陆丰核电周边海域表层沉积物放射性核素比活度水平研究初探

本文采用γ能谱法对陆丰核电周边海域表层沉积物中的放射性核素进行分析测定。研究表明, 陆丰核电周边海域表层沉积物样品中的铀系核素衰变不平衡:210Pb相对于226Ra过剩;226Ra相对于238U缺损。钍系核素228Th和228Ra则接近衰变平衡。与我国部分海域沉积物放射性含量相比,陆丰核电周边海域表层沉积物样品中核素238U、228Th的放射性比活度值位于中等水平,其余核素（40K、226Ra、210Pb、228Ra 、 137Cs）的比活度值均接近于南海东北部表层沉积物核素比活度值。总体而言,研究海域表层沉积物样品放射性水平与历史数据无明显差异,处于本底范围。     

贵州赫章含煤岩系地层放射性水平调查

选取贵州赫章含煤岩系地层为研究对象,研究γ辐射剂量率、土壤氡气析出率,原煤、煤渣、土壤和水体(238U、232Th、226Ra、40K)的分布特征。结果表明,研究区γ辐射剂量率为43.10~323.24 nGy/h,小于520 nGy/h;原煤、煤渣和土壤的最大外照射指数Iγ分别为0.65、0.74和0.82,均未超过剂量限值1;赫章达依乡和六曲乡土壤氡浓度平均值分别为6 810 Bq/m~3和7 150 Bq/m~3,绝大多数小于20 000 Bq/m~3;区内含煤岩系地层的放射性核素和土壤氡析出率对环境影响较小。赫章含煤岩系地层原煤、煤渣和土壤样品中放射性核素238U、232Th、226Ra、40K多数低于贵州省土壤放射性核素背景值和我国土壤放射性核素背景值。通过单因子指数法对研究区放射性水平进行评价,多属无污染状态,水体放射性水平多数低于我国自来水标准。     

阳江核电站附近海域表层沉积物中γ放射性核素含量水平

用HPGe-γ谱分析方法测定了阳江核电海域表层沉积物中238U、226Ra、210Pb、228Th、228Ra、40K、137Cs、134Cs、110mAg、58Co和60Co共11种核素的比活度,238U、226Ra、210Pb、228Th、228Ra、40K、137Cs等7种核素的放射性比活度范围分别为75.2~102.0、32.6~38.6、86.9~148、54.3~71.3、40.9~70.6、580~660和 < 0.16~3.82 Bq/kg_干重,平均值分别为82.4±5.2、35.5±2.0、121.7±14、60.2±3.1、57.1±3.1、621±29和2.21±0.31 Bq/kg_干重,134Cs、110mAg、58Co和60Co等4种核素的比活度均低于检测限。沉积物中226Ra/238U、210Pb/226Ra和228Th/228Ra比值的范围分别为0.35~0.48,2.63~4.17和0.96~1.36,平均值分别为0.43、3.43和1.06。结果显示,该海域表层沉积物中210Pb相对于226Ra过剩,226Ra相对于238U亏损,而228Th与228Ra基本平衡;沉积物中γ放射性核素含量水平与粒度分布、离岸距离无明显相关性。     

浙江省燃煤电厂原煤、煤渣和煤灰中天然放射性水平调查分析

针对浙江省总装机容量30万千瓦以上燃煤发电厂,采用低本底HPGeγ谱仪分析了原煤、煤渣和煤灰中天然放射性核素的含量。结果表明:原煤238U、226Ra、232Th、40K的比活度均值分别为48.7、39.7、50.5和68.2 Bq/kg,煤渣238U、226Ra、232Th、40K的比活度均值分别为96.0、87.0、114和182 Bq/kg;煤灰238U、226Ra、232Th、40K的比活度均值分别为133、111、143和209 Bq/kg;天然放射性核素在煤渣和煤灰中均呈现不同程度的富集现象,煤渣和煤灰的富集因子均值分别为3.4～4.8、4.8～5.9。对煤渣和煤灰用作建材原料的可行性进行了评价,当建材原料100%为煤渣或煤灰时,约有18.4%的样品超过GB 6566—2010限值。为此,建议对用作建材原料的煤渣和煤灰进行放射性检测,严格控制高比活度的煤渣和煤灰在建材原料中的比例。     

闽东南土壤岩石中天然放射性核素水平调查研究

报道了闽东南地区土壤岩石中天然放射性核素含量调查的结果。调查布点基本与环境陆地γ辐射剂量率调查布点同位。该调查结果表明 :闽东南地区由花岗岩、混合岩和中酸性火山岩就地分化残留物沉积而成的酸性红壤土中的2 38U、2 32 Th、2 2 6 Ra、4 0 K放射性核素平均含量分别为 62 .3Bq/kg、73 .2Bq/kg、1 1 5Bq/kg和 872Bq/kg ;2 38U、2 2 6 Ra含量 ,花岗岩类 >中酸性火山岩类 变质岩类 >基性岩类 ;2 32 Th、4 0 K含量 ,中酸性火山岩类 >花岗岩类 变质岩类 >基性岩类 ,与不同岩石所在地区原野γ辐射剂量率、室外空气中2 2 2 Rn及其子体浓度的测定结果基本一致。     

大连近海沉积物中放射性核素分布及环境指示

基于大连近海表层和柱状沉积物中放射性核素~(238)U、~(226)Ra、~(210)Pb、~(40)K和~(137)Cs比活度与分布特征分析,对大连近海的沉积环境进行讨论.结果表明,水平方向上放射性核素含量均分别处于同一水平,陆源输入特征明显;垂直方向上40K比活度随深度变化较小,~(238)U、~(226)Ra、~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs比活度随深度增加出现波动,整体上不存在物质输入的显著变化,沉积环境相对稳定;~(2~(26Ra相对于母体~(238U亏损,~(210Pb相对于母体~(2~(26Ra过剩,~(40)K和~(137)Cs之间存在显著的正相关关系.利用~(210)Pbex法和~(137)Cs法分别计算得到大连近海沉积速率为0.49和0.43cm/a.     

滇西临沧褐煤放射性水平及区域污染分析

通过对临沧及云南省褐煤中放射性核素238U2、32Th2、26Ra比活度调查,类比各煤种放射性水平,得出临沧褐煤为铀煤伴生矿。通过临沧铀锗煤中放射性核素在利用过程中的转移估量和临沧城区放射环境现状调查,分析铀锗煤矿利用形成的小区域辐射污染及对放射环境的影响,得出煤中放射性核素的二次污染导致了区域放射环境水平的提高。     

楚科奇海陆架区表层沉积物放射性核素的分布

对中国首次北极科学考察期间在楚科奇海采集的9个表层沉积物样品进行了γ谱分析。结果表明,2 1 0 Pb的比活度介于16.0～76.6Bq·kg 1 之间,平均为3 6.9Bq·kg 1 ,低于大多数中低纬度区表层沉积物的2 1 0 Pb比活度,反映出研究海域低的大气2 1 0 Pb输入通量。2 2 6 Ra、1 37Cs、2 38U的放射性比活度范围和平均值分别为11.4～2 0 .9、1.7～2 .9、3 2 .4～5 3 .4Bq·kg 1 和17.6、2 .2、44 .4Bq·kg 1 。研究海域表层沉积物中的2 2 6 Ra/2 38U ) A .R .介于0 .3 5～0 .47之间,低的2 2 6 Ra/2 38U) A .R .表明U、Ra的地球化学行为存在差异。2 1 0 Pb、2 1 0 Pbex、1 37Cs、4 0 K比活度和灼烧失重率均随离岸距离的增加逐渐减小,而2 2 6 Ra和2 38U则具有各自不同的分布特征,分别与研究海域表层沉积物Si和Ca的分布比较类似。对核素间相关关系的分析表明,研究海域表层沉积物中1 37Cs和2 1 0 Pbex含量与灼烧失重率之间存在良好的线性正相关关系,证实有机物质在2 1 0 Pb、1 37Cs的生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用。     

深圳妈湾电厂周边土壤天然放射性水平研究

研究分析了深圳妈湾电厂周边土壤中天然放射性核素226Ra、232Th、40K的含量分布。妈湾电厂周边土壤天然放射性核素226Ra、232Th、40K的含量分别为72~358 Bq/kg(平均204 Bq/kg)、118~432 Bq/kg(平均265 Bq/kg)和101~2 168 Bq/kg(平均1 269 Bq/kg)。燃煤电厂的长期运行使周边环境的天然辐射水平有一定程度的增加,其影响程度在电厂4 km范围内显现明显。放射性核素在土壤A层(0~15 cm)的比活度普遍低于B层(15~30 cm),可能源于土壤的渗透作用以及植物对其的吸收。妈湾电厂周边土壤天然放射性核素的含量显著高于国内其他燃煤电厂,这主要是因为深圳位于我国天然放射性的高本底地区。妈湾电厂周边土壤等效镭浓度范围为346~878Bq/kg,多数超出等效镭浓度的最大允许值370 Bq/kg。     

陶瓷材料放射性衰变时间及最佳平衡周期研究

简述了有关放射性样品衰变平衡及平衡时间的基本理论,运用碘化钠γ谱仪对衰变时间介于0～27 d区间内的三组陶瓷样品进行放射性比活度测定,采取t检验法分析了同一样品在0d～7d、7d～12d、15 d、21 d等不同衰变时间条件下,放射性核素226Ra、232Th、40K比活度测试结果之间的差异程度,通过实验验证陶瓷样品衰变时间对其放射性测定结果准确性的影响.研究表明,当每组检测结果数据的显著性差异水平为5％,若兼顾科学性和经济性,则陶瓷样品的最佳放射性衰变时间应为至少21 d.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.