气候变化对珙桐分布的潜在影响

分析气候变化对植物分布的影响,对气候变化影响下的生物多样性保护具有重要意义. 利用分类和回归树 (Classification and Regression Tree,CART)生态位模型,设定A1,A2,B1和B2 4种气候变化情景,模拟分析了气候变化对珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill)分布的影响. 结果表明:随气候变化,珙桐目前适宜分布范围将减小,但新适宜及总适宜分布范围将扩大;珙桐适宜分布范围在模拟时段呈缩小趋势,在A1情景下减幅最大,B1情景下减幅最小. 气候变化后,由于珙桐目前适宜分布范围的东部、南部、北部、东北部和东南部地区缩小,而新适宜分布范围将主要向我国西部及西南部地区扩展,因此,目前适宜分布范围将被破碎化. 气温变化对珙桐分布范围的影响大于降水量的影响.      

气候变化对我国干旱区分布及其范围的潜在影响

为确定气候变化对土地荒漠化影响,以干燥度指数及A1,A2,B1和B2气候变化情景分析了气候变化对我国干旱区分布范围的影响. 模拟结果表明:气候变化将导致我国极端干旱区和湿润区分布范围缩小,干旱区、半干旱区和半湿润区分布范围扩大. 极端干旱区分布范围缩小并被干旱区所代替,半干旱区向半湿润区东、南部方向扩展,湿润区东北部和西部被半干旱和半湿润区所代替. 极端干旱区和湿润区分布范围变化与全国年均气温增量呈负相关性,干旱区、半干旱区和半湿润区分布范围变化与全国年均气温增量呈正相关性. 多元回归分析表明,干旱区和极端干旱区分布范围随全国年降水量增加而减少;半湿润区和湿润区分布范围随全国年降水量增加而增加;除A1情景外,其他气候情景下半干旱区分布范围均随全国年降水量增加而减少;湿润区分布范围随全国年均气温增加而减少,其他气候区范围随全国年均气温升高而增加. 随着气候变化,我国荒漠化范围将增加,干旱胁迫总体上减弱.      

气候变化情景下湿地净初级生产力风险评价

采用BIOME-BGC模型,模拟了气候变化情景下(A1B, A2, B2)三江平原富锦地区小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)湿地的净初级生产力(NPP)变化,并通过NPP变化情况评价小叶章湿地风险等级.结果表明:未来30年(2013~2042年)各气候情景下富锦小叶章湿地NPP均值均高于基准期均值(1961~1990), A1B和B2情景下未来30年间NPP波动范围变大,A2情景下NPP有降低趋势.风险评价结果表明,气候变化情景下小叶章湿地存在一定风险,尤其是在A1B情景下,未来30年中可能有6年以上的年份存在高风险,A2情景下湿地风险最低.湿地NPP变化与降水量呈显著正相关(R2=0.58,P<0.05),说明降水量是影响区域湿地的重要因素.尽管气候变化情景下假设了存在升温?CO2浓度升高等有利于植物生长的因素,但降水量的的剧烈变化以及极端气候事件的增加,可能会导致湿地在未来气候变化情景下面临较高风险,未来湿地保护与管理过程中应重点关注水的补给和调配.     

气候变化情景下湿地净初级生产力风险评价—以三江平原富锦地区小叶章湿地为例

采用BIOME-BGC模型,模拟了气候变化情景下(A1B,A2,B2)三江平原富锦地区小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)湿地的净初级生产力(NPP)变化,并通过NPP变化情况评价小叶章湿地风险等级.结果表明二未来30年(2013~2042年)各气候情景下富锦小叶章湿地NPP均值均高于基准期均值(1961~1990),A1B和B2情景下未来30年间NPP波动范围变大,A2情景下NPP有降低趋势.风险评价结果表明,气候变化情景下小叶章湿地存在一定风险,尤其是在A1B情景下,未来30年中可能有6年以上的年份存在高风险,A2情景下湿地风险最低湿地NPP变化与降水量呈显著正相关(R~2=0.58,P0.05),说明降水量是影响区域湿地的重要因素尽管气候变化情景下假设了存在升温CO_2浓度升高等有利于植物生长的因素,但降水量的的剧烈变化以及极端气候事件的增加河能会导致湿地在未来气候变化情景下面临较高风险,未来湿地保护与管理过程中应重点关注水的补给和调配.     

长江流域植被净初级生产力对未来气候变化的响应

研究基于气象观测和B2气候变化情景数据,利用大气-植被相互作用模型(AVIM2)模拟了1981—2000年和2010—2050年两个时段内植被NPP的空间分布格局及其时间变化趋势并分析了其时空变化与气温和降水量的关系。研究表明1981—2000年流域内植被NPP的空间分布大致呈现自西向东、自北向南递增的趋势。未来长江流域气温将整体增加,但各地增温幅度不同。流域降水量有增有减,主要增加区域位于长江源头和上游及中游的江北地区。未来在气温增加幅度较小而降水量增加的区域,如长江源头和上游的青海、西藏、川西及云南的部分地区的植被NPP将增加。在气温增幅较大而降水量减少或者降水量增加不多的区域如长江中游和下游的广大地区植被NPP将减少。从植被类型来看,长江流域大部分森林、郁闭灌丛和农作物的NPP在B2气候变化情景下将减少,每年减少量分别在0~4.5 gC.m-2、0~2 gC.m-2和0~2.5 gC.m-2之间。高寒草甸、草地和稀疏灌丛的NPP将增加,每年增长量介于0~2 gC.m-2之间。     

1980~2015年东北沼泽湿地景观格局及气候变化特征

东北地区是我国沼泽湿地的主要分布区,了解东北沼泽湿地景观格局及气候变化特征对东北地区沼泽湿地研究及区域沼泽湿地生态系统保护具有重要意义。本文利用东北地区沼泽湿地分布数据集及1980~2015年东北地区年均气温、年均降水量数据集,分析东北地区沼泽湿地景观格局及气候变化特征。研究结果表明,近36年,东北地区沼泽湿地退化显著,但沼泽湿地斑块数量明显增多。1980~2015年东北沼泽湿地面积减少了30.81%,斑块数量增加了69.76%,景观破碎度指数增加了0.15,沼泽湿地退化特征体现为湿地斑块的破碎化。在东北不同的生态功能区,沼泽湿地退化及斑块破碎化均非常明显,其中,三江平原沼泽湿地面积在1980~2015年减少了高达53.27%,内蒙古东部及大兴安岭沼泽湿地破碎化程度最大,湿地斑块数量在近36年分别增加了163.80%和119.51%。在气候变化方面,东北沼泽湿地年均气温在1980~2015年总体呈现显著升温趋势（P<0.05）,气温上升幅度为每十年上升0.29℃。在降水变化方面,东北沼泽湿地年均降水量在1980~2015年总体呈现下降趋势（-5.70 mm/10a）,但下降趋势并不显著（P>0.05）;在不同生态功能区,辽河平原沼泽湿地年均降水量在1980~2015年呈现显著的下降趋势（-29.50 mm/10a）,而其他生态功能区降水变化并不显著。     

我国鸟类特有种地理分布与气候要素关系的初步分析

分析了我国鸟类特有种与气候要素的关系. 结果表明:我国鸟类特有种中,分布区狭窄的有63种,分布区广泛的有8种,其中呈不连续分布的有38种,连续分布的有33种,留鸟有67种,候鸟有4种;大部分地区鸟类特有种丰富度较低,但在青海东南部、四川中部和西北部、甘肃南部等地区的丰富度较高;在93°E~121°E或26°N~39°N范围内鸟类特有种丰富度较高. 我国鸟类特有种分布受气候因素限制,年均气温过高或过低、年降水量过高或过低、过于干燥、辐照日数过长或过短等都将使鸟类特有种减少. 鸟类特有种的适宜气候可分为低温干燥、较高温湿度、高温高湿和中等温湿度等类型,但以低温干燥和中等温湿度型为主. 鸟类特有种丰富度与各气候要素相关系数较低,气候要素下丰富度变化呈抛物线型趋势,其中在年均气温为1~18 ℃,年降水量为500~1 300 mm的范围内丰富度较高.      

应用BP网络研究气候变化对雅砻江和嘉陵江流域水资源环境的影响

气候变化对水资源的影响是一个重要的环境问题,应用人工神经网络方法建立了雅砻江和嘉陵江流域年均气温、年降水量与年径流之间的BP网络模型,利用建立的网络结构模拟了气温和降水变化对流域水资源环境的影响,结果表明气温增高和降水量减少将造成水资源量的大幅度减少,对生态环境构成威胁     

1961—2014年黄土高原气温和降水变化趋势

利用黄土高原地区52个气象站1961—2014年月气温和月降水资料,采用线性趋势法、累积距平法、Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析等方法,对近54年来黄土高原气候变化和突变现象进行了分析。结果表明:1961—2014年黄土高原年平均气温呈上升趋势,线性趋势为0.31℃?10a~(-1)(P0.01),在1991年前后发生了由低温到高温的突变。四季均温均呈增加趋势,其中冬季增速最大,达0.44℃?10a~(-1)。气温年代际变化呈现明显的变暖趋势,1991年以后变暖加速,其中冬季均温增速最大。年均气温增速较大的地区位于黄土高原北部地区,黄土高原南部地区气温增速较小,变暖速率的空间分布随纬度升高而变大。1961—2014年黄土高原年降水量变化不明显,整体呈波动式下降,线性趋势为-7.51 mm?10a~(-1)(P0.05);其中1961—1970年属于降水偏多的年代,而1991—2000年属于降水偏少的年代。季节降水量呈现不同变化趋势和强度,其中秋季、夏季和春季降水量呈减少趋势,秋季降水减少速率最大,为-3.56 mm?10a~(-1);而冬季呈弱增加趋势,为0.43 mm?10a~(-1)。年降水量减少速率最大的地区位于黄土高原东南部,而黄土高原西北部降水变化不明显。Morlet小波分析结果表明,黄土高原年平均气温存在4 a和7~9 a变化周期,黄土高原年降水量存在5~7 a和12~14 a变化周期。通过以上分析,近54年黄土高原气候总体呈现暖干化趋势。     

漳卫河流域水文循环过程对气候变化的响应

气候变化对我国各地区水资源影响的时空格局变化,是气候变化影响评估的重要内容。论文以漳卫河为研究流域,采用线性回归法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验等方法,分析了1957-2001年的水文气象要素变化特征;基于数字高程模型、土地利用和土壤类型等资料,建立了SWAT分布式水文模型,验证了SWAT模型在该流域的适用性;根据IPCC第四次评估报告多模式结果,分析了IPCC SRES-A2、A1B、B1情景下21世纪降水、气温、径流、蒸发的响应过程。结果表明漳卫河流域未来2011-2099年降水量变化较基准期呈现出增加趋势,年平均气温较基准期也呈现出显著的上升趋势,各年代径流量较基准期将出现先减少后增大的态势。     

Adaptation strategies for maize cultivation under climate change in Iran: irrigation and planting date management

Climate change is affecting the productivity of crops and their regional distribution. Strategies to enhance local adaptation capacity are needed to mitigate climate change impacts and to maintain regional stability of food production. The objectives of this study were to simulate the climate change effects on phenological stages, Leaf Area Index (LAI), biomass and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the future and to explore the possibilities of employing irrigation water and planting dates as adaptation strategies to decrease the climate change impacts on maize production in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. For this purpose, we employed two types of General Circulation Models ((United Kingdom Met. Office Hadley Center: HadCM3) and (Institute Pierre Simon Laplace: IPCM4)) and three scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1). Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator (LARS-WG) was used to produce daily climatic parameters as one stochastic growing season for each projection period. Also, crop growth under projected climate conditions was simulated based on the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CERES-Maize. The results of model evaluation showed that LARS-WG had appropriate prediction for climatic parameters. Time period from cultivation until anthesis and maturity were reduced in majority of scenarios as affected by climate change. The results indicated that the grain yield of maize may be reduced (11 % to 38 %) as affected by climate change based on common planting date in baseline and changed (?61 % to 48 %) in response to different irrigation regimes in the future climate change, under all scenarios and times. In general, earlier planting date (1 May) and decreasing irrigation intervals in the anthesis stage (11 applications) caused higher yield compared with other planting dates due to adaption to high temperature. Based on our findings, it seems that management of irrigation water and planting dates can be beneficial for adaptation of maize to climate change in this region.     

Future production of rainfed wheat in Iran (Khorasan province): climate change scenario analysis

Projecting staple crop production including wheat under future climate plays a fundamental role in planning the required adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change effects especially in developing countries. The main aim of this study was to investigate the direction and magnitude of climate change impacts on grain yield of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and precipitation within growing season. This study was performed for various regions in Khorasan province which is located in northeast of Iran. Climate projections of two General Circulation Models (GCM) for four locations under three climate change scenarios were employed in this study for different future time periods. A stochastic weather generator (LARS-WG5) was used for downscaling to generate daily climate parameters from GCMs output. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Version 4.5 was employed to evaluate rainfed wheat performance under future climate. Grain yield of rainfed wheat and precipitation during growth period considerably decreased under different scenarios in various time periods in contrast to baseline. Highest grain yield and precipitation during growth period was obtained under B1 scenario but A1B and A2 scenarios resulted in sharp decrease (by ?57 %) of grain yield. Climate change did not have marked effects on evapotranspiration during the rainfed wheat growth. A significant correlation was detected between grain yield, precipitation and evapotranspiration under climate change for both GCMs and under all study scenarios. It was concluded, that rainfed wheat production may decline during the next 80 years especially under A2 scenario. Therefore, planning the comprehensive adaptation and mitigation program is necessary for avoiding climate change negative impact on rainfed wheat production.     

Virtual cranial endocast of the oldest giant panda (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ailuropoda microta</Emphasis>) reveals great similarity to that of its extant relative

Recent development of computed tomography and three-dimensional visualization techniques has enabled the non-destructive inspection of the endocast morphology of fossil neurocranium, the basic material for paleoneurological study. A virtual cranial endocast was reconstructed based on the first skull of the oldest giant panda, Ailuropoda microta, discovered recently and dated at more than 2 Myr (million years) ago. It was compared with that of the extant giant panda (A. melanoleuca) and that of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), as well as CT slices of the late Pleistocene A. baconi. The overall endocast morphology of A. microta is more similar to that of A. baconi and A. melanoleuca than to that of U. maritimus. The absolute endocast size is the smallest in A. microta, largest in A. baconi, and intermediate in A. melanoleuca. However, the proportion of cerebral volume to total endocast size is very close to each other between the oldest and extant giant panda, as well as the sulcal length per unit area of cerebral endocast surface. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Regional crop yield, water consumption and water use efficiency and their responses to climate change in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important regions for food production in China, with its agricultural system being significantly affected by the undergoing climate change and vulnerable with water stress. In this study, the Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model is used to evaluate crop yield, water consumption (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the NCP from 1951 to 2006. Their responses to future climate scenarios of 21st century projected by the GCM (HadCM3) with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenario (IPCC SRES) A2 and B1 emissions are investigated. The results show a rapid enhancement of crop yield in the past 56 years, accompanying with slight increment of ET and noticeable improvement of WUE. There exist spatial patterns of crop yield stemmed mainly from soil quality and irrigation facilities. For climate change impacts, it is found that winter wheat yield will significantly increase with the maximum increment in A2 occurring in 2070s with a value of 19%, whereas the maximum in B1 being 13% in 2060s. Its ET is slightly intensified, which is less than 6%, under both A2 and B1 scenarios, giving rise to the improvement of WUE by 10% and 7% under A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. Comparatively, summer maize yield will gently decline by 15% for A2 and 12% for B1 scenario, respectively. Its ET is obviously increasing since 2050s with over 10% relative change, leading to a lower WUE with more than 25% relative change under both scenarios in 2090s. Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate change for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the NCP.     

Cranial shape transformation in the evolution of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

In this study, landmark-based methods of geometric morphometrics are used for investigating the main aspects of cranial shape transformation in the evolution of the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Specifically, we explore if the highly derived cranial adaptations for bamboo feeding of the living panda were developed early in the panda's lineage. Results obtained show that the overall cranial morphologies of the oldest known panda, the "pygmy" Ailuropoda microta, and the late Pleistocene Ailuropoda baconi are both very similar to that of their closest living relative, A. melanoleuca, which agrees with a previous proposal based on qualitative criteria. However, we also describe several differences between the crania of A. microta, A. baconi, and A. melanoleuca, including the development of the postorbital process, the orientation of the occipital region, and the expansion of the braincase. As a result, the cranial morphology of A. microta shows a less specialized morphology toward a fibrous and durophagous diet compared to the giant panda. These results are confirmed by a comparative analysis of the dimensions of the upper teeth in bears, which has revealed differences in relative tooth size between A. microta and A. melanoleuca, most probably as a result of mosaic evolution. Therefore, we conclude that cranial shape did not remain essentially uniform in the Ailuropoda lineage, as previously thought, but underwent a number of changes during more than 2?Myr.     

气候变化对我国水稻主产区水资源的影响

以气象站点的观测数据和PRECIS模型发展的B2情景数据为驱动,运用分布式VIC水文模型进行气候变化对水资源影响的情景模拟。通过2001-2030年对照期与1981-2000年基准期水资源量对比表明:水稻主产区整体水资源量呈上升趋势,水资源的空间分布由东南向西北呈下降趋势;在气候变化的影响下,水稻主产区的28个二级流域的水资源变化量幅度在-48.5~269.1 mm之间,相对变化率在-6.1%~29.6%之间。沿海的钱塘江流域、瓯江流域、闽江流域、韩江流域、闽东、粤东及台湾沿海诸河流域、东江流域水资源量增多明显;粤桂琼沿海诸河流域、元江-红河流域、黄河上游干流区间、嘉陵江流域和淮河干流水资源量减少,但减少的绝对量不大。     

我国东部河流水文水质对气候变化响应的研究

基于A2和B2气候变化情景,采用统计降尺度模型SDSM,将由3个国际上流行的大气环流模式GCMs(Had CM3、CSIRO-Mk2和CGCM2)模拟的未来我国东部长乐江流域的气温和降水,与水土评价模型SWAT相耦合,分析了该流域水文水质对气候变化的响应,并比较了3个大气环流模式模拟结果的异同.结果表明,所有气候情景下,TN浓度有明显的升高趋势;TP浓度有增有减,总体上仍呈微弱增加趋势.河川径流呈微弱减少趋势,而营养物负荷量呈微弱增加趋势,说明该流域水文水质状况受气温升高的影响大于降水微弱增加的影响.另外,在不同的气候变化情景下,年内径流和营养物负荷变化情况存在较大差异.研究结果可为理解河流水环境对气候变化的响应及其应对管理提供理论依据.     

气候变化对淮河流域水量水质影响分析

气候变化对水量水质的影响是气候变化与水研究领域热点和难点问题之一,尤其是对水质的影响。论文以淮河中上游流域为例,利用德国马普研究所的气候模式（MPI）情景数据驱动已率定好的分布式水量水质耦合模型,模拟和分析了未来近期（2020年代）和中长期（2030年代）气候变化对流域出口断面水量水质过程、产流系数和污染空间分布的影响。此外,基于历史典型重大突发性水污染事件时期极端降水的时空分布特征,推测未来可能发生突发性水污染事件的频率和时间。研究表明：1）温室气体中等排放A1B情景下,相比于基准年（1990年代）,流域降水呈下降趋势,但气温增幅近2 ℃,势必导致出口断面径流量明显减少和流域蒸散发增加,也导致入河非点源负荷减少;此外气温升高导致水体污染负荷降解速率加快,因此出口断面的污染负荷也有所减少。2）从空间分布来看,未来流域产流系数将有所降低。受气候变化影响较高的地区为沙颍河上游和涡河上游地区。受产流系数降低的影响,流域水污染发生率将有所上升,影响较高的区域位于洪汝河上游、沙颍河上游和贾鲁河等水系。3）在排污水平和闸坝调度规则不变的情况下,2020年代和2030年代重大突发性水污染事件预测可能发生时间为2035年7月,约为20 a一遇,低于基准期间约3~4 a一遇。总的来说,相比于基准年,气候变化对淮河中上游流域未来水量水质的影响适中。