Comparative studies on fouling of homogeneous anion exchange membranes by different structured organics in electrodialysis

Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate (MS), sodium benzene sulfonate (BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate (NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) in electrodialysis (ED), to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order: SDBS?>?SDS?>?NSS?>?BS?>?MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and /or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains.     

电化学氧化法预处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

鉴于超高盐榨菜腌制废水导电性良好,采用电化学氧化法进行预处理(阳极为Ti基RuO₂-TiO₂-IrO₂-SnO₂网状涂层形稳电极),考察初始pH、电流密度、电解时间和极板间距对COD_Cr和氨氮去除率的影响,并探讨该过程中有机物相对分子量的变化规律.结果表明,在电流密度156 mA/cm2、极板间距1.5 cm、初始pH 4.3~5.0、电解时间120 min时,COD_Cr和氨氮去除率较佳,分别为55.74%和99.77%.出水pH升至9.54,盐度由7.0%降至6.4%,大分子有机物转化为小分子有机物,对后续生物处理有利.      

强化混凝去除黄浦江水有机物的试验研究

强化混凝去除有机物的效果与水源的分子量分布特性有着密切的关系.由于黄浦江水中低分子量的溶解性有机物占多数,因此,强化混凝处理有机物效果有限.对于＜1k分子量区间的有机物.增加混凝剂投量可有效去除紫外吸光值(UV254),但去除溶解性有机碳(DOC)的效果很差.尽管增加混凝剂投量和降低pH都能有效地去除有机物,但决定强化混凝效果的主要因素是pH,去除黄浦江水有机物的最佳pH范围为6～5.     

高压脉冲电凝聚技术处理活性染料废水试验研究

难生物降解有机废水是废水处理的难点。阐述了高压脉冲电凝聚技术处理高浓度、难生物降解有机废水的最新机理。采用高压脉冲电凝聚技术处理活性染料（活性红）生产废水．研究了影响高压脉冲电凝聚技术处理活性染料废水效果的操作条件及影响因素．结果表明，在最佳处理工艺条件下。CODCr浓度12628mg／L的生产废水经处理后CODCr去除率为65％左右。再经后续混凝沉淀，最终出水CODCr可降低到1000mg／L以下。     

The progress of catalytic technologies in water purification： A review

Catalytic technologies have been paid increasing attention in refractory pollutants abatement due to its practical and potential values in water purification. As e ective and e cient approaches for water purification, Fenton’s reagent, ozonation, electrochemical and photocatalytic methods have been widely studied and applied in di erent aspects and have been reviewed by several articles. In recent years, some novel catalytic processes based on above processes have been developed for enhancing the e ciency of removing the organics from water. This review emphasized on the recent development of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation, electrocatalysis in respect of novel electrodes and electro-Fenton method, photoelectrocatalysis process and photoelectron-Fenton in water purification. It was also an attempt to propose general ideas about mechanism and principle enhancing the catalytic e ciency for the degradation and the mineralization of organics in water.     

GO/AC/Ti复合电极的制备及其对甲基橙的吸附电解性能

吸附和电解是2种去除水中有机物的有效方法,为发挥吸附和电解对有机物的协同作用,将具有优良吸附导电性能的还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）与活性炭（AC）复合得到复合材料并将其黏附在Ti极片上,得到RGO/AC/Ti复合电极用于电解水中的甲基橙。利用SEM、FT-IR、BET、XRD、C-V、EIS等对复合材料及电极进行表征,考察了Ti、RGO/Ti和RGO/AC/Ti对甲基橙的电化学性能。结果表明:与RGO相比,RGO/AC的比表面积由318.1 m2/g增加到405.1 m2/g。相对于RGO/Ti,RGO/AC/Ti电极比电容值略有下降,但电容保持率提升。在电解质浓度为0.15 mol/L,极距为15 mm,电流为100 mA,pH为6时,Ti、RGO/Ti和RGO/AC/Ti电极对甲基橙的去除率分别达到48.1%、79.5%和88.8%,去除效果较好。     

Ti/RuO2阳极氧化深度处理医药中间体生化出水

采用电化学氧化法,利用自制Ti／RuO2阳极深度处理医药中间体生化处理二级出水,考察了不同工艺参数对NH3-N,CODCr,色度等3项指标去除效果的影响。在电流密度（I）为10mA／cm^2,电化学氧化停留时间为150min的情况下,处理后CODCr,NH3-N质量浓度分别达到80mg／L,2mg／L,色度稀释倍数为10倍,去除率分别达到了74．2％,98％和90％,出水能够达到DB32／939—2006《江苏省化工行业主要水污染物排放标准》。     

Electrochemical incineration of dimethyl phthalate by anodic oxidation with boron-doped diamond electrode

The anodic oxidation of aqueous solutions containing dimethyl phthalate (DMP) up to 125 mg/L with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as supporting electrolyte within the pH range 2.0–10.0 was studied using a one-compartment batch reactor employing a boron-doped diamond (BDD) as anode. Electrolyses were carried out at constant current density (1.5–4.5 mA/cm2). Complete mineralization was always achieved owing to the great concentration of hydroxyl radical (.OH) generated at the BDD surface. The e ects of pH, apparent current density and initial DMP concentration on the degradation rate of DMP, the specific charge required for its total mineralization and mineralization current e ciency were investigated systematically. The mineralization rate of DMP was found to be pH-independent and to increase with increasing applied current density. Results indicated that this electrochemical process was subjected, at least partially, to the mass transfer of organics onto the BDD surface. Kinetic analysis of the temporal change of DMP concentration during electrolysis determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) revealed that DMP decay under all tested conditions followed a pseudo first-order reaction. Aromatic intermediates and generated carboxylic acids were identified by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and a general pathway for the electrochemical incineration of DMP on BDD was proposed.     

引滦水中不同形态天然有机物的卤代活性

用过滤、ＸＡＤ树脂吸附和阴离子树脂吸附等方法将引滦水中的天然有机物分离为悬浮态、憎水化合物、腐殖酸类化合物、非腐殖酸类阴离子化合物和其它亲水化合物。分别对不同形态有机物进行氯化处理，测定了产物中的挥发性卤代烃。结果表明，引滦水中天然有机物的主要氯化产物是氯仿和一溴二氯甲烷，此外还生成少量二溴一氯甲烷。悬浮态有机物和溶解态腐殖酸是生成氯仿的最重要母体，一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷则大多来源于溶解态腐殖     

绍兴市富营养化水源水中有机物特性研究

采用超滤法对绍兴富营养化水源水中有机物进行了分子量的测定,继而考察了不同分子量区间的有机物对色度,紫外吸收的影响,并与淮河（蚌埠段）水及密云水库水中的有机物特性作了比较,发现密云水库水以小分子有机物为主,分子量小３０００的有机物占总ＢＯＣ的９６．７％,而绍兴水及淮河水（蚌埠段）中有机物相对分子质量分布相对较为均匀,分子量大于３０００的有机物占总ＤＯＣ的比例分别为２８．３７％和３８．２８％,水中有机     

超滤工艺净化微污染原水的试验研究

采用混凝沉淀-超滤工艺对微污染原水进行试验,对组合工艺的除污染特性进行了研究。结果表明,组合工艺对浊度、颗粒物和藻类的去除效果非常好。出水浊度稳定在0.1NTU以下,水中粒径>2μm的颗粒数约19个/mL,藻类平均数量约为2.2×104个/L。在去除有机物方面,组合工艺对高锰酸盐指数、UV254和DOC的去除率分别为38.0%、15.2%和32.6%,其中对高锰酸盐指数的去除效果较为突出,出水高锰酸盐指数浓度为2.69~2.87mg/L。组合工艺去除的有机物是分子量大于3KD的大分子有机物,对小分子有机物去除效果不明显。其中,混凝沉淀主要去除了水中的疏水性有机物和亲水荷电有机物,超滤膜去除的有机物则以亲水中性有机物为主。在工艺运行期间,超滤膜的跨膜压差增加了约12.3%,跨膜压差的升高主要由被超滤膜吸附的小分子有机物产生。     

高压均质对蓝藻有机质释放与厌氧发酵产酸的促进效果

为提高蓝藻在厌氧发酵过程中的资源化利用率,采用高压均质技术处理蓝藻以提高其厌氧发酵产VFAs（挥发性脂肪酸）的效率,通过对蓝藻进行不同压力和pH的高压均质处理,比较处理后蓝藻营养物质的释放情况,并确定该处理的优选运行条件;同时,对未处理蓝藻、高压均质蓝藻、热碱蓝藻进行厌氧发酵试验,评估高压均质处理对蓝藻发酵产酸效果的影响.结果表明:不同条件下高压均质的蓝藻所释放的有机质均较处理前有所提高,其中高压均质的优选条件为压力100 MPa和pH=11,该条件下ρ（SCOD）（SCOD为溶解性化学需氧量）可达22.74 g/L,比对照组提高了52.34倍.在厌氧发酵试验中,高压均质处理在促进有机质释放的同时,还可以提高底物的可生化性,进而提升产酸量.高压均质蓝藻产VFAs的质量浓度最高达8.22 g/L,是对照组的2.16倍.另外,高压均质处理蓝藻的CST（毛细吸水时间）由热碱预处理蓝藻的2 940 s降至1 940 s,减缓了有机质释放带来的脱水性能的恶化趋势.研究显示,高压均质预处理能够提高蓝藻细胞有机质释放、改善碳源可生化性、促进厌氧发酵产酸量,并且降低了分离回收碳源的难度.      

臭氧-曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理石化二级出水的试验研究

采用臭氧-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对石化废水厂二级出水进行深度处理,系统探讨了pH值对臭氧氧化单元的影响,组合工艺对废水中COD、UV254的去除效果,对废水中有机物相对分子质量分布以及荧光物质含量的影响.结果表明,在臭氧投加量为10 mg·L-1,接触时间为4 min,pH值偏碱性时,臭氧预氧化石化二级出水效果较好.臭氧氧化能将大分子有机物转化为小分子物质,使得相对分子质量小于1 000的有机物比例增加约15%,有效提高了废水的可生化性,有利于后续曝气生物滤池的运行.在曝气生物滤池的停留时间为3 h,气水比为3∶1时,组合工艺对COD、UV254的去除率分别达到40.8%和45.8%.在最佳运行条件下,进水平均COD为86.5 mg·L-1时,组合工艺出水平均COD为49.4 mg·L-1.     

微生物胞外电子传递过程强化机制及污染物高效转化

微生物水处理技术因运行成本低、处理量大、环境影响小等优点,被广泛的用于市政污水和工业废水的处理.微生物水处理的本质过程是生物催化氧化,涉及不同微生物种群间物质、能量和电子传输过程,而微生物胞外电子传递过程是影响其处理效率的关键因素之一.本研究立足于微生物氧化的原理,从介体材料强化、光电磁强化及微生物电化学强化等角度,系统论述了铁基材料、碳基材料、光、电、磁等对微生物电子传递过程的影响与机制.在此基础上,本论文总结了微生物电化学系统原理,分析了该系统中各类强化材料、强化技术对微生物胞外电子传递的影响,揭示了强化条件下污染物高效转化的作用机制,介绍了基于各种强化原理的系统构建因素及应用现状,并展望了该技术的发展趋势及存在的挑战.     

电芬顿法的研究现状与发展

电芬顿法的研究已引起了人们广泛的关注。利用电化学法产生Fe^2＋和H2O2作为芬顿试剂的持续来源，两者产生后立即生成具有高度活性的羟基自由基，使有机物氧化成CO2和H2O2本文简要介绍了电芬顿法在国内外的研究现状，详细阐述了各种电芬顿法的运行机理及其影响因素，并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.     

Electrochemical decolorization of dye wastewater by surface-activated boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond electrode

Complex organics contained in dye wastewater are difficult to degrade and often require electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) to treat it. Surface activation of the electrode used in such treatment is an important factor determining the success of the process. The performance of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BD-NCD) film electrode for decolorization of Acid Yellow (AY-36) azo dye with respect to the surface activation by electrochemical polarization was studied. Anodic polarization found to be more suitable as electrode pretreatment compared to cathodic one. After anodic polarization, the originally H-terminated surface of BD-NCD was changed into O-terminated, making it more hydrophilic. Due to the oxidation of surface functional groups and some portion of sp² carbon in the BD-NCD film during anodic polarization, the electrode was successfully being activated showing lower background current, wider potential window and considerably less surface activity compared to the non-polarized one. Consequently, electrooxidation (EO) capability of the anodically-polarized BD-NCD to degrade AY-36 dye was significantly enhanced, capable of nearly total decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal even after several times of re-using. The BD-NCD film electrode favored acidic condition for the dye degradation; and the presence of chloride ion in the solution was found to be more advantageous than sulfate active species.     

典型南方水源溶解性有机物分子量分布变化及去除特性

用超滤膜法对以东江为水源的深圳水库水体溶解性有机物(DOM)进行物理分级表征,研究了2005年3～9月原水中DOM分子量分布的连续变化特性,以及各分子量范围的DOM组分与消毒副产物三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)之间的关系结果表明,在此原水DOM中,相对分子量小于1000的有机物所占比例最高(平均值为41.15%(以DOC计)),这说明东江原水中DOM主要以小分子量有机物为主,此分子量范围有机物所产生的THMFP在原水中所占比例均值为32.23%水处理研究表明,常规工艺和深度处理工艺对其DOC和THMFP的去除率均不高.对原水总DOC的贡献占第二位的是分子量在104～3×104之间的有机物(均值为24.07%),其对总THMFP的贡献率为29.09%,常规工艺对此分子量范围有机物去除效果很好.     

聚糖菌颗粒污泥的有机物吸收及胞内储存特性

采用特殊运行方式的厌氧-好氧SBR系统(厌氧后排水),在乙酸钠、葡萄糖及葡萄糖-乙酸钠混合基质条件下均培养出了稳定的聚糖菌颗粒污泥.通过对典型周期有机物、磷酸盐、胞内糖原及聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)变化的测定分析,证明有机基质的种类对于聚糖菌能量利用模式、有机物吸收速率及胞内储存物质种类具有显著的影响.污泥初始胞内糖原水平是有机物吸收数量及吸收速率的关键影响因素,当糖原水平低于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率与糖原水平直接相关:而糖原水平高于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率趋于稳定.不同糖原水平污泥厌氧吸收有机物的速率具有明显差异,在厌氧初期有机物快速吸收阶段,有机物厌氧吸收速率随胞内糖原水平升高而增加.     

用膜结构参数模型评价溶解性有机物分子量分布对超滤膜污染的影响研究

研究了不同预处理对原水分子量分布的改变和对膜透水通量的影响,用膜污染的结构参数模型,评价了分子量分布对平均孔径和膜孔密度的影响。结果表明:(1)经过不同的预处理后,原水的分子量分布有所改变,混凝对大分子量有机物去除率较高,PAC吸附对小分子量有机物去除率较高,臭氧PAC联用预处理使大分子量有机物和小分子量有机物均有所去除。(2)分子量分布对膜通量影响较大。(3)通过试验并应用膜结构参数模型,评价了分子量分布对膜平均孔径和膜孔密度的影响,表明小分子量有机物易引起孔内吸附,大分子量有机物容易在膜面附着。