MgO改性莲蓬壳生物炭的制备及其磷吸附特性

为了研究生物炭作为磷吸附剂的潜在应用特性,本文通过将MgO与莲蓬壳混合物快速热解制备纳米MgO-生物炭吸附剂.采用XRD、BET、SEM和TEM对其理化特性进行表征,并进行了吸附实验.结果表明,MgO主要以薄片状和颗粒状的形态负载在炭表面,使吸附活性位点增加,MgO-生物炭MBC3吸附量是未负载MgO生物炭MBC1的14倍,热解通10%CO_2载气,MBC9的吸附量进一步增加为MBC1的16倍.准二级动力学能更好地描述吸附过程,磷酸根在MgO-生物炭上的吸附是以化学吸附为主导.MBC3和MBC9的Langmuir最大吸附量分别可达到283. 26 mg·g~(-1)和297. 96 mg·g~(-1). MgO-生物炭是一种高效的磷吸附剂,可用来治理水体富营养化问题.     

蚯蚓粪便生物炭对水体中雌二醇的吸附

为寻求高效、廉价的E2(雌二醇激素)吸附剂及开拓蚯蚓粪便的资源化利用途径,将蚯蚓粪便在300、500和700 ℃下热解碳化制备生物炭(分别记为BC300、BC500和BC700),对所得生物炭的基本理化性质(包括物质组成、表面官能团、孔隙结构等)进行分析,并将其用于吸附水体中E2,考察生物炭投加量、溶液pH、反应时间及初始ρ(E2)对生物炭吸附性能的影响,并探讨了吸附机理.结果表明:随热解温度的升高,生物炭的H/C(原子比)由0.13降至0.03,O/C(原子比)由0.46降至0.02,芳香性增强,极性降低,逐渐由脂肪炭结构过渡到芳香炭结构;生物炭比表面积由24.33 m2/g增至76.29 m2/g,总孔体积由0.09 cm3/g增至0.19 cm3/g.不同热解温度下制备的生物炭对E2的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学方程,拟合系数大于0.991;Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型均能较好地描述蚯蚓粪便生物炭对E2的吸附过程,Langmuir理论最大吸附量表现为BC700(7.66 mg/g)>BC500(5.23 mg/g)>BC300(3.32 mg/g).随热解温度的升高,O/C和H/C降低,说明碳化程度增强,生物炭吸附E2的分配作用减弱而表面吸附作用增强.研究显示,蚯蚓粪便生物炭对E2的吸附效果随比表面积和孔体积的增加而增强.      

农作物残体制备的生物质炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附作用

将稻草、稻壳、大豆秸秆和花生秸秆低温热解制备生物质炭,用平衡吸附实验和淋溶实验研究了制备的生物质炭对阳离子染料亚甲基蓝的吸附及对水体中亚甲基蓝的去除效果.结果表明,生物质炭对亚甲基蓝有很高的吸附能力,但不同生物质炭之间存在较大差异,4种生物质炭吸附亚甲基蓝能力的大小顺序为:稻草炭>大豆秸秆炭>花生秸秆炭>稻壳炭,这一顺序与生物质炭表面负电荷数量和生物质炭比表面的大小顺序基本一致.但亚甲基蓝在生物质炭表面主要发生专性吸附,因为亚甲基蓝的吸附量随介质离子强度的增加而增加,而且亚甲基蓝吸附使生物质炭颗粒的Zeta电位向正值方向位移.Langmuir方程对吸附等温线的拟合效果较好,可以用Langmuir方程描述生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附.由Langmuir方程预测的亚甲基蓝在稻草炭、大豆秸秆炭、花生秸秆炭和稻壳炭表面的最大吸附量分别为196.1、169.5、129.9和89.3 mmol.kg-1.淋溶实验表明,156 g稻壳炭可以将30 L水中亚甲基蓝浓度为0.3 mmol.L-1的染料几乎全部除去,累积吸附量达57.7 mmol.kg-1.生物质炭可以用作高效吸附剂去除染料废水中的亚甲基蓝.     

生物炭结构性质对氨氮的吸附特性影响

氨抑制现象在富含有机氮底物的沼气工程中普遍存在,采用生物炭吸附法可固定发酵液中氨氮.为探究生物炭理化结构与氨氮吸附特性之间的相关关系,在不同热解温度(350、450和550℃)下制备以玉米秸秆、稻壳为原料的生物炭,通过元素分析、FTIR和BET等分析生物炭结构及其理化性质,并结合批式吸附实验,研究不同理化性质生物炭对氨氮的吸附特性影响.结果表明随着热解温度的升高,生物炭中碳及灰分含量增多; 450℃制备的玉米秸秆生物炭(CS450)与550℃制备的稻壳生物炭(RH550)对氨氮的吸附分别遵循准二级和准一级动力学模型.Freundlich吸附模型能更好地描述CS450和RH550生物炭对氨氮的等温吸附过程;玉米秸秆炭吸附量与其表面官能团间具有显著相关性;而与稻壳炭的吸附量相关性最显著的为生物炭的比表面积,其次是表面官能团,最后是灰分.其中,RH550吸附性能最好,最大吸附量为12. 16 mg·g~(-1).     

改性生物炭的制备及其对水中镉离子的吸附试验

以稻壳为原料,采用预浸渍-热解法制备原始稻壳生物炭(C)、CaCl_2改性的稻壳生物炭(Ca-C)、CaCl_2与H_2O_2混合改性的稻壳生物炭(Ca H-C),探讨改性生物炭对水中Cd~(2+)的去除能力。结果表明:改性生物炭具有较大的比表面结和总孔容积。CaCl_2改性和CaCl_2与H_2O_2混合改性可显著提高生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附能力,其中CaCl_2与H_2O_2混合改性效果要优于CaCl_2改性。Ca-C和CaH-C对Cd~(2+)吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,饱和吸附量可分别达到19. 53,37. 45 mg/g。改性生物炭主要以离子交换的方式对水中Cd~(2+)进行去除,少量Cd~(2+)在生物炭或生成的CaCO_3表面进行物理吸附。     

镁改性生物炭制备条件对其氮、磷去除性能的影响

以林木废弃物为原料,通过干式热解和湿式热解,制备镁改性生物炭,并探索其对污水中氮、磷的同步去除性能。研究表明:干式混合热解和湿式浸渍热解制备的生物炭吸附效果无显著差异;MgCl_2浸渍制备改性是生物炭制备的适宜方法,浸渍浓度、热解温度、热解速度及生物炭粒径均会对吸附效果有影响;最优条件下,镁改性生物炭对氮和磷的吸附量分别为35.28,110.29 mg/g。除了吸附作用,镁改性生物炭表面形成了鸟粪石沉淀(MgNH_4PO_4·6H_2O),可作为一种缓释型炭基氮磷复合肥。     

羊粪生物炭对水体氨氮吸附特性研究

以山羊粪便为原料,在300℃和700℃缺氧热解条件下制备生物炭,分别记为D300和D700。使用扫描电镜表征生物炭结构特征,运用比表面积仪测定其比表面积和孔径大小,以此探究不同热解温度条件下羊粪生物炭的内部结构及比表面积特征。以水体氨氮(20 mol/L)为目标污染物,以D300和D700为吸附剂,研究不同氨氮浓度、温度、pH以及吸附剂投加量等因素对水体氨氮吸附的影响以及吸附特性。结果表明:热解温度从300℃上升到700℃,生物炭的比表面积、总孔容随之增大,平均孔径反之减小,吸附效率从15.72%提升到24.73%。羊粪生物炭吸附水体氨氮的最佳pH在6～8;通过对动力学数据进行分析,发现准二级动力学方程(R~2=0.999 1)比准一级动力学方程(R~2=0.663 3)能更好地拟合动力学数据。吸附等温曲线拟合发现Langmuir方程(R~2=0.842 74)能更好地描述氨氮在羊粪生物炭上的吸附行为。吉布斯自由能变化、焓变和熵变的计算结果表明:羊粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附过程是自发的吸热过程。700℃条件下制备的羊粪生物炭比D300拥有更好的吸附性能。     

淀粉纳米晶接枝聚乙烯亚胺对阴离子染料的吸附

以戊二醛为交联剂、淀粉纳米晶(SNCs)为基材接枝聚乙烯亚胺(PEI),成功制备了一种新型生物基吸附剂(SNCs-PEI)。利用粒径、Zeta电位、红外光谱(FTIR)和能量色散X射线谱(EDX)对SNCs-PEI进行表征,并探究其对阴离子染料的吸附效果。当pH=3时,SNCs-PEI的Zeta电位达到+37.9 mV,对阴离子染料甲基橙(MO)和刚果红(CR)均具有良好的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、pH值、染料初始浓度、温度对SNCs-PEI吸附性能的影响。研究表明：在pH为3,SNCs-PEI投加量为0.1 g, MO、CR初始浓度为130 mg/L的条件下,SNCs-PEI对MO和CR的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学和Langmuir吸附模型,SNCs-PEI对MO、CR的最大吸附量分别为82.10,57.34 mg/g,吸附过程属于一个自发的吸热过程。该新型生物吸附剂的研究对含阴离子染料工业废水的去除提供了一种新途径。     

浒苔生物炭的特征及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特点和吸附机制

为使浒苔得到资源化利用,本研究采用慢速热解技术于不同温度下制备浒苔生物炭,并对其理化性质进行表征.结果表明,400℃时,浒苔裂解已达较高程度.浒苔生物炭产率及灰分含量与热解温度呈负相关,碳含量与热解温度呈正相关,其表面呈蜂窝状多孔结构,比表面积为44.54~317.82 m~2·g~(-1),表面含有丰富的羟基(—OH)和羧基(—COOH)等含氧官能团.吸附实验显示,浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型.表明浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附为单分子层化学吸附,主要受快速反应过程控制.浒苔生物炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的最适p H为2,吸附容量表现为BC400BC700BC600BC500BC300,其中BC400的吸附量为4.79 mg·g~(-1).浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机制主要包括生物炭与HCr O-4和Cr2O_2-7等阴离子之间的静电作用,以及生物炭表面—OH和—COOH等含氧官能团的络合作用.     

生物炭的制备及其性能研究

以生物质(小麦秸秆、稻壳和木屑)为原料,KOH为浸渍剂,采用控制热分解的方法制备生物炭,并利用差热/热重分析、Boehm滴定、红外光谱、X射线衍射、碘吸附及亚甲基蓝吸附等方法对原料和生物炭的结构及性质进行了表征。实验结果表明:木屑在热解过程中质量损失最大,其次是稻壳和小麦秸秆;不同原料在相同炭化温度下制得的生物炭所含表面含氧官能团种类和总量相近,均含有烷基、芳香基及一些含氧官能团,但pH值和吸附能力差别较大,其中小麦秸秆制备的生物炭pH值最大,木屑制备的生物炭吸附能力最强;随着炭化温度的升高,生物炭表面含氧官能团总量减少,pH值升高,芳构化程度增加;生物炭吸附性能总体呈上升的趋势。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.