基于GIS技术的台风风暴潮灾害风险评估——以台州市为例

分析了台州市台风风暴潮灾害特征,根据台州市沿海区域的地理、水文、社会经济等特点,在台风风暴潮数值模型模拟基础上,实现了基于格网和GIS技术的台风风暴潮灾害风险评价。通过构建台风风暴潮灾害风险评价模型,对台州市区沿海地区的台风风暴潮灾害危险度、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力进行了分析,在GIS平台上进行淹没分析、叠置分析、以及格网拟合计算,最后绘制出了台州市台风风暴潮灾害高分辨率风险区划图,以期为我国风暴潮防灾减灾工作提供科学参考。     

基于模糊神经网络的广东省台风灾害损失预测

台风灾害是我国最严重的海洋灾害之一,研究提高台风灾害损失预测的准确度对防灾减灾具有重要意义。针对目前机器学习算法在处理小样本数据时预测精度不高的问题,提出结合模糊数学的BP神经网络算法对台风灾害损失进行预测。本文选用广东省2005—2016年记录较为完善的25个台风样本数据进行实验,首先利用信息扩散技术对初始数据进行正...     

基于TSA-BP模型的温州站台风风暴潮增水预测

台风风暴潮灾害通常会对沿海地区造成巨大损失,因此,准确预测台风风暴潮增水对沿海地区的防灾、减灾工作具有现实意义。本文根据现有风暴潮增水预测研究的成果,建立了基于被囊群算法（tunicate swarm algorithm）优化的BP神经网络模型,将该模型应用于台风风暴潮增水预测研究中。本文选取影响温州验潮站的3个台风作为研究对象,收集并建立了3个台风影响验潮站过程的129个逐时数据样本。利用新模型对温州站进行风暴潮增水预测,结果表明,该模型与BP神经网络相比克服了陷入局部最优解的缺陷,与粒子群优化的BP神经网络模型相比,提升了模型收敛速度,具有更好的预测精度及稳定性。     

海岛养殖户台风灾害适应性行为及其影响因素分析

水产养殖是保障粮食安全、提升适应力需要关注的关键部门之一。农户层面的灾害适应性行为及其影响因素研究对增强养殖户灾害适应能力,确保养殖户生计安全、海岛可持续发展和渔村振兴具有重要价值。基于海岛水产养殖户调查数据对养殖户灾害全过程适应性行为进行研究,并运用Multivariate Probit模型实证分析了适应性行为的影响因素,结果表明：（1）较多地采用无悔反应和低悔战术,很少采用预先应对策略、更容易的早期策略以及未来获益策略使得大多数养殖户适应行为的成效不太显著。（2）同一因素对养殖户选择的多种适应策略有正负不同方向的显著影响,不同适应策略之间也存在着显著的互补和替代效应。（3）年龄、家庭劳动力、5年遭灾次数是养殖户适应行为的重要影响因素,投入、健康状况、灾害感知强度、收入、教育程度、社会资本都对养殖户采取的适应行为有显著影响。（4）海岛地区养殖户灾害适应行为的影响因素及其影响方向具有特殊性。研究识别了海岛养殖户台风灾害适应行为的关键影响因子和薄弱环节,结论可为政府和养殖户灾害适应策略的优化调整提供依据。     

中国自然灾害、减灾建设与可持续发展

本文依据国家减灾委减灾办所收集到的有关我国自然灾害的资料,以及国家基金委＂中国自然灾害区域规律＂研究所收集到的资料,分析了中国自然灾害的基本状况、危险性程度以及中国可持续发展与减灾建设。结论是中国可持续发展必须对减轻自然灾害给予高度重视,把减灾作为国家的基本国策。     

海洋动力灾害承灾体脆弱性评价分析——以海口市为例

科学地进行海洋承灾体灾害脆弱性评价,是完善海洋灾害监测、预警、防控体系的基础,是海洋灾害风险管理的重要组成部分。本文以海洋动力灾害多发的海口市为例,在系统开展承灾体调查分析的基础上,从自然和社会属性两个方面对该市进行了脆弱性分析和评价。利用GIS技术,对研究结果进行了标准化制图。结果表明,海拔较低的港湾地区、人口密集区更易受到海洋动力灾害的影响。海口市极高脆弱性区域共439 km2, 主要集中在人口和重要承灾体较密集的市中心秀英区、龙华区、美兰区北部沿海区域和西秀镇西部等区域。本文关于海洋动力灾害承灾体脆弱性的评价结果属于海口市专题海洋灾害风险调查和评价结果,可为海口市规划布局、海洋动力灾害风险防范提供重要参考。     

Analyzing flood risk and related impacts to urban communities in central Vietnam

This study aims at understanding flood risks and their impact on a community, in order to enhance communities’ resilience and adaptive capacity to these threats. It also investigates the possibility of looking at and handling risk from a resilience point of view. Therefore, while a conventional risk management process is employed in this study, social, physical, economic, and institutional dimensions of resilience are also included in order to grasp the extent of risks and the ways in which communities face, cope with, and recover from flooding. Findings showed that there was no significant difference in the perception of flood risk among household heads educated up to secondary school level, suggesting that they believe floods are purely natural events. Those with a higher level of education (high school and above) (82.7 % of respondents) were aware that flood disasters are the result of hazard and vulnerability combined. In addition, social dynamics were apparently strengthened by such disasters, which resulted in cohesion and mutual help following floods in some wards. Also, households with more sources of income and more savings appear to recover faster than others after a flooding event. With regard to governance and networks, greater efforts have to be made by local institutions to ensure basic functioning during and after disaster events and to invest more into risk reduction activities. However, further studies need to be conducted to clarify the understanding of the impact flood disasters have on the environment and community lives and livelihoods in general, as traditional coping strategies, although still practical, no longer suffice in the face of changes in climate and environment.     

土地沙化区农民特征与其感知的环境灾害风险的关系分析——基于环境公平视角

论文根据对甘肃省土地沙化区农民的调查数据,运用Logit模型,基于环境公平的视角探讨土地沙化区农民特征与其感知的环境灾害风险的关系。从个体特征上讲,受访者性别和婚姻状况与其感知的环境灾害风险之间的相关关系不显著,受访者受教育程度与其感知的环境灾害风险之间呈显著正相关关系;从经济特征上讲,农民所感知的环境灾害风险主要体现在土地经营收入的损失上,且感知的环境灾害风险与其家庭年总收入之间的关系呈现倒“U”型趋势;从生态环境特征上讲,环境的治理和改善有利于降低农民感知的环境灾害风险。通过分析认为农民所承受的环境灾害风险的不公平一定程度上是农民在社会经济领域所受到的不公平的体现,农民对环境不公平的感知在家庭年总收入10万元左右时最明显,环境不公平主要体现在环境灾害风险对土地经营收入的影响上。农民对生态环境治理效果的认知与对环境公平的感知具有一致性。     

结构突变视角下政府灾害支出的平稳协调机制

完备的防灾减灾机制的构建离不开政府的指导和支持,以典型海洋风暴潮灾害为研究对象,结合我国1990年以来沿海地区政府防灾减灾财政支出和风暴潮经济损失数据,构建衡量政府灾害防御能力的协调度指标。利用傅里叶变换对政府补贴灾害的协调度进行检验,发现其存在突变特征并依据非线性平稳性检验对补贴协调度进行动态拟合。测度结果显示,从长期来看,防灾减灾总支出灾害协调度,科技教育支出灾害协调度、城市建设灾害协调度、社会福利灾害协调度均显著上升,指出降低对政府支出过度依赖、探索多元的防灾减灾机制是提高我国灾害应急管理效率的重要措施。     

海冰预警监测综合信息服务平台设计与实现

冰情及其险情等海冰信息产品的制作与发送是海冰监测工作的重要内容。海冰是渤海及北黄海海域的重要海洋灾害之一,依据政府职能部门、用海企业、社会公众、科研人员等用户对海冰监测信息产品的需求,对海冰预警监测综合信息服务平台建设方案进行研究。通过构建海冰预警监测综合信息服务平台,实现冰情和灾情数据查询、分析、动态显示与发布,以及海冰灾害风险分析与事故应急响应等主要功能,进而实现海上石油平台、滨海核电、高值养殖等典型涉海用户的冰情监测与风险信息的动态管理,以及相关行政区域的灾情信息传送。     

基于时空同步监视的三维海洋灾害预警辅助分析系统

为了直观地展示海洋灾害致灾因子信息和辅助海洋灾害预警分析,应用SKYLINE三维地理信息技术构建界面布局和人机交互界面,基于时空同步监视的理念和数据综合管理的思维采用数据同步技术将台风信息与渔场、渔船、海浪、潮位、增水数据等在同一界面进行综合集成和实时叠加展示分析,建立了人机交互式三维海洋灾害预警辅助分析系统。系统具有信息查询、致灾因子同步监视分析、实时预报信息叠加分析、渔船安全管理辅助等功能,实现了对海洋海浪和风暴潮预警具有较好的辅助分析。实际应用表明,系统能够直观展示致灾要素,为防御海洋灾害提供了一个形象的会商协同平台,有助于提高海洋灾害预警分析能力。     

基于BAS-BP模型的风暴潮灾害损失预测

风暴潮灾害是中国沿海地区最严重的灾害之一,近年来由其带来的经济损失均占海洋灾害总损失的90%以上,因此构建一个简单准确的损失预估模型显得尤为重要。本文以现有风暴潮灾害研究为基础建立了基于天牛须搜索（beetle antennae search）优化的BP神经网络模型,将其应用到风暴潮灾害经济损失预评估中。本文收集了福建省1994~2016年记录比较完善的29个风暴潮灾害损失数据,建立风暴潮灾害损失预评估指标体系并利用熵值法对指标因子进行预处理,消除数据冗余信息对预测的影响。对模型进行仿真测试,结果表明,与标准BP神经网络相比新模型有效避免了网络陷入局部极小值的可能,且与常规优化算法相比,克服了训练时间长、收敛速度慢的缺点,具有更好的鲁棒性和预测精度。     

聚类分析法在贵州省雷电灾害易损性区划中的应用

采用R型聚类分析法对尽可能多的影响雷灾易损性的因子进行了筛选,确定100 k A以上平均地闪次数、地闪密度、雷电灾害频度、生命易损模数、区域生命易损模数5个因子为依据变量,用欧氏距离计算各样本的相似性测度,应用Q型聚类中的Ward’s法进行层次聚类分析,采用迭代聚类分析的方法进行相互验证,最后对贵州省雷电灾害易损性区划结果进行解释和证实、绘制雷灾风险区划图,结果表明:贵阳市雷电灾害的易损性最高,属高风险区,安顺市、六盘水市属中等风险区,遵义市、黔南州、黔东南州、铜仁市、毕节市、黔西南州属弱风险区。     

Evolution of disaster relief law under multiple transformations: Progressive learning or walking in a circle?

The aim of this paper is to examine the association between double-loop disaster learning and transformations of political systems. The particular question is how disasters increase the rapidity and complexity, with which the transforming regimes face the unsuitability and inadequacy of the past forms and processes of disaster governance. The centennial evolution of the disaster relief law at a country scale (Czech Republic, resp. Czechoslovakia, 1918-present) is used as an example. The thorough search in digital repository of Czech and Slovak Parliamentary Library was performed to obtain legislative norms and protocols from parliamentary debates, whereas major disasters that induced new laws (1927 flash flood, 1947 drought, 1997 and 2002 floods) were identified from existing databases and from detailed reconstructions of historical disastrous events. The described cases enabled to add new empirical evidence contesting (i) the process scheme of disaster politics during critical junctures and institutional transformations, and (ii) the progressive nature of the double-loop learning approach related to disasters. It is shown that the double-loop learning from disasters and its benefits should be considered as time-dependent and related to permissive and productive conditions that facilitated the adoption of the new disaster relief law (i.e. the learning process). Finally, the implications for the research agenda (historical disaster research) and for disaster policy (evaluation of disaster relief effectiveness) are summarized.     

中国小流域山洪灾害防御研究

文章主要研究中国小流域山洪灾害防御研究,利用文献调查法和综合分析法,分别从中国山洪灾害造成概况、特点与危害、诱因与影响因素、主要表现形式以及防御措施几个方面进行研究.结果表明:首先研究小流域山洪灾害的特点、影响因素及其诱因对于制定具有针对性的防御措施至关重要;其次科学合理的山洪灾害应对措施能够极大的降低山洪灾害造成的损失;最后制定科学合理的山洪灾害预案、恢复生态平衡、加强小流域综合治理是防御山洪灾害的有效途径.     

台风型风电机组塔架轻量化设计研究

目的实现台风型风电机组塔架的轻量化设计。方法对风电机组台风环境载荷工况和台风期运行控制策略进行研究,提出在基于GB/T 31519—2015《台风型风力发电机组》的台风型风电机组基础上,开发台风控制策略,使机组在台风期间持续处于对风状态。结果利用BLADED软件计算机组各关键部位的载荷,结果表明,台风控制策略降低了23.5%的机组塔基载荷,重新设计塔架,塔架质量降低了13%,实现了塔架轻量化设计,单个风电场节省约416万元,具有很好的经济效益。通过机组现场实测,在摩羯台风期间,采用台风控制策略的台风型风电机组塔基载荷,Mxy理论仿真值与实测值的相关性达94.1%,高度一致。结论验证了理论仿真计算的准确性和轻量化塔架应用的可行性,助力于我国风力发电行业沿海地区及海上型风力发电机组的发展。     

基于二分式问卷的青岛浒苔绿潮灾害对滨海旅游资源非使用价值影响评估

海洋藻华灾害对沿海地区的社会经济产生了相当大的影响。其中对滨海旅游经济及景观资源非使用价值（non-use value）的影响,无法从市场中得到直接评估。在对这部分非使用价值的评估中,条件评价法（contingent valuation method,CVM,也称条件价值法）是目前应用最为广泛的主要方法。该方法通过社会调查,以问卷方式收集被访者的信息,通过社会经济学的计算方法对目标资源的非使用价值受影响程度进行定量评价。本文利用CVM中的二分式实证问卷,以浒苔绿潮灾害对青岛滨海旅游资源非使用价值的影响为目标,调查在浒苔绿潮发生期内游客对改善滨海景观的支付意愿（WTP）信息,通过二值选择模型（Logit回归模型）计算,将浒苔绿潮灾害对青岛滨海旅游资源非使用价值的影响进行货币化评估,得出了该影响的大致范围,以直观的方式评价了浒苔绿潮灾害对青岛滨海旅游资源非使用价值的影响。这一方法可以作为海洋藻华灾害对社会经济影响评估方法的有益补充,为政府及相关组织对海洋藻华灾害的预防、治理以及更合理和有效的应急处置提供灾害经济影响部分的决策依据。     

CANADA'S EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING A NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION STRATEGY: A DELIBERATIVE DIALOGUE APPROACH

Canada is vulnerable to a wide range of natural and human-induced disasters. Recent experience with major natural disasters demonstrated that more needs to be done to protect Canadians from the impacts of future disasters. The Government of Canada, through the Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, has conducted consultations with provinces, territories and stakeholders to develop a national disaster mitigation strategy (NDMS) aimed at enhancing Canada's capacity to prevent disasters before they occur and promoting the development of disaster-resilient communities. This paper provides an overview of Canada's emergency management and hazards context. It reports on the preliminary findings of consultations with stakeholders and evaluates the usefulness of the deliberative dialogue methodology that was used to facilitate the consultations. Examples that are illustrative of recent Canadian efforts on disaster mitigation and the challenges respecting the development and future implementation of a NDMS are also discussed.     

Catastrophes and Climate Change: Concerns and Possible Countermeasures of the Insurance Industry

In the last few decades, the international insurance industry has been confronted with a drastic increase in the scope and frequency of great natural disasters. The trend is primarily attributable to the continuing steady growth of the world population and the increasing concentration of people and economic values in urban areas. An additional factor is the global migration of populations and industries into areas such as coastal regions, which are particularly exposed to natural hazards. The natural hazards themselves, on the other hand, are showing a change for the worse as many atmospheric extremes are strongly influenced by global warming. In addition to the problems the insurance industry has with regard to pricing, capacity and loss reserves, the assessment of insured liabilities, preventive planning and the proper adjustment of catastrophe losses are gaining importance. The present problems will be dramatically aggravated if the greenhouse predictions come true. The changing probability distributions of many processes in the atmosphere will force up the frequency and severity of heat waves, droughts, bush fires, tropical and extratropical cyclones, tornados, hailstorms, floods and storm surges in many parts of the world with serious consequences for all types of property insurance, apart from the consequences of the stratospheric ozone destruction for health and life insurance. Rates will have to be raised and in certain areas insurance cover will only be available after considerable restrictions have been imposed, as for example significant deductibles and low liability or loss limits. In areas of high insurance density the loss potential of individual catastrophes can reach a level at which the national and international insurance industries will run into serious capacity problems. Recent disasters showed the disproportionately high participation of reinsurers in extreme disaster losses and the need for more risk transparency if the insurance industry is to fulfil its obligations in an increasingly hostile environment.     

从安全防灾到韧性建设——国土空间治理背景下韧性规划的探索与展望

新形势下城市巨系统面临更多不确定性风险与未知扰动,要求安全防灾规划从目标对象、战略定位、技术手段与规划理念等方面做出适应调整,通过韧性城市建设引领区域安全稳定发展。对韧性城市的概念起源、理论发展与实践探索进行了梳理和评述,并结合我国“多规合一”后的国土空间规划体系改革,对空间治理背景下韧性规划的内涵特征、层级类型、流程形式与公共治理进行认识与思考;并从深化韧性城市的理论构建与机理研究、转变规划编制的设计思路和实践流程、完善韧性实践中的规划传导和尺度治理、关注韧性建设中的基层治理和公众参与四个方面,提出韧性规划的实践路径展望,力求有序推进我国城市公共安全现代化治理建设。