酸沉降破坏材料的经济损失估算研究

通过对广东、广西两省酸沉降破坏材料造成的经济损失的估算研究，提出了一套实用的估算方法，该方法借助材料损伤函数及材料受破坏而造成的经济损失的定量化来计算给定酸沉降污染水平的具体经济损失，提出按５个步骤来进行，（１）估算范围的确定，（２）污染因素和损伤的函数的选定（３）材料使用寿命的求取；（４）不同污染区材料量的分布：（５）年经济损失的估算。研究结果表明：两广大气环境腐蚀材料造成的经济损失占其国民经济     

酸沉降破坏材料造成的经济损失的估算研究

酸沉降对材料的破坏和其经济损失估算是国际上酸沉降研究领域听一个重要课题，国内在经方面的研究较少，文章通过对“两广酸沉降破坏材料造成的经济损失的估算”研究，提出了了一套较实用的经济损失估算方法。     

酸沉降对材料破坏的损伤函数的研究

估算酸沉降破坏材料造成的经济损失，必须首先建立材料损伤函数式．为此本研究在自行设计和建造的室内模拟环境材料暴露试验装置上进行了变动两种主要因素的材料暴露试验；结合室内和现场材料暴露试验的结果建立了５种有代表性材料的二元损伤函数式．     

环境经济学

X196 9701370酸沉降破坏材料的经济损失估算研究/杨志明…(中国环科院)//上海环境科学/上海市环保局一1996,15(8)一14~17环信X一100 通过对广东、广西两省酸沉降破坏材料造成的经济损失的估算研究,提出了一套实用的估算方法。该方法借助材料损伤函数及材料受破坏而造成的经济损失的定量化来计算给定酸沉降污染水平的具体经济损失,提出按5个步骤来进行:1.估算材料范围的确定;2.污染因素和损伤函数的选定;3.材料使用寿命的求取;4.不同污染区材料量的分布;5.年经济损失的估算。研究结果表明:两广大气环境腐蚀材料造成的经济损失占其国民生产总…     

青海省因草地生态破坏造成土壤流失的经济损失核算

基于核算生态破坏经济损失的需要,提出了草地生态破坏经济损失的概念,并在草地覆盖率生态遥感测量的基础上,建立了草地土壤流失经济损失的综合估算方法.利用该方法对2006年青海省草地土壤流失经济损失进行了估算.结果表明,青海省2006年草地土壤流失造成的经济损失为185.2亿元,平均4.59万元/km2.     

厦门地区酸沉降造成的影响及经济损失估算

厦门地区的酸沉降主要为SO₂和酸雨,而酸雨对该地区的农作物?森林乃至生态环境造成较严重危害?综合厦门地区酸沉降造成的经济损失约为每年5292.8万元,占厦门地区年国民生产总值的0.98%,故由酸沉降的影响造成的损失必须引起高度重视。      

2005年衡水市区环境污染经济损失估算

衡水市是一个高速发展中的中等城市,在其发展过程中,对环境造成了一定的破坏.根据衡水市的环境监测资料、国民经济统计资料、卫生统计资料等,借鉴与衡水市区实际情况比较符合的参数,运用人力资本法、生产率变动法、土地价值损失法、成果参照法等环境经济学方法,分别估算了2005年大气污染、水污染、固体废弃物污染造成的经济损失.初步估算出衡水市区2005年环境污染经济损失约为2.99亿元.     

重庆市酸沉降污染经济损失估算

重庆市酸沉降降污染严重,为确定其造成的经济损失,经经济社会发展决策提供依据和拟订,选择满意的防治姑人群健康和农林污染危害调查,材料挂片耐蚀试验,模拟酸沉降实验等基础上,用人力资本法,市场价值法和投入产出损益比较法进行估算。     

纯锌在热带海洋环境下的大气腐蚀行为及规律

研究了纯锌(99.99%)在海南湿热性海洋大气环境条件下的腐蚀规律,讨论了纯锌在户外暴露下的腐蚀行为.结果表明,纯锌在海南湿热性海洋大气环境条件下非常耐蚀,根据均匀腐蚀10级分类,属于1级,即完全耐蚀的级别;纯锌第1年的腐蚀速率与第2年以后的腐蚀速率有明显差距,根据ISO 9223采用纯锌第1年的腐蚀速率进行环境严酷度评级不够严谨.     

我国大气腐蚀研究进展

总结了近几年来我国在大气腐蚀方面的研究现状和进展,尤其是国产、常用、量大、面广的4大类材料在我国9类主要典型大气环境下的腐蚀数据;各类典型材料在典型环境下的大气腐蚀行为规律;大气环境因素对材料大气腐蚀的影响;碳钢、低合金铜大气腐蚀行为预测.特别是在根据8年试验结果所总结出的大气腐蚀速度与试验时间之间具有幂函数关系的基础上,又进一步建立了腐蚀速度与合金元素之间的数学模型关系;探讨了采用ACM技术评估大气腐蚀严酷性;初步建立了大气腐蚀数据库,并进一步采用计算机发展网络查询服务系统,实现科学数据共享;经过20余年的研究,撰写并出版了中国材料自然环境腐蚀专著中的大气腐蚀篇,研制和生产了经济耐候钢.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.