基于AVMD与DPC-FCM的旋转机械无监督故障诊断方法

目的 针对旋转机械故障诊断过程中存在故障信号特征提取困难、故障诊断过程有标签数据较少、故障诊断准确率低等问题,提出自适应变分模态分解算法(Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition, AVMD)与密度峰值算法优化的模糊C均值算法(Clustering by Fast Search and Find of Density Peaks Optimizing Fuzzy C-Means,DPC-FCM)结合的无监督诊断方法。方法 首先,将多尺度排列熵与峭度相结合的综合系数作为适应度函数,对VMD算法的惩罚因子alpha和模态个数K进行参数寻优,提取分解后本征模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)的平均样本熵与平均模糊熵,并输入至聚类算法中。其次,提出利用密度峰值聚类算法确定FCM的初始聚类中心,降低聚类结果的随机性。结果 将提出的无监督故障诊断模型应用到滚动轴承试验信号中,实现了准确的故障诊断。结论 AVMD在故障提取方面具有优越性,同时DPC算法可以有效提高FCM算法无监督聚类的准确性,二者结合可以有效实现旋转机械故障的智能分类。     

基于EMD-ICA去噪的滚动轴承声发射实验研究

滚动轴承对整个机械设备的正常运行十分重要。以滚动轴承为研究对象,建立了滚动轴承声发射检测实验装置,采集了滚动轴承正常状态、外圈磨损、内圈磨损、滚动体胶合四种情况下的声发射信号,并采用EMD-ICA方法对声发射信号进行了分析。首先将声发射信号EMD分解成IMF分量,筛选出互相关系数较大的IMF分量并与原始信号混合重构作为fast ICA输入量分析,对输出结果分量再进行包络解调。分析结果表明,基于EMD-ICA去噪之后重构imf的信号特征可以抑制噪声干扰,能够准确判断出滚动轴承有无故障。     

基于改进CEEMD的管道多点泄漏定位分析

针对管道多点泄漏真实信号提取困难、定位不准确等问题,提出一种基于改进CEEMD的城市管道多点泄漏定位分析新方法。该方法首先通过引用信号局部均值算子和编译带通滤波器改进CEEMD方法的分解效应,并采用改进的CEEMD方法将多点原始泄漏信号分解为包含噪声分量、有效信号分量和冗余分量三种成分的IMF分量,直接提取有效信号分量;然后对互相关峭度验证后的有效信号分量进行小波软阈值去噪,获得观测信号;最后利用Fast ICA算法对观测信号进行盲源分离,获得独立泄漏源信号并进行定位计算。经金属管道多点泄漏模拟试验结果表明:泄漏信号经改进的CEEMD方法处理后,方便了真实泄漏信号的提取,并将定位平均相对误差从8.99%降低至2.53%,证明了本文定位方法的有效性。     

基于HHT方法的公路运输振动信号时频分析

目的分析具有非线性、非平稳特征的公路运输振动信号的时频信息。方法利用Hilbert-Huang变换算法,在对公路运输的振动信号进行EMD分解的基础上,开展Hilbert谱和各IMF的功率谱密度计算,并与常规的功率谱进行比较。结果基于IMF分量的功率谱可以克服传统Fourier功率谱计算在低频偏低、高频偏高的误差。结论基于HHT的公路运输振动信号时频分析方法是一种有效的运输振动非平稳信号分析手段。     

基于CEEMDAN-SE和LSTM神经网络的PM10浓度预测

针对PM₁₀浓度时间序列具有明显的非线性和波动性特征,提出一种基于自适应噪声的完整集成经验模态分解（complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise,CEEMDAN）-样本熵（sample entropy,SE）和长短期记忆神经网络（long short-term memory,LSTM）的组合预测模型。首先利用CEEMDAN-SE将原始PM₁₀浓度时间序列分解为若干个复杂度差异明显的子序列;然后针对各子序列的内在特性结合气象因素分别建立适当参数空间的LSTM预测模型;最后将预测结果进行叠加得到最终预测结果。以唐山市4个空气质量监测站的实测PM₁₀浓度数据进行模型验证分析,结果表明:所提预测模型对比其他几种预测模型显示出较高的预测精度,以及良好的普适性。     

基于VMD时频分析方法的颤振试飞应用研究

目的 针对颤振信号信噪比低、模态密集、非平稳的特点,发展一种能更好地应用于实际颤振试飞信号的时频分析方法。方法 采用近年来新发展的变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition, VMD)方法把复杂信号分解为单一组分的本征模函数(Intrinsic Mode Function, IMF),再对其进行希尔伯特变换,求得每一阶本征模函数的瞬时幅值和瞬时频率,从而进行信号的时频分析。结果 仿真算例验证了基于VMD的时频分析方法在展现非平稳信号时频特征方面的有效性。将该方法应用于实际颤振试飞的异常振动数据,可得到准确清晰的时频图,很好地展示出外挂物的极限坏振荡过程。结论 该方法可作为颤振试飞信号时频分析的有力工具,有助于分析异常数据,确定故障来源,为后续问题解决提供支撑。     

基于小波和 EMD 的电阻探针监测信号自适应去噪

目的从监测信号中恢复有效腐蚀信息(长期变化趋势、周期性窄带尖峰),提出一种基于经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)和小波阈值去噪(Wavelet Threshold Denoised,WTD)相结合的自适应去噪算法(EMD-WTD)。方法先将信号进行EMD分解,利用最大信息系数(Max Information Coefficient,MIC)判断噪声主导和有效信号主导信号分量的分界点,然后将噪声主导的信号分量进行自适应小波阈值去噪。最后以人工模拟信号和电阻探针监测信号进行验证。结果 EMD-WTD算法能有效去除噪声,信噪比可提升10 d B以上。结论与多个去噪算法相比,EMD-WTD算法能够更好地保留信号中周期性窄带尖峰信息,为后续准确建立电阻探针监测信号与环境之间的数学模型奠定了基础。     

基于声发射技术气体阀门内漏率诊断研究

通过理论分析阀门泄漏率与声发射信号关系,建立公式模型,设计石化阀门气体内漏系统模拟装置,运用声发射检测手段,探讨了闸阀、截止阀气体内漏声发射信号与内漏率变化的关系,实验得出阀门发生气体泄漏时产生的声发射特征信号参数平均信号电平表征的内漏率诊断公式,为石化企业阀门内漏诊断提供判定依据。     

成都冬季PM2.5演化的EEMD分解及自组织临界态

为探讨冬季期间大气PM_(2.5)演化的多时间尺度效应,并阐释重度灰霾发生及演化的动力机制,该研究应用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法与自组织临界(SOC)理论,对成都市20171201-20180228冬季期间4个国控监测站点(即大石西路、金泉两河、君平街、三瓦窑) PM_(2.5)浓度时空演化规律进行实证研究。通过EEMD分解,获得了不同时间尺度上具有良好平稳性特征的固有模态函数(IMF)。大气PM_(2.5)演化的主要模态存在准4 h、准8 h和准24 h的平均周期,这些典型周期对应模态的累积贡献率基本上达到95%以上。研究表明,主要模态的准周期变化与各类型生产活动、交通排放紧密关联,这反映了大气系统中人为污染源的周期性输入作用。同时,研究发现,PM_(2.5)小时平均质量浓度波动函数服从幂律分布结构,具有标度不变性特征。进一步基于SOC理论探讨了大气PM_(2.5)浓度时空演化的内在动力规律,结合典型区域气象特征,阐明了冬季期间严重大气污染产生的宏观涌现机制。结果表明,EEMD方法所获得的不同IMF分量可以揭示大气PM_(2.5)时空演化的多尺度特征,但不同时间尺度上的IMF分量之间互不独立,各IMF分量的形成既受到准周期大气污染排放的作用,也受到大气系统非线性SOC动力机制的控制。     

取代芳烃对呆鲦鱼急性毒性的QSAR石开究

应用密度泛函方法（DPT）在B3LYP／6-311G＊＊水平上全优化计算25个取代芳烃的量子化学参数,结合疏水性参数与化合物对呆鲦鱼的急性毒性进行定量构效关系研究（QSAR）。经逐步回归筛选变量后,所建多元线性回归方程的相关系数R及去-法交互检验复相关系数R^2cv分别为0．967和0．907。用预测集样本进行了外部预测,所得外部预测样本复相关系数R^2ext和外部预测集交互检验Q^2ext分别为0．881和0．836。模型结果显示：分子疏水性参数logP较大时具有较大的脂溶性,化合物的毒性较大;取代基的吸电子能力越强,苯环的正电性越大,化合物的毒性越大。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.