmland plains will have positive effects on bird diversity by increasing the structural diversity of the landscape. In contrast, plantations on infields in forest-dominated landscapes will have negative effects, since the mosaic structure (i.e. mixture of open and forested habitats) positive for most farmland birds will disappear, and Salix plantations favour relatively few forest species. Additionally, Salix could be planted along sharp edges between coniferous plantations and open farmland in order to increase the complexity of the ecotone in intensively managed forest-farmland landscapes.     

共培养体系中石莼和江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响

研究共培养体系中2种大型海藻石莼(Ulva pertusa)和江蓠(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的鲜组织和培养液滤液对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)生长的影响.结果发现:①石莼和江蓠均能明显影响赤潮异弯藻生长,鲜组织的作用更明显,能在短时间内完全灭杀共培养的赤潮异弯藻;石莼对微藻的影响强于江蓠的作用.②除菌作用和补充充足的碳酸盐不能消除或缓解石莼和江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响,说明细菌和碳限制不是导致大藻对微藻作用的原因.③对共培养体系中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的跟踪测定结果显示,营养盐限制不是造成石莼对赤潮异弯藻影响的原因,但却在江蓠的作用中起重要作用.当向江蓠体系中补充f/2营养盐后发现,充足的营养盐能够减轻但不能完全消除江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响.另一方面,石莼的起始浓度与其对赤潮异弯藻的生长影响之间存在明显的相关性,石莼的起始浓度越高,对赤潮异弯藻的影响越明显.④实验初步说明,石莼可能通过相生相克作用影响共培养体系中赤潮异弯藻的生长,而相生相克和营养竞争的共同作用是导致江蓠作用的根本原因.     

Internal dispersal of seeds by waterfowl: effect of seed size on gut passage time and germination patterns

Long distance dispersal may have important consequences for gene flow and community structure. The dispersal of many plants depends on transport by vertebrate seed dispersers. The shapes of seed shadows produced by vertebrates depend both on movement patterns of the dispersers and on the dynamics and effects of passage through the disperser’s gut (i.e. the retention time, survival and germination of ingested seeds). A combination of experiments with captive waterbirds and aquatic plant seeds was used to analyse the following: (a) the effects of inter- and intra-specific variation in seed size and duck species on seed retention time in the gut and (b) the relationship between retention time and the percent germination and germination rates of seeds. Among the three Scirpus species used, those with smaller seeds showed higher survival after ingestion by birds and longer retention times inside their guts than those with larger seeds. For Potamogeton pectinatus, only seeds from the smaller size class (<8 mg) survived ingestion. Retention time affected the percent germination and germination rate of Scirpus seeds but in a manner that varied for the different plant and bird species studied. We recorded both linear and non-linear effects of retention time on percent germination. In addition, germination rate was positively correlated with retention time in Scirpus litoralis but negatively correlated in Scirpus lacustris. Small seed size can favour dispersal over larger distances. However, the effects of retention time on percent germination can modify the seed shadows produced by birds due to higher percent germination of seeds retained for short or intermediate periods. The changes in dispersal quality associated with dispersal distance (which is expected to be positively related to retention time) will affect the probability of seedling establishment over longer distances and, thus, the spatial characteristics of the effective seed shadow.     

水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用及对氮磷去除能力研究

通过测定藻液D680和叶绿素a浓度,研究了水网藻种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,探讨了在分离培养和共生培养2种条件下水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用,并考察了水网藻对氮磷的去除能力.结果表明,水网藻对铜绿微囊藻有较强的抑制作用,在水网藻种植水作用8 d后,铜绿微囊藻死亡率达92%;不同浓度的水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用不同,...     

Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips

In 1996–1999, different mortality factors of pollen beetle larvae were investigated in twenty six rape fields in the northern part of Switzerland which had either a wild flower strip or an extensively managed meadow adjacent to the long side of the field. At 3 and 30 m into the crop from the conservation strip, total mortality, mortality from predators, parasitoids and unspecified factors were measured. Total pollen beetle larval mortality was 66–96%. Mortality caused by predators was 16–27% and there was no significant difference between mortality at 3 m and that 30 m from the extensively managed meadows. However, in fields with wild flower strips adjacent to them, the percentage mortality from predators was significantly greater at 30 m than at 3 m. The range of parasitism of pollen beetle larvae was 0–54% and was on average greater at 3 m than at 30 m. In fields with wild flower strips, the percentage parasitism with Tersilochus heterocerus was significantly higher than in fields with extensively managed meadows. However, mortality from all parasitoids was only 1–2% and there was no significant difference between 3 and 30 m. The effect of parasitoids on pollen beetle mortality was masked by the high unspecified mortality and the mortality from predators. The unspecified mortality was 46–72% and was significantly greater in 1998 and 1999 than in 1996 and 1997. These differences are probably because of meteorological factors (wet in 1999 and dry in 1998). The possible influences of the two types of conservation strips on pollen beetle larval density were investigated. The results show that in fields with adjacent wild flower strips, the pollen beetle larvae were more evenly distributed (but not significantly so) than in fields with extensively managed meadows where larval density decreases faster from the edge into the rape field.     

Contrasting responses of seed yield to elevated carbon dioxide under field conditions within Phaseolus vulgaris

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide [CO₂] in the atmosphere represents an increase in a growth-limiting resource for C₃ crop species. Identification of lines or characteristics of lines which have superior yield at elevated [CO₂] could aid in adaptation to this global change. While intraspecific variation in responses to elevated [CO₂] has been found in several species, intraspecific differences in crop yield responses to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions have seldom been documented. In this 4-year study, the responses of photosynthesis, growth, pod number, seed number and size, and seed yield to the elevation of [CO₂] to 180 μmol mol⁻¹ above the current ambient concentration were examined in four varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris in the field, using open-top chambers. There was a significant variety by [CO₂] interaction for seed yield, with seed yield at elevated [CO₂] ranging from 0.89 to 1.39 times that at ambient [CO₂] (mean 1.17×) in the different varieties, when averaged over 4 years. The highest yielding variety at elevated [CO₂] was not the highest yielding variety at ambient [CO₂]. The varieties with the largest and smallest yield responses both had an indeterminate growth habit. Down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated [CO₂] only occurred in the two indeterminate varieties, and there was no significant correlation between the response of single leaf photosynthetic rate and the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] among varieties, nor between the responses of stem mass and seed yield. The change in the number of pods at elevated [CO₂] was the primary determinant of the response of seed yield. These results indicate that significant variation in the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions does exist among varieties of P. vulgaris, and that variation in the response of pod and seed number may be more important than variation in photosynthetic response.     

氮添加和地下水位交互作用对通江湖泊湿生植物陌上菅生长的影响

研究地下水位变化和氮沉降对植物功能性状的影响,有助于揭示植物对环境变化的响应和适应规律.采用原位试验的方法,选择不同地下水位梯度〔低水位（-75 cm）、中水位（-69 cm）、高水位（-39 cm）〕和氮添加〔缺氮处理（430 g/m2）、空白对照（0 g/m2）、低氮（4.32 g/m2）、中氮（8.64 g/m2）、高氮（17.28 g/m2）〕（其中缺氮处理添加量以碳元素含量计,其余处理以氮元素含量计）,研究升金湖消落带湿地物种丰富度、陌上菅（Carex thunbergii）地上生物量和根系形态学指标对地下水位和氮添加的响应.结果表明:①双因素方差分析显示,地下水位主要影响物种丰富度、陌上菅地上生物量和根系形态学指标;氮添加主要影响土壤养分含量和陌上菅比根长、根比表面积及根组织密度;地下水位和氮添加的交互作用对陌上菅比根长和根平均直径影响显著（P < 0.05）;相对而言,水位对陌上菅的影响大于氮添加.②地下水位对陌上菅地上生物量和根系形态学指标有显著影响.地下水位升高会降低陌上菅地上生物量、根系比根长和根组织密度,同时增加其根平均直径和根比表面积,且不同处理间差异显著（P < 0.05）.在空白对照处理下,相比于低水位,高水位下陌上菅地上生物量、比根长和根组织密度分别降低了97.6%、46.1%、86.1%,根平均直径和根比表面积分别增加了326.1%、198.5%.③氮添加主要影响陌上菅根系形态学指标.随着施氮水平的增加,陌上菅比根长和根比表面积呈现先减后增的趋势,根组织密度呈现先增后减的趋势.在高水位条件下,相比于空白对照,低氮处理下陌上菅比根长和根比表面积分别减少了36.1%、41.8%,陌上菅根组织密度增加了182.4%,且差异显著（P < 0.05）.研究显示,地下水位升高与氮添加对陌上菅地上生物量和陌上菅比根长的影响呈相互抵消的态势,这体现了土壤水分增加对陌上菅生长的胁迫作用;水位升高和氮添加对根比表面积和根组织密度的影响表现为协同效应,揭示了在水位胁迫条件下陌上菅对养分获取策略的变化.      

铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的密度依赖性特征及分子机制

蓝藻水华是淡水湖库普遍面临的水环境问题,目前水华形成机制研究大多关注外界环境因素而忽略了藻类自身及群体的关键调节作用.因此,本文以初始细胞密度为单一变量,考察了不同初始细胞密度条件下蓝藻生长、营养物质利用、叶绿素、藻毒素、胞外分泌物随时间的变化情况.结果发现,初始细胞密度会影响铜绿微囊藻的环境适应性和生长情况,当接种密度≥1×10⁶ cell·mL^-1,铜绿微囊藻适应期消失,初始细胞密度从1×10⁵ cell·mL^-1增加至1×10⁷ cell·mL^-1,最高细胞密度增加了68%,生长速率提高了21%,并且叶绿素变化趋势与生长情况一致.胞外分泌物随初始细胞密度增加而逐渐增加,有利于蓝藻细胞聚集成膜.当初始细胞密度较低（1×10⁵ cell·mL^-1）时,单细胞藻毒素分泌量反而增加,以提高蓝藻的环境适应能力.在高初始密度（1×10⁷ cell·mL^-1）条件下,铜绿微囊藻主要通过上调丙酮酸代谢和碳代谢,促进细胞生长增殖.因此,细胞密度是影响铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的重要因素,在蓝藻水华形成过程中可能发挥重要作用,水华防治应当在细胞密度较低的阶段进行.