不同电子供体下三氯苯酚的还原脱氯机制研究

研究了葡萄糖、乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠这4种电子供体条件下,2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-trichlorophenol,2,4,6-TCP)的降解效果及其还原脱氯途径.结果表明,与葡萄糖的作用相比,乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠均可有效提高2,4,6-TCP的脱氯效果,其中乳酸钠能作为一类缓释氢物质持续供给2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯所需电子.外加电子供体可提高微生物体内基质代谢脱氢酶活性,反应240 h后,4种电子供体体系中脱氢酶活性增长依次为21.49%、25.78%、136.85%和139.3%.2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯的主要产物包括2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)和苯酚,其中乙酸钠作为电子供体时,4-CP为其主要降解产物,转化率达到22%以上.     

Pd/Ti电极上2,4,6-三氯酚还原脱氯:条件优化及降解途径

利用电沉积法制备了Pd/Ti电极,用于2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)的电还原脱氯.采用单因素实验和响应面分析法,探讨了2,4,6-TCP脱氯试验条件;根据实验结果,拟合出了脱氯中各步骤的反应速率常数.结果表明,2,4,6-TCP初始浓度为80mg/L时,优化的脱氯参数为电流为5mA,支持电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.05mol/L,阴极电解液初始pH值为2.40.在优化条件下, 2,4,6-TCP在80min内完全脱氯; 2,4,6-TCP的还原脱氯符合准一级反应动力学,主要脱氯途径为2,4,6-TCP→2,6-DCP→2-CP→苯酚.     

斑马鱼对3种氯酚的富集作用及其SOD酶活性应激反应研究

为了研究对氯酚(4-CP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)对斑马鱼的生理毒性作用,以7 d富集系数(KBCF)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性为评价指标,采用半静态试验法对斑马鱼进行驯养和试验,测定斑马鱼对3种氯酚的7 d KBCF,同时测定不同浓度条件下,暴露1 d和7 d,斑马鱼体内SOD酶活性。结果表明,4-CP、2,4-DCP和2,4,6-TCP的7 d KBCF分别为33.65±5.29、65.54±10.49和128.05±39.83,富集能力表现为4-CP(无富集)2,4-DCP(轻度富集)2,4,6-TCP(轻度富集);斑马鱼对氯代酚类物质的富集性与氯酚类物质氯原子取代个数正相关。3种氯酚胁迫斑马鱼结果表明,暴露1 d表现为诱导-抑制效应,暴露7 d表现为抑制效应,酶活性变化显著。     

"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系降解2,4,6-TCP特性及机制研究

采用批处理实验方式,对"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系降解2,4,6-TCP过程进行研究,探讨了零价铁与微生物的协同作用及其机制.结果表明,Fe0对微生物具有促进生长和界面富集的作用,"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系菌浓度(D600表示)是单独优势脱氯菌体系的约1.7倍,反应96 h铁表面有大量细菌附着生长,其形态呈现短杆状或类球状;Fe0腐蚀产生的OH-对体系酸化起平衡调节作用,在pH值7.0、Fe0浓度5 g.L-1、2,4,6-TCP浓度30 mg.L-1的初始条件下,体系pH值稳定在7.8左右,有利于2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯反应的进行和优势脱氯菌的生长;2,4,6-TCP的主要降解路径为2,4,6-TCP→2,4-DCP→4-CP.     

纳米四氧化三铁对2,4-D的脱氯降解

采用纳米四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)降解水溶液中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),考察了2,4-D初始浓度、纳米Fe3O4投加量、溶液pH和温度等因素对2,4-D降解率的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D有显著的降解效果,初始浓度为10 mg/L的2,4-D, 48 h内降解率可达48%.纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D的降解是一个还原脱氯过程,反应体系中氯离子浓度随2,4-D浓度降低而升高.LC/MS分析表明,2,4-D降解的主要产物是苯酚,其他中间产物是2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚(4-CP)和2-氯苯酚(2-CP).溶液中2,4-D的降解符合准一级反应动力学,产物4-CP、2,4-DCP和苯酚的反应速率常数K分别为0.0043、0.0026和0.0032 h -1.环境条件对降解效率有显著影响,2,4-D初始浓度在0～10 mg/L、纳米Fe3O4投加量0～300 mg/L的范围内,2,4-D降解率随初始浓度和纳米Fe3O4投加量的增加而增大;pH对2,4-D的脱氯降解有显著影响,在pH为3.0时,纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D的还原脱氯效果最好;温度升高,可以提高脱氯反应速率.     

以混合单氯酚驯化厌氧颗粒污泥降解2,4-DCP的研究

利用邻氯酚 (2-CP)和对氯酚 (4-MCP)的模拟废水驯化厌氧颗粒污泥并考察驯化的污泥对2,4-二氯酚 (2,4-DCP)的降解性.通过摇瓶试验和运行连续流反应器研究了将2种单氯酚驯化过的污泥混合后对混合单氯酚以及2,4-DCP的降解特性,并比较了驯化与未驯化的污泥降解2,4-DCP过程的差异.驯化与未驯化的污泥分别在50 h和180 h左右将2,4-DCP降解完全,表明混合单氯酚驯化的厌氧颗粒污泥降解2,4-DCP 比未驯化的厌氧颗粒污泥快.虽然2种污泥降解过程都出现了4-MCP积累现象,但驯化的污泥可以逐渐降解4-MCP,未驯化的污泥则无法降解.因此,混合单氯酚驯化的污泥可以强化邻、对位脱氯功能,并且提高污泥对2,4-DCP的降解性.连续流厌氧颗粒污泥-悬浮载体反应器的运行结果表明,接种混合单氯酚驯化的厌氧污泥能够同时降解2种单氯酚,可缩短启动时间,并提高了降解二氯酚效率.2-CP的去除率一直维持在80%左右,4-MCP随着进水浓度变化去除率在30%～80%波动.     

针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-二氯苯酚厌氧降解的影响

2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)常用于农药生产,在水体和土壤中广泛分布,具有难降解、高毒性的特点.通过模拟自然过程,在厌氧反应体系中投加铁氧化物和硫酸盐矿物,重点考察了不同矿物对2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果发现,厌氧体系中针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-DCP均没有明显的吸附作用;质量衡算结果表明所有反应体系中仅发生2,4-DCP向4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)的转化;与无外加碳源组相比,乙酸钠的加入使得2,4-DCP的还原脱氯反应速率增大一倍.分析表明针铁矿和磁铁矿加入可刺激脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而提高微生物的电子传递能力和2,4-DCP的降解速率;石膏加入强烈抑制脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而抑制2,4-DCP的降解.研究结果对认识难生化降解卤代酚在厌氧环境中的迁移转化及环境工程中此类物质的处理具有潜在意义.     

纳米Fe/Ni还原水中2,4-二氯酚途径及pH的影响

利用改性纳米Fe/Ni双金属还原降解2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),考察了p H对Fe/Ni还原降解2,4-DCP的效率的影响。结果表明:当p H=5.5,反应时间为120 h时,由于吸附及还原2种作用,Fe/Ni对水中2,4-DCP的去除率接近100%,且47.0%的2,4-DCP被脱氯还原为苯酚。p H5.5时,Fe0被腐蚀消耗较多,且H+会与2,4-DCP争夺电子,不利于还原反应的进行;p H5.5时,因参与脱氯还原的H+不足及铁氢氧化物沉淀覆盖活性位点,导致还原降解效率随着p H升高而降低。通过分析中间产物和最终产物的浓度变化,明确了2,4-DCP的还原降解途径:(1)2,4-DCP被Fe/Ni还原脱去一个氯生成2-氯酚或4-氯酚,然后继续脱氯生成苯酚;(2)2,4-DCP直接被脱去2个氯生成苯酚。     

铜质量比对Fe/Cu还原2,4-二氯酚影响及还原途径

针对Fe/Ni、Fe/Pd双金属成本高,疏水性较差的问题,采用改性纳米Fe/Cu双金属还原水中2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),考察了铜质量比(ω(Cu))对Fe/Cu还原降解2,4-DCP效果的影响,结果表明:反应进行到80 h时,ω(Cu)=10%的Fe/Cu还原效果最佳,对2,4-DCP的去除率接近100%,中间产物4-氯酚(4-CP)也基本转化为终产物苯酚(CA),CA产率达91.8%。还原通过2种途径进行:(1)2,4-DCP先被还原脱去一个氯生成中间产物4-CP,随着反应进行再被脱去一个氯生成CA;(2)2,4-DCP被直接脱去2个氯生成终产物CA。XRD分析表明:反应后Fe/Cu中的Fe~0被氧化为Fe_3O_4和Fe_2O_3,Cu~0被氧化为CuO。     

蜜环菌漆酶对氯酚类污染物催化降解条件优化

利用蜜环菌发酵所得的漆酶粗酶液直接对2种氯酚类污染物2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)和2-氯酚(2-CP)进行催化降解实验,探讨了反应时间、pH值、反应温度、氯酚浓度、以及漆酶酶量对其降解效果的影响,得出了最适降解条件并对其降解动力学进行分析.结果表明,在适宜的条件下,漆酶粗酶液可有效降解2,4-DCP和2-CP且蜜环菌漆酶催化降解2,4-DCP的能力较强,2,4-DCP最适降解温度为40℃,最适浓度为75 mg.L-1,最适酶量为0.1 U.mL-1,最适pH值为6.5,在最优条件下反应10h后,2,4-DCP最高降解率可达97%以上.2-CP最适降解温度为50℃,最适浓度为100 mg.L-1,最适酶量为0.1 U.mL-1,最适pH值为6,在最优条件下反应10 h后,2-CP最高降解率高达93%以上.蜜环菌漆酶粗酶液对2,4-DCP和2-CP的降解反应符合一级动力学特征.结果表明蜜环菌粗漆酶液能有效转化氯酚类化合物,说明该酶在酚类污染物治理和环境保护等方面有潜在应用价值.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.