CAST工艺高温短程硝化的实现及其除磷性能

以模拟废水为研究对象,考察了22、25、28℃这3个温度下CAST反应器内短程硝化的实现及其除磷性能。结果表明,不同温度下系统的TN去除均稳定在80%以上,且NH4+-N去除良好。当温度为22℃和25℃时系统内未观察到亚硝积累,除磷率为94.3%和86.9%,升高温度至28℃,反应器内亚硝积累率为87.2%,实现稳定的短程硝化。此外,高温短程硝化阶段(28℃),系统释、吸磷能力较22℃和25℃均有所下降,且厌氧段释磷量/COD消耗量(P/C)比明显低于前两个阶段。然而,该温度条件下反应器除磷性能并未恶化,除磷率为68.9%,说明进水碳源充足不仅能保证CAST工艺对TN的去除,同时可用于解毒NO2-以减弱其对聚磷菌的抑制。不同温度条件下的污泥吸磷小试发现,O2、NO3-、NO2-均可作为电子受体进行吸磷,其中好氧吸磷速率高于以NO3-和NO2-为电子受体的反硝化吸磷速率,且以O2和NO3-为电子受体的吸磷速率与温度呈负相关。     

不同运行模式下改良型CAST工艺处理生活污水的除磷性能

实验采用改良型CAST工艺,以生活污水为研究对象,考察了C/P、回流比及温度等不同运行模式对系统除磷性能的影响.结果表明,常温条件下进水C/P由50升至100,系统除磷率均值从15%迅速升至95.6%,除磷性能显著提高;继而降低C/P至75,除磷性能因进水碳源不足再度下降,除磷率均值为51.4%,且长期投加易降解碳源引发系统污泥膨胀并导致污泥大量流失.C/P较低情况下,回流比由25%降低至12.5%,除磷性能提高2.3倍,继续降低回流比至0,除磷性能反而下降;温度实验研究则表明,低温系统(14℃±1℃),除磷率稳定维持在90%以上,而高温短程硝化系统(27℃±1℃)除磷率仅为14.1%,可见低温更有利于系统磷的去除.吸磷小试发现,常温系统污泥以O_2、NO_3~-和NO_2~-为电子受体均能进行吸磷,而低温系统污泥能以O_2、NO_3~-为电子受体进行吸磷,高温系统污泥则仅能以O_2为电子受体进行少量吸磷.此外,实验还发现,系统短期闲置导致的污泥"饥饿"有利于系统除磷率的提高.     

MUCT工艺全程硝化和短程硝化模式下反硝化除磷研究

采用MUCT工艺处理低C/N比实际生活污水,研究在全程硝化及短程硝化模式下系统的反硝化除磷性能.MUCT反应器在常温下运行180 d,结果表明,采用低DO和短水力停留时间(HRT)实现了短程硝化,亚硝酸盐积累率达到70%以上.系统表现出较好的反硝化除磷性能,短程硝化期间磷的去除率和反硝化除磷率分别为90%和91%,全程硝化期间磷的去除率和反硝化除磷率分别为60%和88%.虽然短程硝化模式下磷的去除效果明显优于全程硝化模式,但荧光原位杂交(FISH)试验结果表明,2种模式下污泥中PAOs占总菌群的比例基本相同,平均为37%.COD去除效果稳定,试验期间出水COD均低于50 mg.L-1.不同硝化模式下污泥的批次试验表明:短程硝化期间,以NO2--N作为电子受体为主的反硝化除磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例和全程硝化期间以NO3--N作为电子受体为主的反硝化除磷菌的比例相比没有明显变化,平均为38%;与全程硝化时期相比,短程硝化阶段对有限碳源的利用率更高,磷的去除效果更好.短程硝化模式下的反硝化除磷更有利于低碳源污水的处理.     

除磷颗粒诱导的同步短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒污泥工艺

以低C/N比生活污水为研究对象,接种成熟除磷颗粒污泥,通过联合调控好氧时间及曝气强度成功将其诱导成具有同步短程硝化反硝化除磷功能的颗粒污泥,并分析了此过程中系统脱氮除磷特性变化.结果表明,好氧段曝气强度为5L·(h·L)~(-1),在较短曝气时间下(140 min)可实现AOB的富集,但同步硝化反硝化能力难以提高;降低曝气强度为3. 5L·(h·L)~(-1),延长曝气时间(200 min),好氧段氮损增加.根据pH及DO曲线进一步优化曝气时长抑制NO_2~-向NO_3~-转化,优化后系统出水TP 0. 5 mg·L~(-1)和TN 15 mg·L~(-1),可实现氮磷的同步去除.在系统功能由单纯的除磷向同步脱氮除磷转化的过程中,释磷量下降,PAOs在内碳源储存过程中的贡献比例有所下降,但仍占主体地位(60%).批次实验表明,颗粒中可利用NO_2~-为电子受体的DPAOs占绝大部分达52. 43%,其富集减轻了系统的碳源压力,从而改善脱氮除磷效果.     

反硝化除磷污泥的厌氧释磷与缺氧吸磷特性研究

为研究厌氧释磷过程中的影响因素,以连续流A 2N双污泥中试污泥为样品,考察了碳源种类、碳源浓度、pH值以及温度对反硝化除磷污泥厌氧释磷的影响。结果表明:乙酸为碳源时释磷效果最佳,其次是葡萄糖,甲醇为碳源时释磷效果较差。MLSS为1 200 mg/L左右时,投加200 mg/L的COD即可保证充分释磷。pH值为6.3~8.8,对厌氧释磷效果影响不大,适当提高pH值有利于提高释磷速率。温度为20~30℃,释磷效果较好。另外,实验同时研究了反硝化除磷污泥分别利用不同电子受体(硝氮、氧气)的吸磷特性。以硝氮为电子受体的反硝化吸磷过程中,前15min的反硝化吸磷脱氮速率最高,吸磷速率与反硝化速率分别为11.5、10.4 mgN/gVSS·h;以氧气为电子受体的好氧吸磷过程中,前15 min的好氧吸磷速率最高,达到20.4 mgP/gVSS·h,大约为反硝化吸磷的2倍。     

PD-DPR系统处理城市污水与高硝酸盐废水实现稳定亚硝酸盐积累和磷去除的特性

本研究以模拟城市污水和高硝酸盐废水为处理对象,在一个厌氧-缺氧-微曝气运行的SBR反应器内,将短程反硝化工艺(PD,NO_3~-→NO_2~--N)与反硝化除磷工艺(DPR)耦合,并通过联合调控进水C/N比、厌氧排水率和缺氧时间,考察了PD-DPR系统的亚硝酸盐积累特性和除磷性能.结果表明,经过140d,NO_3~-→NO_2~--N转化率(NTR)为80.1%,PO~(3-)_4-P去除率高达97.64%.在厌氧段(180 min),聚糖菌(GAOs)和聚磷菌(PAOs)对污水有机碳源进行充分利用,将其转化为内碳源;缺氧段(150 min),反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)和异养反硝化菌(DOHOs)分别进行内源和外源短程反硝化实现NO~-_2-N稳定积累,同时反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)进行高效反硝化吸磷;微曝气段(10 min),在不发生硝化反应的前提下,PAOs超量吸磷,提高了系统的除磷性能.系统出水NO~-_2-N/NH~+_4-N为1.31∶1(接近厌氧氨氧化工艺理论值1.32∶1),PO~(3-)_4-P浓度为0.30 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度为12.94 mg·L~(-1).其出水水质可满足与厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺耦合进行深度脱氮的需求.     

CSTR和MBR反应器的短程硝化快速启动

为实现短程硝化的快速启动,采用完全混合反应器(CSTR)和膜生物反应器(MBR)进行短程硝化启动性能对比研究,考察两个反应器在启动时间、氮素转化和污泥性能3个方面的差异.结果表明在进水C/N=1,温度为30℃±1℃,pH为7.5~8.0,DO为0.6~1.0 mg·L~(-1),结合缺氧/好氧比为1∶3(15 min∶45 min)和缩短HRT,CSTR和MBR分别运行56 d和44 d成功启动短程硝化,MBR启动周期较短.运行至第14 d、第28 d和第56 d时,CSTR和MBR亚硝累积率平均为51%、66%、89%和50%、71%、93%,硝酸盐氮生成速率(以NO_3~--N/MLVSS计)依次为7.4、4.0、1.7和7.6、3.5、1.0 mg·(g·h)~(-1),MBR在第28 d和第56 d表现出较高的亚硝累积率和较低的NO_3~--N产率,有利于短程硝化的快速启动.整个运行过程中,两个反应器内的亚硝化污泥均呈黄色,SVI在55~110 mL·g~(-1),MLVSS/MLSS稳定在0.6~0.8左右,良好的污泥性能为CSTR和MBR短程硝化的快速启动创造了有利条件.MBR在短程硝化快速启动中展现出更明显的优势.     

厌氧/好氧SPNDPR系统实现低C/N城市污水同步脱氮除磷的优化运行

为了解同步短程硝化内源反硝化除磷(SPNDPR)系统的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/好氧运行的SBR反应器,通过联合调控曝气量和好氧时间,考察了该系统启动与优化运行特性.结果表明,当系统好氧段曝气量为0. 8 L·min~(-1),好氧时间为150 min时,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度约为1. 5 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N浓度由10. 28 mg·L~(-1)和8. 14 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0 mg·L~(-1)和2. 27 mg·L~(-1),出水NO_2~--N浓度逐渐升高至1. 81 mg·L~(-1);当曝气量提高至1. 0 L·min~(-1)且好氧时间缩短至120min后,系统除磷、短程硝化性能逐渐增强,但总氮(TN)去除性能先降低后逐渐升高,最终出水PO_4~(3-)-P、NH_4~+-N分别稳定低于0. 5 mg·L~(-1)和1. 0 mg·L~(-1),好氧段亚硝积累率和SND率分别达98. 65%和44. 20%,TN去除率达79. 78%. SPNDPR系统内好氧段好氧吸磷、反硝化除磷、短程硝化、内源反硝化同时进行保证了低C/N污水的同步脱氮除磷.     

好氧颗粒污泥同时脱氮除磷实时控制的研究

为实现以厌氧/好氧方式处理生活污水常低温同时脱氮除磷好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)工艺的实时控制,研究了冬季低温条件下磷负荷变化对系统同时脱氮除磷的影响及DO、pH值和ORP的变化规律;并通过静态实验研究了同时脱氮除磷AGS中聚磷菌(PAO)的组成.结果表明,DO、pH值和ORP的特征点对应反硝化结束、厌氧放磷结束、吸磷结束以及硝化结束等阶段,可以作为AGS同时脱氮除磷的实时控制参数.同时脱氮除磷AGS中,以氧作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的14.19%;以氧和NO3--N作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的74.32%;以氧、NO3--N和NO2--N作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的11.47%.在好氧条件下AGS可以实现同时硝化、反硝化、好氧吸磷和反硝化吸磷.     

电子受体类型对反硝化除磷的影响

利用静态试验研究了电子受体类型对反硝化吸磷的影响,并且对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷工艺提出了建议。试验结果表明：电子受体初始浓度为10．58mg／L-22．33mg／L时,以硝酸盐作为电子受体时的反硝化速率要大于以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化速率;以硝酸盐作为电子受体时的缺氧吸磷速率也大于以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体时的缺氧吸磷速率。以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷系统中,亚硝酸盐冲击负荷会对系统脱氮除磷效果产生严重的影响。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.