河口区淡水和微咸水潮汐沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化作用

为探讨河口区淡水和微咸水潮汐沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化作用及影响因素,以分布在闽江口道庆洲上的短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)淡水沼泽湿地和鳝鱼滩上的短叶茳芏微咸水沼泽湿地沉积物为研究对象,运用乙炔抑制培养法测定不同季节的反硝化速率,同时测定沉积物和上覆水理化性质.结果发现,2个短叶茳芏沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化速率均存在明显的季节变化,最高(最低)值分别出现在夏季(秋季)和春季(冬季),温度是影响反硝化速率季节变化的重要因素.道庆洲沉积物反硝化速率((32.72±19.15)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),以N计,下同)显著高于鳝鱼滩((4.97±2.64)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1))(p0.05).沉积物电导率和上覆水SO_4~(2-)含量对河口区潮汐沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化速率具有抑制作用,是造成微咸水沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化速率显著低于淡水沼泽湿地的重要因素.沉积物电导率主要通过抑制沉积物对NH_4~+-N的吸收影响硝化-反硝化耦合作用,进而影响反硝化速率.淡水沼泽湿地反硝化速率对SO_4~(2-)作用的响应较微咸水沼泽湿地更为敏感.     

闽江口互花米草入侵过程对短叶茳芏沼泽沉积物硝化-反硝化作用的影响

2014年4、7、10月和2015年1月在闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地选择未被入侵的短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)群落(A)、互花米草入侵斑块边缘(B)以及互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵斑块中央(C)为研究对象,基于时空互代研究方法,探讨互花米草入侵序列下湿地沉积物硝化-反硝化变化规律.结果表明:在互花米草入侵序列中,湿地沉积物硝化速率为0.19~1.66μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),反硝化速率为12.41~27.19μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1).沉积物硝化-反硝化作用存在明显的季节变化,硝化速率表现为夏季春季秋季冬季,反硝化速率表现为夏季秋季冬季春季;入侵不同状态下,沉积物硝化速率表现为BCA,反硝化速率表现为CBA.互花米草入侵提高了沉积物-水界面N_2O交换通量.互花米草入侵引起的沉积物pH、NH_4~+-N、含水量、容重和电导率等理化性质的改变是导致不同入侵阶段沉积物硝化-反硝化速率以及N_2O释放差异的重要原因.     

黄河下游垦利站溶解N2O浓度和通量的季节变化及其调控因子分析

于2012年3月至2014年3月每月在黄河下游垦利站采集表层河水,测定其溶解氧化亚氮(N_2O)浓度并估算了其水-气交换通量,并于2012年10月至2013年12月每月对表层河水和沉积物进行了受控培养实验以认识其产生过程.结果表明:黄河下游表层河水中溶解N_2O浓度范围为11.63~27.23 nmol·L~(-1),平均值为(16.29±4.23)nmol·L~(-1).N_2O浓度呈现出较为明显的季节变化,具体表现为冬季和春季高于夏季和秋季,但全年变化幅度不大.溶解N_2O浓度主要受到温度、黄河径流量和溶解无机氮等因素的影响.N_2O饱和度范围为101.1%~343.0%,平均值为190.8%±72.3%,黄河下游N_2O全年处于过饱和状态,是大气N_2O的净源.利用LM86、W92和RC01公式估算出其平均水-气交换通量分别为(10.2±12.3)、(17.3±18.8)、(25.8±26.6)μmol·m-2·d~(-1).初步估算了2012—2013年黄河向河口及其邻近海域输入N_2O的量约为5.8×105mol·a~(-1).培养实验表明:水体和沉积物整体表现为净产生N_2O,其中潜在反硝化速率均明显高于硝化速率,反硝化作用在黄河N_2O的产生过程中有重要作用.水体中的潜在反硝化速率(以N计)的变化范围为(0.18~332.20)nmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),平均值为(52.74±95.63)nmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),沉积物中潜在反硝化速率的变化范围为0.37~187.60 nmol·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),平均值为(29.61±56.91)nmol·kg~(-1)·h~(-1).     

三峡库区小江支流沉积物硝化反硝化速率在蓄水期和泄水期的特征

三峡库区是新形成的生态系统,沉积物特征较之成库前有显著改变;研究库区小江支流——南河沉积物的硝化与反硝化过程可以为库区氮素管理提供科学依据,而反季节蓄水和泄水,沉积物-水界面硝化与反硝化速率特征鲜见报道.实验选取库区开县南河沉积物为研究对象,在2015年泄水期(8月)和蓄水期(11月)采集上、下游以及南河与小流域菁林溪交汇处沉积物样品,测定其理化指标;同时通过实验室模拟沉积物水环境,以乙炔抑制法测定泄水期与蓄水期沉积物的硝化反硝化速率.结果表明,蓄水期沉积物总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、铵态氮(ammonium nitrogen,NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(Nitrate nitrogen,NO_3~--N)及总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)等理化指标均显著高于泄水期(P0.05),这说明蓄水期有外源物质入库;沉积物硝化速率在蓄水期[194.06μmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)]显著高于泄水期[16.52μmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)],且硝化速率与沉积物理化特征(TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TOC)存在显著正相关;沉积物反硝化速率则与硝化速率相反,泄水期[647.20μmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)]高于蓄水期[24.04μmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)],其与沉积物理化指标(TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N)呈显著负相关.     

沉积物-水界面氮的源解析和硝化反硝化

掌握沉积物-水界面氮的循环过程,对有效控制地表水氮污染具有关键的作用.通过采集西湖不同季节的柱状芯样,利用氮、氧同位素技术及稳定同位素源解析模型(stable isotope analysis in R,SIAR)并结合乙炔抑制法研究沉积物-水界面氮的来源及迁移转化.结果表明,硝酸盐(NO_3~-)和氨氮(NH_4~+)在沉积物-水界面均存在浓度梯度,NO_3~-自底层水向间隙水扩散,是为沉积物累积;NH_4~+自间隙水向底层水扩散,是为沉积物释放.西湖底层水硝化作用明显,硝酸盐来源包括生活污水(粪肥)、土壤氮、化肥和降雨,生活污水(粪肥)是主要来源,其在夏季贡献率高达60.8%.间隙水中特别高的δ15N值反映西湖沉积物-水界面存在强烈的反硝化作用.西湖沉积物-水界面硝化速率和反硝化速率的平均值分别为2.85 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1)和23.51μmol·(m~2·d)~(-1),沉积物-水界面在水体氮素去除过程中作用显著.硝化速率和反硝化速率时空变化显著.温度和溶解氧是影响西湖沉积物-水界面氮迁移转化的主要因素.     

蓝藻水华对太湖水柱反硝化作用的影响

反硝化作用是湖泊水体最主要的脱氮过程,对减轻湖泊的氮素污染和富营养化控制具有重要意义.蓝藻水华暴发和衰亡可能会通过改变水体氮素循环途径及微环境来促使反硝化作用直接在水柱中发生,加速氮的去除.为了验证这一假设,取太湖湖水添加不同生物量的蓝藻和连续10 d的NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P营养盐,进行蓝藻生长与降解对反硝化影响的模拟实验,测定蓝藻水华期水体藻类生物量和各形态氮浓度的动态变化,同时利用~(15)N同位素添加培养结合膜进样质谱仪(MIMS)实时定量测定反硝化速率.结果表明,蓝藻在生长期吸收氮素转变为颗粒氮,在衰亡期藻细胞通过降解矿化释放了大量的NH_4~+-N,继而转化为NO_3~--N,为反硝化作用提供底物,是大幅度促进水体反硝化作用的关键;反硝化速率(以N2计,下同)最高达到(1 614. 52±301. 57)μmol·(m~2·h)~(-1),是同时期最低蓝藻生物量组反硝化速率[(534. 45±242. 18)μmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)]的3倍,实验结束时添加初始蓝藻生物量倍数最高组的TN去除率达最高(40. 02%),是未添加蓝藻组TN去除率(17. 72%)的2. 26倍,说明蓝藻堆积会显著促进反硝化作用的强度,加速水体氮素的去除.蓝藻衰亡时反硝化速率的快慢受NH_4~+浓度的影响显著,表明附着在藻团的微生物的耦合硝化-反硝化作用是氮盐去除的主要途径.本研究结果表明,水华蓝藻生长期快速吸收氮素转变为颗粒氮,蓝藻死亡降解后通过耦合硝化-反硝化作用加速氮素去除,这可能是太湖夏季氮素浓度降低的原因之一.     

巢湖十五里河沉积物硝化速率的城乡梯度变化及相关性

2017年7月—2018年5月,在巢湖十五里河干流城乡梯度方向的5个采样点位,按两月一次的频率采集表层沉积物及其上覆水.在此基础上,开展沉积物硝化速率城乡梯度变化规律分析,并识别主要影响因素.结果表明:①十五里河水体氮磷污染严重,并具有氨氮浓度相对较高的污染特点;②潜在硝化速率(PNR)变幅为0.003～0.021μmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1),均值为0.011μmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1),没有表现出明显的城乡梯度规律;③表面硝化速率(ANR)变幅为0.73～15.23μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值为4.19μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),也未表现出明显的城乡梯度规律;④十五里河沉积物硝化速率季节性变化规律明显,基本表现为:夏季春季秋季冬季,但5个采样点之间硝化速率的差异性程度不完全相同;⑤PNR与上覆水水温相关性较为显著,ANR与上覆水中NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N存在显著相关性,沉积物中对PNR和ANR影响较为显著的因素都是TN、NH~+_4-N和pH.     

海河流域典型重污染河流滏阳河沉积物氨化和硝化速率研究

为探究海河流域重污染河流高氨氮形成的原因,选择典型重污染河流滏阳河作为研究对象,分析了滏阳河上游邯郸与邢台段和下游石家庄与衡水段水-沉积物界面氨氮的分布特征和沉积物氨化及硝化反应速率.结果表明,滏阳河上覆水和孔隙水中氨氮呈现出下游高于上游的分布特征,其中上覆水氨氮平均浓度为15.72 mg·L~(-1),孔隙水氨氮平均浓度为21.10 mg·L~(-1),氨氮表现为从沉积物向水体扩散.滏阳河全河段表层沉积物氨化速率平均值为4.300μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),其中上游氨化速率平均值为3.360μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),下游氨化速率平均值为5.232μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1);滏阳河整体潜在硝化速率处于较低水平,范围在0.001~0.598μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),平均值为0.152μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),平均氨化速率约为平均潜在硝化速率的28倍.通过相关性分析可知,氨化速率与沉积物氨氮、总有机氮和全氮显著正相关,与硝氮显著负相关;潜在硝化速率与沉积物硝氮、总有机氮和全氮显著正相关,与总有机碳和碳氮比显著负相关.研究表明,滏阳河沉积物氨化速率远大于潜在硝化速率并形成氨氮累积是造成滏阳河高氨氮现象的重要原因之一,沉积物中累积的氨氮存在通过扩散作用向上覆水释放的风险.     

不同植物对沟渠沉积物反硝化速率及功能基因的影响研究

植物是影响沉积物反硝化作用的重要因素之一,国内外已有不少研究探讨了植物对河口或湖泊沉积物反硝化速率的影响,但关于植物类型对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率及其相应功能基因的影响研究不多.因此,本文以7种常见沟渠植物为研究对象,通过室内盆栽试验,利用改进的乙炔抑制法和实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了不同植物对自然沟渠沉积物反硝化速率和相应功能基因(nirS和nirK)拷贝数的影响.结果表明,培养至第180 d时,不同植物生长条件下沉积物反硝化速率在2.85～13.20μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)之间,不同植物间反硝化速率差异显著,且大型挺水植物浮水植物小型挺水植物.不同植物之间沉积物中nirS基因拷贝数在2.70×10~8～5.02×10~8 copies·g~(-1)之间,nirK基因拷贝数在3.97×10~5～6.91×10~5 copies·g~(-1)之间,与培养初期相比,培养180 d后沉积物中nirK、nirS基因拷贝数明显增多.7种植物中,美人蕉沉积物中的反硝化功能基因拷贝数较高,狐尾藻较低,整体来看,基因拷贝数大小顺序为:挺水植物浮水植物.nirS基因拷贝数与NO~-_3-N含量、TN含量及反硝化速率之间均呈显著性的正相关关系(p0.05),但nirK基因拷贝数与沉积物碳氮含量及反硝化速率之间相关性不显著.     

周村水库主库区热分层初期氮素降低的驱动因子分析

为了探究周村水库热分层前期氮素的变化趋势及其驱动因子,于2016年2~4月定期对周村水库主库区进行水质指标监测,并在采样点采集新鲜水样和表层沉积物,实验室模拟水库氮素变化过程中,水体和沉积物的反硝化作用量.结果表明周村水库在热分层初期,库区总氮浓度由(2.28±0.09)mg·L~(-1)降至(1.08±0.09)mg·L~(-1),硝氮浓度由(1.66±0.09)mg·L~(-1)降至(0.25±0.06)mg·L~(-1),氨氮浓度总体变化不大,亚硝氮的浓度几乎不变.与此同时,叶绿素没有明显增加,藻类的影响不大;氮素降低主要由于好氧反硝化菌的反硝化作用造成.热分层初期水库的温度逐渐增加、DO、pH的变化以及以小分子量为主的有机物组成均利用好氧反硝化菌的生长繁殖,菌数从1.06×105cfu·L~(-1)增加到8.33×106cfu·L~(-1),使得水库的反硝化作用增强,水库氮素下降;与此同时的模拟实验中,仅有水体好氧反硝化菌作用时,培养瓶的总氮去除量为0.7 mg,水体和表层沉积物共同作用时,总氮去除量为3.3 mg,水体与表层沉积物的反硝化去除氮量之比大体为1∶4,表层沉积物的反硝化作用是水库氮素去除的重要因素.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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