海军直升机表面涂层体系改进研究

目的解决海军直升机表面涂层体系耐腐蚀性能较差,难以满足日历寿命要求的难题。方法采用新研制的有机涂层和原陆军直升机涂层分别对设计的结构模拟件进行涂装,并进行8个周期、共计200天的加速腐蚀试验,利用光泽度测量、色差测量和电化学阻抗测量的方法对涂层的腐蚀情况进行表征,考核验证涂层体系的防腐蚀性能。结果试验后新、原涂层外观基本完整,新涂层光泽度与色差无明显变化,原涂层光泽度下降较大。新涂层一直处于腐蚀初期的渗水阶段,其阻抗在10~8Ω·cm~2范围内,原涂层已进入腐蚀中期,其阻抗在10~6Ω·cm~2范围内。结论新涂层耐蚀性能更为优良,更加适用于海洋环境下的使用。     

直升机旋翼桨叶有机涂层防护性能在户内加速试验中的变化

目的考核评价高原环境下服役的直升机旋翼桨叶典型结构及其防护体系的耐腐蚀性能。方法利用建立的模拟高原环境加速试验谱,再现直升机旋翼桨叶结构防护体系实际服役过程中出现的腐蚀损伤,采取电化学阻抗谱测试研究涂层阻抗的变化。结果经历8个周期的户内加速试验后,新修桨叶试验件表面有机涂层Bode曲线呈现小幅下降,即有机涂层防护性能下降;报废桨叶试验件表面有机涂层的特定频率电化学阻抗模值与原始情况相比仅下降了不到1个数量级。结论报废桨叶试验件表面有机涂层电化学阻抗模值曲线在8个周期后仍然小幅高于未经历户内加速试验的新修桨叶试验件。     

直升机蒙皮典型结构有机涂层防护性能在模拟高原大气环境中的变化

目的评价服役于高原大气环境中的直升机蒙皮典型结构及其防护体系的防护性能。方法通过模拟高原大气环境加速试验方法再现直升机蒙皮典型结构防护体系实际服役过程中出现的损伤,利用扫描电镜对表面微观形貌进行观察,采用电化学阻抗谱测试研究有机涂层阻抗的变化。结果在实验室加速试验中,蒙皮试验件螺钉周边先出现局部腐蚀,之后腐蚀产物又逐渐减少,而铆钉周边经过多个周期后腐蚀产物都没有显著增多。螺钉中间区域有机涂层电化学阻抗模值直至第8个周期后与原始情况相比才大幅度下降,而铆钉中间区域有机涂层电化学阻抗模值在试验中多次明显下降。结论铆钉周边的有机涂层经过多个周期加速试验仍具有阻挡腐蚀性介质的作用。与螺钉结构的情况相比,铆钉中间区域有机涂层防护性能退化显著。     

直升机结构钢涂层体系防护性能在模拟海洋大气环境中的变化

目的对比、评价服役于海洋大气环境中直升机结构钢防护体系的防护性能。方法通过模拟海洋大气环境加速试验方法,研究直升机结构钢防护体系在实际服役过程中出现的损伤。结果涂层A微观结构较为疏松,加速试验中涂层基体产生鼓泡,并发生腐蚀。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)方法测得低频区的阻抗模值相对较低,说明涂层防护性能较差,与宏观试验结果一致。结论在模拟海洋大气环境的加速试验中,涂层表面的微小缺陷(如疏松结构中的微小孔洞)会成为腐蚀溶液进入的快速通道,进而降低涂层的防护性能。利用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)方法可有效表征有机涂层涂覆下的金属腐蚀行为,并评估涂层的防护性能。     

30CrMnSiA合金钢3种涂层体系耐蚀性研究

目的研究西沙海洋环境下30CrMnSiA合金钢三种(C1,C2,C3)涂层体系的耐腐蚀性能。方法在西沙海域环境开展30CrMnSiA合金钢三种涂层的自然暴晒实验,暴晒实验时间为3年,分别通过测试光泽度、色差、电化学阻抗值等手段检测腐蚀状况来研究腐蚀特点。结果三种涂层的光泽度和色差随着时间的增长逐渐减少,暴晒后三种涂层的光泽度和色差相差不大,但三种涂层检测的电化学阻抗值相差很大,且C1涂层阻抗值明显大于C2和C3涂层。结论 C1涂层体系相较于C2和C3两种涂层体系有更高的耐腐蚀性能。     

海洋环境对直升机基础产品腐蚀行为影响研究

目的研究螺栓、卡箍等直升机基础产品在海洋大气环境下腐蚀和力学性能随时间的变化规律,采用结构模拟连接件,验证直升机防护体系对基础产品的防护效果。方法通过将螺栓、卡箍和连接件在外场暴露不同时间,在此期间定期对试验件表面状态和力学性能进行测试,分析海洋环境对直升机基础差的影响和机上防护方法的可靠性。结果经过2 a腐蚀后,螺栓表面发生了明显的腐蚀,但是腐蚀深度不大,抗拉强度维持在18.3 MPa,剪切强度从27.99 MPa下降到26.52 MPa。卡箍发生了腐蚀,橡胶材料老化严重,推出力降低80%,基本丧失锁紧性能。有涂层保护的典型连接件,表面厚度为66 mm,色差为0.3,光泽度变化1%,各项参数与未暴露时相比变化不大。结论在海洋大气环境下,螺栓、卡箍等在未采取防护措施的情况下不建议使用,机上采用的防护措施有效,可对基体起到很好的保护作用。     

某型直升机机体结构关键件涂层耐久性评估

目的 评估某型直升机机体典型结构关键件涂层在内陆温和地区的耐久性,支撑机体总日历寿命延寿工作。方法 对某型直升机大修周期机体结构关键件涂层进行目视检查、涂层光泽度检查和电化学交流阻抗检测,对比分析检测数据,分析机体结构关键件涂层耐久性的影响因素,判定涂层的耐久性。结果 某型直升机机体结构关键件涂层的耐久性较好。失光率检测中,平均失光率为37.8%,整体失光率较小。电化学阻抗检测中,平均电化学阻抗模值为5.58×10⁷ Ω.cm²,未失效,涂层能够有效保护机体结构关键件免于腐蚀环境破坏。结论 大修周期内,某型直升机机体结构关键件涂层的耐久性好,少数区域涂层因光照、磕碰等,耐久性部分程度受到影响,机体结构关键件涂层受温度、湿度、盐雾浓度等的影响较小。     

氟碳涂料实验室循环盐雾试验后防腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究氟碳重防腐涂层在循环盐雾试验后的防护性能.方法 开展氟碳涂层的实验室循环盐雾试验,通过电化学阻抗谱、附着力、光泽、色差测试等方法对氟碳涂层的各性能进行分析表征,并使用等效电路图对电化学阻抗谱数据进行拟合,评价涂层在盐雾试验后的腐蚀保护性能.结果 循环盐雾试验1440 h后,涂层无失光、变色、粉化等现象,模值由1.42×1011?·cm2下降至7.26×1010?·cm2,下降幅度较小.结论 经循环盐雾试验后的氟碳涂层仍具有优异的防护性能.     

某海岛环境下典型机载设备防护涂层耐老化性试验研究

目的研究某海岛环境下6类典型机载设备表面涂层的耐老化性能。方法在某海岛环境开展6类典型机载设备表面涂层的户外和棚下暴露试验,试验时间为3年,分别通过测试外观、光泽度、色差研究其老化特点。结果户外试验相比棚下试验,所有试验样品均表现出更加明显的性能退化,在光泽度变化方面,C1和C6变化最小,在色差变化方面,C4变化最小。结论在机载设备选用涂层材料时,注重光泽度优先选用C1和C6,注重保持颜色优选C4。     

LY12CZ铝合金飞机内外部结构涂层日历有效性试验研究

基于外部和内部涂层加速试验环境谱,分别对某型飞机的LY12CZ铝合金内、外部结构涂层进行加速老化试验,统计分析了两种涂层腐蚀老化表面形貌,得到了光泽度和色差随加速腐蚀时间的变化规律,并对涂层的有效性进行了综合评定。试验结果表明,LY12CZ铝合金外部结构涂层的有效期为12 a,内部结构涂层的有效期为10 a,轻微划痕对外部结构涂层的日历有效性影响不大,而对内部结构涂层有一定影响。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.