沙层水分小尺度地域分异特征 —— 以沙坡头沙区为例

水分是沙漠地区生态环境的限制因子,研究沙漠沙层水分分布规律对在沙区种植人工植物进行固沙有显著指导意义。通过对沙坡头沙区两个典型流动沙丘不同坡向、不同部位以及两个洼地进行采样,研究该区水分平衡与小尺度水分分异特征与规律,结果表明：（1）流动大沙丘顶部沙层水分含量一般在1.00%以下,中部水分含量一般在1.00%—2.00%,底部水分含量一般在2.00%—3.00%,均以薄膜水形式存在。洼地沙层2.0—3.0 m左右深度有饱和重力水甚至地下水出现。（2）流动大沙丘的迎风坡沙层水分高于背风坡,沙丘水分含量均是底部最高,中部次之,顶部最低。（3）沙坡头区沙层水分属于快速入渗型水分正平衡,洼地或平坦地段是大气降水向下入渗的主要渠道。     

腾格里沙漠南缘沙层含水量与水分平衡研究

为了揭示腾格里沙漠沙层含水量和水分运移及平衡等科学问题,对甘肃民勤和宁夏中卫不同沙丘进行了含水量研究。结果显示,腾格里沙漠南缘沙层含水量空间变化明显,在垂向上分层清楚,水平方向上流动沙丘的含水量高于半固定和固定沙丘, 沙漠东南缘沙层含水量明显高于西南缘。甘肃民勤沙层含水量高值层段出现在剖面中上部;宁夏中卫毛管水带之上沙层含水量较高,指示沙层水分来自大气降水。研究区沙层水分主要以薄膜水的形式存在,在降水较多的沙漠东南缘出现了沙漠区极少出现的高含量薄膜水。该区沙层水分具正平衡特点,属于沙层水理性质决定的沙漠地区特殊的水分正平衡,这能够较好地解释极端干旱的沙漠区湖泊较多和地下水资源较为丰富的原因。论文还提出了研究区水分运移的两种模式。     

沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量变化的原因分析

利用中国大陆气溶胶指数(TOMS AI)、太阳辐射、沙尘能见度、降水量等观测资料,对中国西北部沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量进行分析.结果表明,沙漠地区AI值不但取决于沙尘暴的发生,而且取决于太阳辐射.这表明沙尘暴起沙模型和尘卷风与干热对流的联合起沙模型互为补充,沙漠地区上空的沙尘气溶胶含量是它们共同作用的结果,而由太阳辐射引发的尘卷风与干热对流较沙尘暴过程更为重要.     

额济纳地区特大沙尘暴的预警与居延绿洲生态恢复

通过对额济纳地区特定缺水环境下特大沙丘暴成因的分析，认为尘源是其主要矛盾，因而提出用额济纳河的年水流量作为生态恶化指标来判断当地特大沙尘暴是否发生的假设，把连续三年发生特大沙尘暴的九十年代的前五年的年均水量２．５亿立方米称之为特大沙尘暴的阈值，把由八十年代的８亿立方米水量降到九十年代的水量的中值５．３亿立方米水量称之为特大沙尘暴的预警值，把八十年代的年均水量８亿立方米称之为生态保证值。文章还提出了     

以风驱沙

用风摧毁沙丘 法国的让·默尼耶宣称找到了制服沙丘的办法。站·默尼耶是一位曾经在30多个国家传授农业知识的著名教授。1993年退休后,他发明了一种简单别致的办法,可以随处控制那些蚕食人类居住环境的沙丘。站·默尼耶是采取一种名为“BOFIX”的方法来阻止沙的移动,其原理是通过制造局部的旋风来吹散沙丘,并且防止这些沙丘重新形成。找到阻止沙丘推进的办法是至关重要的因为在过去的50年里,世界各地的沙漠化趋势加剧。沙漠城市的政府当局尝试了多种制服沙丘的办法,但大多数办法耗资巨大,而且可能会造成生态灾难。这项新措施的产生确实意义重大。     

腾格里沙漠民勤沙丘CO_2浓度与昼夜变化规律研究

为查明沙漠区CO2浓度和对大气CO2的影响以及在全球碳循环中的作用,利用红外CO2监测仪于2009年9月对腾格里沙漠民勤实验点不同类型不同深度的沙层CO2含量变化进行了昼夜连续观测.根据12个钻孔CO2浓度的昼夜观测结果可知,民勤沙漠区不同观测点CO2浓度差异较大,各观测点昼夜CO2浓度变化在310×10-6～2 630×10-6之间;夜间沙层CO2浓度低,白天CO2浓度高;CO2浓度在深度上也有明显的差异,不同深度CO2浓度由大到小的顺序是:4 m(3m)2 m1m;与温带半湿润的西安地区相比,位于极端干旱区的民勤沙漠区CO2浓度显著低;CO2浓度昼夜变化明显,从当日09:00左右到次日09:00左右均呈现由低到高再到低的变化规律;在沙层水分一定的条件下,昼夜温度变化是造成沙层CO2浓度昼夜变化的主要原因,两者呈显著正相关关系;含水量较高沙层CO2浓度明显高于含水量较低沙层,沙层含水量高低是决定沙层CO2浓度的主要因素;4 m深度以上沙层CO2浓度均高于地表空气CO2浓度,表明极端干旱的沙漠区可能是CO2的来源区,也指示环境恶劣的裸露流动沙丘微生物活动产生的沙层CO2浓度仍然超过了大气CO2浓度.     

绿色征途 环保勇士《绿色家园》栏目开播十年回顾

在敦煌的鸣沙山、月芽泉,我曾看到过这样一组画面：金黄色的沙丘下一缕绿色的草丛,草丛中还点缀着几朵艳丽的花朵,在单调而压抑的沙漠中,这几朵盛开的鲜花显得格外的夺目。她们在烈日中灿烂、在沙尘暴中歌唱;还有一排树木,在沙漠的边缘威严矗立,象守卫家园的哨兵,默默地为人类阻挡着沙魔的侵袭,孤独地同风沙比试着力量。     

内蒙古西部地区特大沙尘暴预警再论和应急监测初探

通过对内蒙古西部地区特别是额济纳地区特定补水环境下特大沙尘暴成因的再次分析，论证了当地生态指标与沙尘暴的关系可以用额济纳河的年水流量与沙尘暴的关系代替的假设，提出并讨论了１９９８年内蒙古西部地区强沙尘暴的应急监测方法及结果     

民勤近地面沙尘暴气溶胶浓度变化特征初探

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统对民勤沙尘源区不同沙尘天气的气溶胶浓度进行了监测,初步分析了民勤近地面沙尘暴气溶胶浓度的变化特征.结果表明:沙尘暴气溶胶浓度春季最高,为14.61 mg·m-3;夏季逐渐降低,为12.49 mg·m-3;秋季无沙尘暴出现,气溶胶浓度最小;冬季趋于回升,可达9.82 mg·m-3,沙尘暴气溶胶浓度季节变化与沙尘暴发生频率相一致.不同沙尘天气条件下沙尘气溶胶浓度表现为强沙尘暴最大,为18.80 mg·m-3;中沙尘暴次之,为13.56 mg·m-3;扬沙浮沉天气较小,只有3.07 mg·m一.随着沙漠向绿洲的过渡,沙尘暴气溶胶浓度明显降低,沙漠、绿洲边缘、绿洲3个下垫面条件下沙尘暴气溶胶浓度依次为21.07 mg·m-3、12.09 mg·m-3、6.49 mg·m-3.沙尘暴气溶胶浓度随观测高度变化遵循幂函数规律,浓度梯度变幅表现为沙尘暴高发季节大于低峰季节,沙尘暴天气大于扬沙浮尘天气,沙漠下垫面大于绿洲下垫面;不同下垫面条件下沙尘暴气溶胶浓度在41 m高度处趋于一致,表明沙尘源区的沙尘浓度在约40 m范围内受地面影响较为显著.     

近50年首都圈沙尘暴的变化趋势及其与气温、降水和风的关系

利用首都圈地区 11个基本和基准气象台站近 50年的观测资料 ,给出了这 11个台站自建站至 2000年沙尘暴发生日数的年际变化序列 ,并分析了其与气温、降水和风的关系 .结果表明 :首都圈沙尘暴具有很大的时空差异 ,西北部沙尘暴日数明显多于东南部 .沙尘暴发生日数的年际波动很大 ,同一站点最多年份与最少年份相差几十倍 .二连浩特、阿巴嘎旗、锡林浩特、丰宁、张家口、怀来和北京等 7个气象站自建站至 2000年的沙尘暴日数呈显著的下降趋势 ,其余 4个气象站没有显著的上升或下降趋势 .首都圈地区沙尘暴季节性显著 ,多集中在春季 .与沙尘暴日数相关性最强的是起沙风日数 ,有 6个站点的沙尘暴日数同起沙风日数呈显著的正相关 ;其次是气温 ,有 3～ 4个站点的沙尘暴日数与年均温、冬季均温和春季均温呈显著负相关 ;降水量与沙尘暴日数的相关性最弱 ,只有朱日和 1个站点与春季降水量呈显著负相关 .另外有 4个站点的沙尘暴日数与气温、降水和风均没有显著的相关关系 .根据上述研究结果就首都圈沙尘暴的时空变异性及其与气候因素的关系等问题进行了讨论 .     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.