Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀在短程硝化中的实现

利用Type 0092丝状菌不易引发污泥恶性膨胀的特点,本实验采用实际生活污水,以SBR反应器接种短程硝化污泥,考察了短程硝化状态下启动Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀的特性,研究了系统启动与维持期间的污泥沉降性能、亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)、污染物去除特性以及污泥菌群结构变化情况.结果表明控制DO为0. 3～0. 8 mg·L~(-1),F/M(以COD/MLSS计)=0. 24 kg·(kg·d)~(-1),按照交替缺氧/好氧模式运行(单周期3次,缺氧∶好氧=20 min∶60 min),能够启动Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀与短程硝化耦合,系统SVI值维持在180 m L·g~(-1)左右,NAR一直维持在99%左右,COD和TN去除率能够分别提高约13%和5%,相较于传统全程硝化非微膨胀状态曝气量能节省约62. 5%.当交替缺氧/好氧模式变为单周期交替6次,缺氧∶好氧=10 min∶30 min,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的活性会恢复,使短程硝化被破坏;低溶解氧、交替缺氧/好氧、低负荷是实现Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀的关键因素,当负荷(以COD/MLSS计)大于0. 25 kg·(kg·d)~(-1)时,仅靠低溶解氧和间歇曝气无法维持污泥微膨胀状态.     

高频曝停下停曝时间对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的影响

间歇曝气中停曝时间对于NOB的抑制是积累亚硝酸盐的关键,为探究曝气频次相同、停曝时间组合不同亚硝化颗粒污泥的稳定运行,在25～28℃,接种好氧颗粒污泥于SBR(R0)反应器中,通过间歇曝气与DO限制驯化为亚硝化颗粒污泥,采用3组规格相同的SBR反应器(R1、R2和R3)分析停曝时间组合(3 min∶3 min、4 min∶2 min和2 min∶4 min)对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的影响.实验表明,R1、R2亚硝酸盐积累率较高,平均亚硝酸盐积累率分别为89%和95%,R3亚硝化性能较差,运行周期末期亚硝酸盐积累率仅为57%.结果表明,在停曝时间为2～4 min下,停曝时间越长,越有利于颗粒污泥结构的稳定,同时可保持良好的亚硝化性能;停曝时间小于2 min时,厌氧好氧交替的环境不能完全实现,致使其运行效果倾向于连续曝气,失去了间歇曝气的环境优势,NOB菌得不到抑制,颗粒污泥呈现解体的趋势,导致亚硝化性能恶化;此外,较长曝气时间会有助于不规则形状颗粒的发展,停曝时间越长,PN/PS值越高,有利于颗粒表面疏水性的增强,污泥沉降性能越好.     

间歇曝气模式下曝气量对短程硝化恢复的影响

采用SBR反应器在间歇曝气模式下对搁置2个月的短程硝化污泥进行恢复,控制曝气量分别为120、100、80和60L·h-1,在温度为25℃、交替好氧/缺氧时间比为30 min/30 min条件下处理实际生活污水,进水氨氮浓度为50~80 mg·L~(-1),出水氨氮浓度分别在第12、18、21和21周期之后稳定在5 mg·L~(-1)以下,氨氮去除率均高达95.00%左右;第30、35、38和42周期时,亚硝氮积累浓度分别达到20.83、22.81、21.50和20.73 mg·L~(-1),硝氮出水浓度均低于0.5 mg·L~(-1),亚硝积累率均高于99%,氨氧化菌(AOB)活性最终均稳定在100.00%左右,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性逐渐被抑制,4种曝气量下均成功实现了短程硝化的恢复.     

双污泥BCR反硝化同步脱氮除磷的试验研究

利用连续流双污泥生物澄清反应器(BCR)反硝化除磷系统,以模拟城市生活污水为处理对象,研究双污泥系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN的去除效果及不同NO3--N浓度对反硝化除磷的影响。试验结果表明:双污泥BCR反硝化除磷系统对COD、NH4+-N和TN具有良好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为83.22%、97.2%、75.47%。控制生物膜好氧硝化反应池中DO浓度为3、4、5 mg/L,池内NO3--N浓度分别达到22、30、38 mg/L,TP的平均出水浓度分别为2.11、0.96、2.69 mg/L。当硝化池中NO3--N浓度为30 mg/L时,系统的运行情况较好,出水TP的浓度相对较理想。     

乙酸钠作为碳源不同污泥源短程反硝化过程亚硝酸盐积累特性

为探究乙酸钠作为碳源时,不同污泥源外源短程反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累特性,采用1号和2号SBR分别接种某污水处理厂二沉池和同步硝化反硝化除磷系统剩余污泥,通过合理控制初始硝酸盐浓度和缺氧时间,实现了短程反硝化的启动,并考察了其在不同初始COD和NO3--N浓度条件下的碳、氮去除特性。试验结果表明:以乙酸钠为碳源,1号和2号SBR可分别在21d和20d实现短程反硝化的成功启动,且其NO2--N积累量和亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)均维持在较高水平,分别为12.61mg·L-1、79.76%和13.85mg·L-1、87.60%。当2号SBR初始NO3--N浓度为20mg·L-1,且初始COD浓度由60mg·L-1升高至140mg·L-1时,系统实现最高NO2--N积累时间可由160min逐渐缩短至6min,同时NO3--N比反硝化速率(以VSS计)由3.84mg·(g·h)-1增加至7.35mg·(g·h)-1,初始COD浓度的提高有利于实现短程反硝化过程NO2--N积累。2号SBR初始COD浓度为100mg·L-1,当初始NO3--N浓度由20mg·L-1增加至30mg·L-1时,系统NAR均维持在90%以上,最高可达100%(NO3--N初始浓度为25mg·L-1);当初始NO3--N浓度≥35mg·L-1时,系统COD不足导致NO3--N不能被完全还原为NO2--N。此外,在不同初始COD浓度(80、100、120mg·L-1)和NO3--N浓度(20、25、30、40mg·L-1)条件下,2号SBR的脱氮除碳和短程反硝化性能均优于1号SBR。     

温度对间歇曝气SBR短程硝化及硝化活性的影响

采用SBR反应器处理实际生活污水,单周期分别交替4次(30℃)和7次(18℃)好氧/缺氧模式,好氧/缺氧时间比为30min/30 min.进水氨氮和亚硝氮浓度为61.44 mg·L~(-1)和0.77 mg·L~(-1),分别运行61和90周期时,出水氨氮分别为0.68mg·L~(-1)和1.28 mg·L~(-1),氨氮去除率高达98.94%和99.57%;亚硝氮积累浓度达到20.57 mg·L~(-1)和20.18 mg·L~(-1),亚硝氮积累率分别达到95.92%和99.58%.在实现短程硝化过程中,氨氧化菌(AOB)活性逐渐增加最后稳定在100.00%左右,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性先增加后逐渐降低,分别在32和74周期时,AOB活性超过NOB活性,AOB成为优势菌种,61和90周期时NOB活性被完全抑制.     

SBR工艺短程硝化快速启动条件的优化

以低COD/TN的实际生活污水为研究对象,采用SBR反应器,对短程硝化的启动条件进行了优化.结果表明,温度30℃、溶解氧(DO) 2.0mg/L、污泥龄为7d时,系统在实时控制条件下运行32周期,可以成功启动短程硝化.在总氮(TN)去除率>95%的情况下,亚硝酸盐积累率(NO2--N /NOx--N)>90%,随后的64d,温度恢复到常温(20~24℃),系统仍稳定运行.荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测表明,经过32个周期种群优化,污泥中氨氧化菌(AOB)的含量提高了38.9%,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的含量降低了53.2%.在线动态控制DO浓度和曝气时间可以逐渐淘汰系统中的NOB,从而获得稳定的短程硝化,提高系统脱氮效率.     

以喹啉或吲哚为单一碳源时反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐的积累

分别以喹啉或吲哚为单一碳源和电子供体,硝酸盐为电子受体,对反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)的积累进行了试验研究.结果表明,以喹啉为碳源时,在不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下反硝化过程中均出现明显的NO2--N积累;而且其最高积累率随着C/N比增大而降低,当C/N比为2.5时,NO2--N最高积累率达93.97%,当C/N比为12.8时NO2--N最高积累率为42.31%.而以吲哚为碳源时,在不同C/N比条件下反硝化过程中NO2--N积累程度都很低,最高积累率只有4.71%.以喹啉为单一碳源时,亚硝酸盐的还原速率小于硝酸盐的还原速率;而以吲哚为单一碳源时,亚硝酸盐的还原速率大于硝酸盐的还原速率;上述硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐还原速率的不同导致了以喹啉或吲哚分别为碳源时反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累率的不同.基于碳源完全降解和完全反硝化的考虑,以喹啉或吲哚为单一碳源时的最佳碳氮比均为6.8.     

SBR法交替缺氧好氧模式下短程硝化效率的优化

采用SBR法以实际生活污水为研究对象,通过交替缺氧好氧的运行模式实现了短程硝化的快速启动.在不同的缺/好氧时间比条件下考察了短程硝化的启动时间、污染物处理效果以及氨利用速率的变化.结果表明,在缺氧/好氧时间比为1:1和2:1条件下,分别用了31,55d使得两系统的亚硝酸盐积累率达到90%,短程状态稳定.氨氮去除率达到95%以上,COD出水在50mg/L以下,总氮去除率提高20%,污染物的去除效率有所提高.由全程到短程的转变期间,系统氨利用速率分别提高了67.5%和89.8%,同时提高了短程硝化的效率.期间,污泥沉降性较好,污泥容积指数稳定在60~80mL/g.     

厌氧-缺氧下反硝化除磷对低碳污水的处理性能研究

采用厌氧-缺氧条件运行的序批式移动床生物膜反应器,考察了NO3--N进水浓度及其投加方式对低碳废水(COD=200mg/L)反硝化除磷的影响.经驯化后,反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)在总聚磷菌的份额从15.7%增长到71.3%,富集了DPB.NO3--N的浓度对处理有较大影响.在NO3--N为30mg/L(即C/N=6.7:1)时,COD、PO43--P和NO3--N的去除率分别为97.8%、82.0%和81.2%,实现低碳污水的高效处理.NO3--N较低或较高浓度(20mg/L和40mg/L)时,缺氧段吸磷不充分,PHB由厌氧开始时的2.2mg/g左右分别积累至5.1mg/g和3.5mg/g,影响下一周期磷的释放.1次投加、2次投加和连续流加NO3--N,除对缺氧初期的反硝化吸磷速率有影响外,对反硝化除磷的效率影响不明显.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.