深圳茅洲河下游柱状沉积物中碳氮同位素特征

对茅洲河下游12根沉积物柱状样中总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)、C/N值、δ~(15)N、δ~(13)C含量进行了测定,分析探讨了茅洲河下游及其主要支流沙井河沉积物中氮和有机质的分布特征及来源.结果表明,沉积物中TN平均含量为1 815.37 mg·kg~(-1),OM平均含量为22 401.68 mg·kg~(-1),与太湖和巢湖流域相比,研究区内TN和OM含量均处于较高水平,且随深度增加变化均较大.茅洲河下游沉积物中δ~(15)N、δ~(13)C含量范围为2.20‰~32.78‰、-27.53‰~-21.95‰,平均值分别为6.78‰、-25.41‰;C/N值范围为0.49~18.23;δ~(13)C随深度变化较为平缓,而δ~(15)N、C/N值随深度增加波动较大.研究区来源分析表明:C3植物与合成化肥为茅洲河下游表层沉积物(0~40 cm)的主要来源;藻类是深层沉积物与支流沙井河沉积物中有机质的主要来源.茅洲河下游表层沉积物(0~40 cm)中的氮素主要来源于无机化肥与土壤有机氮,深层沉积物与支流沙井河沉积物中的氮素主要来源于土壤流失和土壤有机氮.     

鄱阳湖表层沉积物有机碳、氮同位素特征及其来源分析

通过对鄱阳湖及其主要入湖河流(赣江、抚河、信江、修水及饶河)15个表层沉积物样品中有机碳(TOC)、氮(TN)、C/N值、δ13C及δ15N含量的测定,分析探讨了鄱阳湖及其主支流沉积物有机质和氮素来源.结果表明:鄱阳湖湖区表层沉积物中TOC的含量(干重)在0.63%~1.86%之间,平均值为(1.15±0.35)%(n=9),比其主支流TOC含量高; TN含量变化范围为0.06%~0.16%,平均值为(0.10±0.03)%(n=9),各入湖河流表层沉积物有机质TN含量处在0.03%~0.08%之间,平均值为(0.06±0.02)%(n=6).鄱阳湖湖区沉积物中有机质的碳、氮稳定同位素变化范围分别为-25.66‰~-12.56‰和3.51‰~6.27‰,平均值分别为(-22.48±4.10)‰和(4.71±0.95)‰(n=9).各入湖河流沉积物δ13C和δ15N值含量范围分别为-25.24‰~-19.55‰和0.94‰~4.64‰,平均值分别为(-23.27±2.42)‰和(3.19±1.30)‰(n=6).有机质来源分析表明:土壤有机质、水生维管束植物和浮游植物是鄱阳湖及其主要入湖河流沉积有机质主要的3种来源,其中土壤有机质的贡献最大;土壤有机质和人工合成肥料是其沉积物氮素主要来源,对于入湖河流来说,人工合成肥料贡献更大.     

三峡库区蓄水175m对汉丰湖不同生物类群δ13C、δ15N值的影响

于2010年蓄水前(7月)和蓄水后(12月)应用稳定碳、氮同位素方法对汉丰湖食物网中初级生产者和消费者δ13C、δ15N值变化规律进行了调查分析.结果显示:汉丰湖初级生产者颗粒有机物(POM)、固着藻类和水生植物δ13C、δ15N值分别为-28.45‰~-24.78‰、3.72‰~5.76‰,-25.81‰~-21.22‰、3.23‰~4.81‰,-27.99‰~-23.74‰、8.06‰~12.48‰.从蓄水前到蓄水后初级生产者(POM、固着藻类、水生植物)δ13C、δ15N(除水生植物)值均呈现贫乏趋势;消费者δ15N值变化规律与初级生产者一致,但其δ13C值无明显变化;汉丰湖鱼类食物网营养级长度均为3级,消费者中杂食性鱼类居多其碳源主要来源于固着藻类.新形成的汉丰湖水生生态系统已经形成了相对稳定的食物网结构.     

水华条件下鄱阳湖区植物叶片碳氮同位素特性

为探讨水华发生区水生植物微观碳氮代谢特性,于2014年同期监测了鄱阳湖6个具重要生态功能的湖区水质,同时采集各湖区两种生活型优势水生植物——马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum),并对其叶片中δ13C和δ15N同位素进行分析. 结果表明,相对于非水华区,水华区水体中ρ(Chla)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(NH₄+-N)明显偏高,处于富营养态. 马来眼子菜叶片δ13C偏低0.22‰~3.91‰,δ15N偏低0.66‰~10.15‰;荇菜叶片δ13C偏高1.15‰~2.37‰,δ15N偏低3.02‰~4.81‰. 水华区马来眼子菜叶与荇菜叶中δ13C、δ15N趋同,差异变小,分别为3.53‰和0.37‰(非水华区δ13C差异为5.93‰~8.59‰,δ15N差异为0.63‰~7.50‰);各采样点马来眼子菜叶δ15N相对于荇菜叶δ15N偏高0.37‰~7.50‰,其δ13C变幅(3.91‰)更大(荇菜叶片为2.37‰). 研究显示,马来眼子菜受环境的影响更大,能更敏感地指示环境灾变.      

太湖西北湖区表层水体颗粒态有机碳含量的季节变化及其来源解析

以太湖重度蓝藻水华发生的西北湖区为研究对象,从河口到湖心区设置5个采样点,于2012年9月—2013年8月逐月采集表层水体样品,测定了水温、蓝藻生物量和总细菌丰度,并分析了颗粒态有机碳(POC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量及颗粒态有机物(POM)的碳稳定同位素特征值(δ~(13)C_(POM))和碳氮比(C/N).结果表明,与DOC相比,太湖西北湖区表层水体POC含量变化范围较大,为(0.49±0.03)~(30.86±2.00)mg·L~(-1),冬季POC含量较低,春季和夏季POC含量达到最大值.降雨冲刷作用产生的悬浮物随着地表径流进入水体可能是引起汛期POC/DOC升高的重要原因.鉴于太湖水体风场影响下表层湖流作用会引起蓝藻在西北湖区堆积,5个采样点的蓝藻生物量没有显著差异.POC含量的差异仅存在于靠近陈东港的河口区S5与湖心S4之间(p0.05,n=10).蓝藻生物量与POC含量(r=0.634,n=48,p0.01)、δ~(13)C_(POM)(r=0.500,n=48,p0.01)均显著正相关,表明蓝藻是太湖西北湖区表层水体POC的来源之一.西北湖区秋、冬季δ~(13)C_(POM)显著低于春、夏季(p0.001,n=57),均值(-25.9‰±6.37‰)介于太湖δ~(13)C微囊藻(-20.9‰)和外源来源端元的碳稳定同位素特征值(-27‰)之间,表明内源和外源来源都是太湖西北湖区表层水体POC的来源,夏季表层水体POC的主要来源是内源,冬季河口区S5的主要来源是外源.POM碳氮比有显著季节变化规律,秋、冬季较春、夏季高(p0.001,n=55),平均值(9.36±2.80)较低,可能是内源来源POC及外源POC被细菌生物降解的结果.     

滃江长湖水库沉积物营养元素沉积历史重构及源解析

为了探究城市化进程、水利工程建设等人类活动对河流水环境演变趋势的影响,于2015年9月在广东省滃江长湖水库采集沉积物柱状样品(CH1),测试沉积物剩余210Pb(210Pbex)活性、TOC、TN、TP含量、δ~(13)C及粒径大小.结果表明,CH1的沉积历史约58a,沉积物TOC、TN和TP的平均含量分别为:1.07%(范围:0.65%~1.66%)、0.12%(0.08%~0.20%)、438.00mg/kg(294.74~675.44mg/kg);沉积物TOC、TN、TP含量在3个时段的分布特征:1957年之前,均呈现缓慢增加的趋势,在1957~1991年先减小后增加,在1991~2015年总体呈现出升高的趋势;1994年的暴雨洪水改变了沉积物的粒径特征进而减小了TOC、TN、TP的含量;结合C/N和δ~(13)C特征辨析了沉积物有机质的来源主要为陆源和水相的混合源,大坝的修建是导致沉积物(24cm~20cm)有机质偏向陆源的一个重要原因.     

鄱阳湖三江口柱状沉积物有机氮同位素特征及其环境指示意义

通过对鄱阳湖三江口处柱状沉积物中δ15N、C/N比值、TOC和TN等含量的测定,分析了其有机质及氮素的来源.结果表明: 赣江、抚河、信江及鄱阳湖处柱状沉积物δ15N值变化范围分别为2.44‰~4.55‰、4.03‰~5.84‰、3.79‰~4.81‰及3.42‰~8.13‰.赣江南支其沉积有机质主要来源于土壤有机质;抚河整个柱状沉积物以自生有机物源为主;信江西支在12cm以下其沉积有机质主要受藻类及土壤有机质两种物源的影响,而12cm以上受外源影响比较小;鄱阳湖梅溪嘴表层2cm处沉积有机质来源以藻类为主,而中间6~3cm处主要来源于土壤有机质,7cm以下主要来源于藻类及土壤有机质.赣江南支、信江西支及鄱阳湖梅溪嘴沉积物氮素均主要来源人工合成肥料和土壤流失氮,而抚河主要来源于土壤流失氮.     

脱甲河水系N2O关键产生过程及氮素来源探讨

开展氮素迁移转化研究有助于深入了解农业小流域氮循环过程,也可为小流域氮素流失溯源提供典型案例.为深入了解和识别脱甲河水系N_2O关键产生过程和流域氮素主要来源,采用稳定同位素方法,于2016年11月至次年10月分析了脱甲河4级(S1~S4)河段水体硝态氮的氮氧双同位素(δ~(15)N-NO_3~-、δ~(18)O-NO_3~-)和沉积物有机质氮同位素(δ~(15)N_(org))、碳氮比值(C/N)特征;探讨了流域氮素的迁移转化过程及其来源.结果表明,水体δ~(15)N-NO_3~-、δ~(18)O-NO_3~-分别在-19.87‰~8.11‰和-3.03‰~5.81‰范围内变化,氮素来源具有多元化特征且各河段存在差异.S1~S4河段δ~(15)N-NO_3~-均值分别为1.72‰、2.62‰、4.10‰和-1.28‰,而δ~(18)O-NO_3~-均值依次为2.60‰、-0.06‰、0.85‰和-0.62‰.S1河段硝态氮来源于土壤流失氮,而S2和S3来源为土壤流失氮、铵态氮肥和人畜粪便,S4则来源于铵态氮肥的硝化反应;硝态氮来源受生产生活影响显著.沉积物有机质δ~(15)N(δ~(15)N_(org))和C/N值波动范围分别是-0.69‰~11.21‰和7.30~12.02,S1~S4河段δ~(15)N_(org)均值分别为1.91‰、2.96‰、4.72‰和3.23‰,C/N均值分别是10.62、8.63、9.05和9.22.S1河段沉积物氮素来源于土壤有机质,而S2~S4河段δ~(15)N_(org)虽存在差异,但其来源均主要为流域内的污水.而硝化过程中δ~(18)O-NO_3~-分别是-7.01‰、-0.17‰、-0.28‰和-0.60‰;δ~(15)N-NO_3~-与δ~(18)O-NO_3~-的比值分别为0.66、-41.01、-30.23和9.39;S1~S4河段NO_3~--N质量浓度为1.08、1.46、1.54和1.50 mg·L-1,δ~(15)N-NO_3~-与NO_3~--N浓度呈正相关.因此,脱甲河水系中氮素转化可能以硝化过程为主体,硝化过程对N_2O的贡献可能占据优势.     

岩溶地下河补给的地表溪流溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素组成的时空变化

岩溶水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)主要以HCO_3~-形式存在,其同位素(δ~(13)CDIC)被广泛用于示踪DIC的不同来源及其影响因素.为了解亚热带典型岩溶溪流溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素的分布规律,本文以广西柳州官村地下河补给的地表溪流为研究对象,对其水化学特征和δ~(13)CDIC进行分析.结果表明,溪流上游和下游的DIC与δ~(13)CDIC都表现出明显的时空变化特征,地下河出口(G1点)HCO_3~-旱季浓度变化范围为(4.73±0.14)mmol·L~(-1),而雨季为(4.23±0.68)mmol·L~(-1).溪流下游(G2点)HCO_3~-旱季浓度变化范围为(4.56±0.23)mmol·L~(-1),而雨季为(4.20±0.59)mmol·L~(-1).溪流上游的旱季δ~(13)CDIC变化范围为-12.22‰±0.49‰,雨季的变化范围为-12.28‰±0.82‰;溪流下游的旱季变化范围为-10.73±0.71‰,雨季的变化范围为-11.10‰±0.90‰.两个点水体DIC含量旱季均高于雨季,且G1点要高于下游G2点.两个点水体δ~(13)CDIC值旱季较雨季偏重,且G2点水体δ~(13)CDIC值显著高于G1点δ~(13)CDIC值.地下河水和溪流DIC主要来源于土壤CO2和碳酸盐岩溶蚀,但是溪流上游与下游DIC和δ~(13)CDIC值差异表明水体的CO2脱气作用,水生植物的光合作用显著影响了水体DIC和δ~(13)CDIC值.     

调水调沙对黄河下游颗粒有机碳输运的影响

流域内各种自然过程及人为活动对河流有机碳的输运都会产生影响,而正确认识河流有机碳的输运过程是全球碳循环研究的重要方面.于2012年调水调沙期间(6月19日至7月20日)在黄河利津采集了表层悬浮颗粒物,进行了粒度组成、颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)及其稳定同位素丰度(δ13C)等参数的分析,用来研究调水调沙期间POC的来源、组成和丰度的变化规律与影响因素.结果表明,2012年黄河调水调沙可以根据径流量和输沙量的变化分为排水和排沙两个阶段,这两个阶段黄河水沙及POC和δ13C的变化,体现了调水调沙对颗粒物及其赋存有机碳来源的影响.排水阶段径流量高达4 270 m3·s-1,下游河道被冲刷,使底层泥沙再悬浮,因此这一阶段颗粒物粒径较粗(平均中值粒径13.9μm),有机碳含量较低(平均0.38%),δ13C偏正且稳定(-24.2‰±0.3‰),可能与底层泥沙中POC年龄较老、降解程度高有关;排沙阶段含沙量大(可达17.8 kg·m-3),颗粒物较细(平均中值粒径5.9μm),有机碳含量较高(平均0.50%),δ13C偏负且波动较大(-24.8‰±0.6‰),这与颗粒物主要来自上游水库和下游暴雨冲刷河岸,POC相对新鲜有关.2012年调水调沙期间POC日通量与输沙量的变化一致,总输送量约为1.13×105t,占全年POC输送量的12%.与往年相比,2012年黄河调水调沙时期径流量增大,但输沙量和POC通量有所减小.由此可见,调水调沙对黄河颗粒有机碳的输运有重要影响,而颗粒有机碳在调水调沙期间不同阶段也有明显不同的来源、组成和输运模式.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.