膜生物反应器净化石油化工污水的研究

介绍了将膜生物反应器用于石油化工污水净化的研究，研制了一套实验室规模的好氧分离式膜生物反应器，膜组件为中空纤维超滤膜，生物反应器为活性污泥曝气池。该实验装置对石油化工污水中ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５、ＳＳ、浊度、石油类的去除率分别为７８％－９８％、９６％－９９％、７４％－９９％，９８％－１００％，８７％；出水中ＣＯＤ、ＢＯ５、ＳＳ、浊度、石油类分类为１５．８－６８．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，２．４－７．８ｍｇ／Ｌ、１．２     

液膜法自理氨氮废水工艺条件研究

采用液膜法处理低浓度氨氮废水，处理后出水中ＮＨ３－Ｎ为１ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＳＳ、ＰＨ、ＣＯＤ均达到工业废水排放标准，对液膜组成及用量，膜增强剂选用，外相废水ＰＨ选择等工艺条件组合效果进行了试验，结果确定以２０％硫酸为内相，６％Ｓｐａｎ－８０＋１１％液体石蜡＋煤油为液膜组成、ＰＨ９．０－９．５废水为外相的处理体系，能达到最佳处理效果。     

膜萃取-微扑集/气相色谱-质谱测定小体积水样中痕量苯系物的方法

用膜萃取－微脯集／气相色谱－质谱分析方法,分别测定环境地表水,工厂排污水,饮用水和汽油等样品中痕量苯,甲苯和甲苯等有机污染物。结果表明,膜萃取,微捕集回收率为８９％－９９％,相对标准偏差为１．１６－３．６０％。     

三维荧光光谱法测定工业废水中的苯胺

在计算机上运用自编程序绘出苯胺的三维荧光光谱,确定苯胺的特征荧光峰,提出了三维荧光光谱法测定苯胺的分析方法。苯胺浓度在２．０×１０－７－５．０×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内与相对荧光强度呈良好的线性关系。该法相对标准偏差为２．５％,检出限为１．０×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。用于工业废水中苯胺的测定,结果令人满意。     

无机膜-生物反应器处理生活污水试验研究

用无机膜－生物反应器进行处理生活污水试验,结果表明,当ＨＲＴ为５ｈ,膜通量为７５－１５０Ｌ／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）膜面流速为４ｍ／ｓ,ＳＲＴ为５,１５,３０ｄ时,分别经过１０,１６,１４ｄ,运行,生物反应器ＭＬＳＳ达到稳定值３．１,１０．７,１７．３ｇ／Ｌ,对ＣＯＤ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ和浊度的去除率分别为超过９６％,９５％,９８％,对ＳＳ和Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ的去除率则达１００％;试验出水水质优于建设部生活杂用水水质标准     

有机难溶盐膜抑制黄铁矿氧化的研究

２５℃及ｐＨ３ 、５ 和７ 时，黄铁矿（ＦｅＳ２）经０－１ ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ Ｈ２Ｏ２ ＋ ０－０５ ％ 有机螯合剂混合液淋洗后，表面可形成黑色的保护膜，该膜能有效抑制黄铁矿氧化．淋洗４００ ｍｉｎ 后，黄铁矿剩余百分率分别为９９－７８％ 、９９－５４ ％ 和９９－５０ ％ ，而对照处理却分别为９５－７９ ％ 、９７－４５ ％ 和９９－７０ ％ ．在３ 种ｐＨ 条件下，经混合液淋洗４８０ ｍｉｎ 的黄铁矿再经ｐＨ３ 的０－１ ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ Ｈ２Ｏ２ 溶液淋洗４００ ｍｉｎ 后，样品的剩余百分率分别从对照的９４－９２ ％ 、９６－１７％ 和９８－１６ ％ 提高到９８－３１ ％ 、９８－８４ ％ 和９８－９１ ％ ．     

电渗析治理糠醛废水过程性能的研究

糖醛废水含１．０％－２．５％的乙酸，直接外排，污染环境，浪费资源，通过３０－８０对膜，４００ｍｍ×８００ｍｍ隔板组装的电渗析器中型试验，脱除其中９５％以上的水，回收得到浓度为２０％的乙酸，再经萃取，精馏得到９９％工业乙酸，治理后的废水含酸量小于０．０２％，可安全排放或回用。对影响极限电流，过程效率的因素进行了探讨，导出工艺特性的经验式，提出相应特性常数。     

错流式膜-生物反应器处理生活污水及其生物学研究

用错流式膜－生物反应器（ＣｒｏｓｆｌｏｗＭｅｍｂｒａｎｅＢｉｏＲｅａｃｔｏｒ简称ＣＭＢＲ）进行处理生活污水试验并研究其生物动力学参数．结果表明：当ＨＲＴ为５ｈ,ＳＲＴ为１５ｄ,膜面流速为４ｍ／ｓ,膜通量为７５、１５０Ｌ／（ｍ２·ｈ）时,ＣＭＢＲ处理生活污水试验的去除率为：ＣＯＤ＞９７％、ＮＨ３－Ｎ＞９７％、浊度≥９８％;对ＳＳ和总Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ则达到１００％,出水水质优于建设部生活杂用水回用标准ＣＪ２５．１－８９．生物相分析表明,污泥中没有原、后生动物,只有菌胶团．推导了ＣＭＢＲ稳态运行时的生物浓度计算公式,进而求得表观产率因数Ｙｇ为０．６５,衰减常数Ｋｄ为０．１ｄ－１．     

水质沙门氏菌群的MUCAP试验初步研究

利用沙门氏菌分解底物形万物地征性荧光的特性，建立了水质沙门氏菌群的”酶－底物“快速检测方法。检测试剂由上医大实验室自行合成，经红外，质谱，核磁共振分析，证明其结构与国报道一致，纯度可达９９．９９％。ＭＵＣＡＰ试验的反应参数；底物最家度为３７．５μｇ／ｍｌ，反应最适ＰＨ为７．２－７．４。细菌密度和荧光强度随着培养时间增加而增加，敏感度为１０＾６只／ｍｌ，该检测法有较高特异，水中常见的１０种细菌未有明     

北京地区臭氧层损耗、气溶胶污染与紫外辐射的变化

对北京地区臭氧层损耗和气溶胶污染对紫外辐射量变化的影响进行了计算。结果表明,当臭氧总量减少１％－３０％时,ＵＶ－Ｂ对ＤＮＡ危害效应的辐射放大因子（ＲＡＦ）从２．３增加到４．２。城区和乡村环境的气溶胶污染使ＵＶ－Ｂ日辐射总量分别降低４５％和１０％。如是仅考虑臭氧总量的变化,１９８０－１９８９年间ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射量年变化率为１．４％,当考虑气溶胶因素的变化后,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射量年变化率为－０．７％,这与实际观     

CANNED工艺细菌种群结构变化的FISH研究

采用电镜观察和荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）,对亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮（CANNED）工艺在不同游离氨（FA）质量浓度下反应器内细菌形态和种群结构进行了研究. 结果表明:在亚硝化段,ρ（FA）为0.5 mg/L时,氨氧化菌（AOB）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）分别占总菌数的0.9%和2.8%;ρ（FA）为12.4～48.6 mg/L时,AOB和NOB分别占33.6%～47.4%和1.0%～2.9%,能够实现短程硝化. 在电化学生物反硝化段,当ρ（FA）为0.5～12.4 mg/L时,脱氮硫杆菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和真细菌分别占总菌数的7.2%～15.3%,7.2%～10.3%和9.1%～14.3%;当ρ（FA）增加到48.6 mg/L时,上述3种细菌所占比例分别增加到总菌数的34.5%,44.2%和60.8%,表明随着ρ（FA）的增加,提高ρ（FA）有利于上述3种菌的生长,与SEM结果一致.      

沼液养殖钝顶螺旋藻的中试研究

在室外中试规模的跑道池中,使用混凝沉淀处理后的沼液养殖高耐污钝顶螺旋藻,研究了螺旋藻的生长情况以及沼液中氮磷的去除情况,计算了沼液中氮磷向螺旋藻体的转化效率.在此基础上,结合小试研究,分析总结了使用沼液室外规模化养殖螺旋藻过程中存在的问题和对策.以12 d为一个培养周期,总共进行了6批次培养试验,其中3批次培养的螺旋藻浓度能够达到采收要求(D560>0.8);而另外3批次未能收获螺旋藻.成功的3个养殖批次中,螺旋藻采收后沼液中COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷分别减少了28.6%~48.5%、30.4%~48.5%、41.8%~48.6%、14.3%~94.5%;其中去除的总氮和总磷向螺旋藻细胞的转化率分别为12.1%~98.5%和21.2%~83.7%.沼液中的高浓度氨氮以及残存虫卵孵化产生的虫害是导致另外3批次培养螺旋藻生长缓慢的主要因素,使用生物处理技术降低沼液中氨氮含量、使用膜过滤技术去除沼液中虫卵对于稳定获得高产率的螺旋藻非常必要.     

丙烯腈生产废水的组成对膜吸收去除氰化物的影响

以吉林某石化公司的实际丙烯腈生产废水为研究对象,考察了丙烯腈生产废水的组成对膜吸收去除氰化物的影响. 结果表明:丙烯腈生产废水中的氰化物基本为易释放的氰化物,共存的挥发性丙烯腈对膜吸收法去除氰化物的影响可以忽略不计;废水中的丙酮氰醇对膜吸收法去除氰化物的影响最大. 丙烯腈废水采用膜吸收除氨-除氰工艺,由于碱性环境以及适当的加热,促进了丙酮氰醇分解转化为HCN,氰化物的去除率可以从40%～70%提高到82%～90%,同时氨氮的去除率达到93.3%以上. 气态膜吸收法能够有效去除并回收丙烯腈废水中的氨氮和氰化物,有效降低后续处理负荷,并为后续生物处理提供可能的条件.      

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能影响因素研究

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器是微气泡曝气与废水好氧生物处理结合的可行方式.本研究采用SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理模拟生活废水,探讨运行条件、SPG膜污染及膜孔结构变化等因素对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,空气通量、进水有机负荷、填料类型及床层孔隙率对COD去除性能影响较小,各运行条件下COD平均去除率保持在80%～90%.随着空气通量降低或进水有机负荷提高,溶解氧(DO)浓度显著下降,造成氨氮去除性能恶化,其平均去除率可由80%～90%降至20%～30%;同步硝化反硝化过程受此影响,总氮(TN)平均去除率也由30%～40%降至20%左右.此外,采用环形填料并提高床层孔隙率,有助于改善污染物去除性能.低空气通量或高进水负荷条件下,微气泡曝气的氧利用率接近100%.长期运行中,SPG膜表面生物膜生长及有机物累积会造成SPG膜污染,而在线清洗中碱性NaClO溶液侵蚀SPG膜孔结构,使SPG膜的平均孔径及孔隙率显著增大,从而影响SPG膜空气通透性.     

Ammonia volatilization losses and balance from urea applied to rice on a paddy soil

Ammonia volatilization loss and 15N balance were studied in a rice field at three different stages after urea application in Taihu Lake area with a micrometeorological technique. Factors such as climate and the NH4+-N concentration in the field floodwater affecting ammonia loss were also investigated. Results show that the ammonia loss by volatilization accounted for 18.6%-38.7% of urea applied at different stages, the greatest loss took place when urea was applied at the tillering stage, the smallest at the ear bearing stage, and the intermediate loss at the basal stage. The greatest loss took place within 7 d following the fertilizer application. Ammonia volatilization losses at three fertilization stages were significantly correlated with the ammonium concentration in the field floodwater after the fertilizer was applied. 15N balance experiment indicated that the use efficiency of urea by rice plants ranged between 24.4% and 28.1%. At the early stage of rice growth, the fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency was rather low, only about 12%. The total amount of nitrogen lost from different fertilization stages in the rice field was 44.1%-54.4%, and the ammonia volatilization loss was 25.4%-33.3%. Reducing ammonia loss is an important treatment for improving N use efficiency.     

海藻酸钠膜的改性及其在氨氮废水处理中的应用

以FeCl3改性海藻酸钠(SA)膜,将其由水溶性膜改性为不溶性膜。用电子显微镜观察其表面形态IR,分析表明Fe3+与SA膜中的-OOH和-OH发生交联。将此膜应用于电渗析去除高浓度氨氮废水的处理研究中,结果表明,该膜对氨氮的选择透过性较好,能有效地透过废水中氨氮,氨氮透过率可达80%。     

游离氨与游离亚硝酸对中试膜生物反应器短程硝化及微生物群落结构的影响

为探究FA(游离氨)与FNA(游离亚硝酸)对短程硝化及微生物群落结构的影响,采用中试MBR(膜生物反应器),以高浓度NH₄+-N废水为处理对象,考察MBR对NH₄+-N的去除效果,通过计算FA与FNA浓度,分析其对短程硝化的影响,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析微生物群落结构并对功能基因进行预测. 结果表明:①通过将NH₄+-N容积负荷逐渐从0.11 kg/(m3·d)提升至0.75 kg/(m3·d),MBR在第18天实现了全程硝化向短程硝化的转变. ②MBR稳定运行过程中,FA和FNA浓度分别维持在1.03~3.52和0.033~0.118 mg/L,NAR(亚硝酸盐积累率)为65.70%~80.24%,实现了NO₂--N的稳定积累,此时NH₄+-N去除率为87.92%~97.18%. ③进水由模拟废水向实际工业废水的转变没有对NAR产生较大影响,表明中试MBR具有较强的适应能力. ④16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析结果表明,维持MBR内FA和FNA浓度能够富集AOB(氨氧化菌)Nitrosomonas(7.99%),抑制NOB(亚硝酸盐氧化菌)活性,进而实现短程硝化;MBR运行第50天时,Amo(氨单加氧酶)功能基因相对丰度为第0天时的371倍,进一步验证了短程硝化过程的实现. 研究显示,FA与FNA对NOB的抑制在维持中试MBR短程硝化中起重要作用,微生物群落结构的变化与MBR内FA和FNA浓度有关.      

Emergency membrane contactor based absorption system for ammonia leaks in water treatment plants

Because of the suspected health risks of trihalomethanes (THMs), more and more water treatment plants have replaced traditionalchlorine disinfection process with chloramines but often without the proper absorption system installed in the case of ammonia leaksin the storage room. A pilot plant membrane absorption system was developed and installed in a water treatment plant for this purpose.Experimentally determined contact angle, surface tension, and corrosion tests indicated that the sulfuric acid was the proper choice as the absorbent for leaking ammonia using polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor. Effects of several operating conditionson the mass transfer coefficient, ammonia absorption, and removal efficiency were examined, including the liquid concentration,liquid velocity, and feed gas concentration. Under the operation conditions investigated, the gas absorption efficiency over 99.9%was achieved. This indicated that the designed pilot plant membrane absorption system was effective to absorb the leaking ammonia in the model storage room. The removal rate of the ammonia in the model storage room was also experimentally and theoretically foundto be primarily determined by the ammonia suction flow rate from the ammonia storage room to the membrane contactor. The ammoniaremoval rate of 99.9% was expected to be achieved within 1.3 h at the ammonia gas flow rate of 500 m3/h. The success of the pilot plantmembrane absorption system developed in this study illustrated the potential of this technology for ammonia leaks in water treatmentplant, also paved the way towards a larger scale application.     

低温低浊微污染水源水的生物净化技术研究

针对低温低落景污染水源,采用生物预处理的手段进行现场试验研究。结果发现：以陶粒为载体的生物预处理工艺,能去除水中有机物（ＯＣ或ＣＯＤ）２０－３０％,ＳＳ６０－７０％,氨氮８０％,低温时去除率受到一定影响。但仍有一定和去除有机物及氨氮的。水库的低浊度和有机物含量较多的性质有利于生物预处理工艺对水中有机污染物的控制。     

Nitrogen removal via nitrite from municipal landfill leachate

A system consisting of a two-stage up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), an anoxic/aerobic (A/O) reactor and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), was used to treat landfill leachate. During operation, denitrification and methanogenesis took place simultaneously in the first stage UASB, and the e uent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was further removed in the second stage UASB. Then the denitrification of nitrite and nitrate in the returned sludge by using the residual COD was accomplished in the A/O reactor, and ammonia was removed via nitrite in it. Last but not least, the residual ammonia was removed in SBR as well as nitrite and nitrate which were produced by nitrification. The results over 120 d (60 d for phase I and 60 d for phase II) were as follows: when the total nitrogen (TN) concentration of influent leachate was about 2500 mg/L and the ammonia nitrogen concentration was about 2000 mg/L, the shortcut nitrification with 85%–90% nitrite accumulation was achieved stably in the A/O reactor. The TN and ammonia nitrogen removal e ciencies of the system were 98% and 97%, respectively. The residual ammonia, nitrite and nitrate produced during nitrification in the A/O reactor could be washed out almost completely in SBR. The TN and ammonia nitrogen concentrations of final e uent were about 39 mg/L and 12 mg/L, respectively.