天山北坡城市群气溶胶光学特性时空分布特征

为探究天山北坡城市群大气气溶胶光学特性时空分布特征,本文利用卫星遥感MCD19-A2气溶胶产品分析了2000~2019年研究区气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）时空分布特征及变化趋势,针对AOD较为稳定的2016~2019年,利用多波段太阳光度计地基遥感技术,对AOD及Angström波长指数（α）等参数进行特征分析.结果表明：①空间上,研究区AOD空间分布与地形呈现较好的一致性,高值现象主要分布在低海拔地区;AOD空间分布表现出较强烈季节变化,春季（0.15±0.03） > 秋季（0.14±0.03） > 夏季（0.14±0.02）;②时间上,2000~2019年间研究区AOD年均值为0.12,年增幅1.03%,整体呈现增加趋势;AOD月均值的年际变化表现为双峰型,5月和11月为第一峰值和第二峰值,自然尘源粉尘的释放和传输以及人类社会燃煤供暖是造成AOD增加的主要原因;③受沙尘天气的影响,春季AOD的变化幅度较为剧烈,气溶胶主控粒子粒径及变化幅度均大于夏季;研究区AOD高值主要受粗模态粒子气溶胶的影响,细模态粒子吸湿增长会引起AOD的波动,但不易导致AOD高值.     

1990～2017年中国地区气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布及其主要影响类型

为准确了解中国地区气溶胶光学特性,通过1990~2017年的MERRA2数据集中的气溶胶光学厚度数据,采用Man-Kendall趋势检验法和Sen''s slope变化趋势分析法,从不同的时空尺度和气溶胶类型上分析中国地区AOD值的时空变化特征.结果表明：①从年际尺度上看,1990~2017年AOD年均值整体呈波动上升趋势;从季节尺度上看,月均值整体呈春夏秋依次递减,冬季有所提升的趋势,地形和气候环境是其主要影响因素.②在空间上,AOD年均值呈现东南高西北低的特征,西南部四川盆地、西北的塔里木与吐鲁番盆地等为AOD值的高值区,青藏高原地区为AOD值的低值区,同时AOD的MK值和Sen''s slope值也呈现由东南向西北递减的趋势.③沙尘气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶影响分布具有明显的区域差异.与地形、气候变化以及人类活动强度有着密切联系.     

基于MODIS数据的山东省近十年AOD时空变化特征

利用2010~2019年的MOD04_3K气溶胶光学厚度产品数据,从时间和空间角度分析山东省气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）变化特征.结果表明：2010~2019年山东AOD年均值在0.545~0.851波动,平均值为0.706,10年间山东AOD年均值整体呈现下降趋势,至2019年下降了0.269,下降幅度高达33%;山东AOD有明显的季节变化特征,呈夏季高峰,冬季最低,采暖期AOD均值整体上低于非采暖期;山东AOD高值区集中在北部环渤海、鲁西地区及济宁市,而山东中部及东北部沿海地区为低值区.AOD高值区总体分布在低海拔地区,而AOD较低的区域主要位于高海拔地区,且AOD时序变化趋势率与年均AOD空间分布特征基本保持一致.     

西北地区气溶胶光学特性的时空变化特征

利用2003—2018年的Aqua-MODIS C6.1气溶胶产品对西北地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）和Angstrom波长指数（AE）的时空分布特征进行研究,并结合当地站点气象要素资料,分析了气象要素对AOD的影响.结果表明,西北地区AOD的高值区位于塔克拉玛干沙漠和陕西关中地区;青海南部及新疆北部等是AOD的低值区.AE指数从西到东逐渐增大,其低值区位于塔里木盆地及青海北部.从季节变化上看,西北地区春季AOD最高,而AE值最低,主要受沙尘气溶胶的影响较大;最低平均AOD和最高平均AE均出现在秋季.西北地区的AOD年均值为0.219,2006年后AOD呈明显下降趋势;AE指数在2009—2017年期间呈现微弱的上升趋势.西北地区AOD和AE的月均变化特征较为明显,这主要与沙尘天气出现的时间有关.2003—2018年期间西北地区各省AOD年均值呈现缓慢下降趋势,且2012年之后,内蒙古、陕西和宁夏等地月平均AOD的峰谷差值均有所减少.不同地区的气象要素对其AOD的影响不同.     

中国气溶胶光学厚度时空演变特征分析

利用2005-2012年MODIS气溶胶产品分析了中国区域气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)的变化趋势和空间分布特征。分析结果表明,与2005-2007三年均值相比,绝大部分省份2008-2010年期间AOD下降趋势非常明显,而在2011-2012年期间AOD又有所回升,但大部分地区2011-2012两年均值仍低于2005-2007三年均值,因此2005-2007年是我国气溶胶污染最严重的时期;从AOD的空间分布来看,气溶胶污染较重的地区主要集中在京津冀、长三角、华中、成渝等人口密集和工业发达地区;从典型城市AOD变化趋势来看,2005-2012年期间北京、石家庄、保定、邢台市AOD历年均值均明显高于全国平均值,京津冀城市群气溶胶污染异常严重。     

2006-2017年四川盆地MODIS气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征

四川盆地地形复杂、气候特殊,是我国颗粒物污染高发地.为探究四川盆地气溶胶分布和周期变化特征,深入认识气溶胶污染特性及其气候效应,结合卫星遥感探测方法,利用2006-2017年MODIS C006 3 km AOD（气溶胶光学厚度）产品,分析了四川盆地AOD的时空特征.结果表明:①MODIS AOD（MODIS数据反演的气溶胶光学厚度）与太阳光度计CE318观测的AOD、ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）线性相关系数分别为0.78、0.77、0.75,表明MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品适用于四川盆地颗粒物污染研究.②四川盆地AOD平均值范围为0.1~1.3,其中,成都平原和四川盆地东南部地区是AOD高值（AOD值>1.0）中心,四川盆地周边高海拔区AOD均小于0.3.③2006-2017年AOD年均值范围为0~2.5,整体呈"倒N型"曲线下降,其峰值和谷值分别出现在2013年和2017年;2013年AOD大于1.0的区域占四川盆地的34.1%,是12 a中颗粒物污染最重的一年;2017年AOD小于0.3的面积占57.1%.④AOD季节性变化呈春季最大、夏季次之、秋季最小的特征.⑤AOD月变化呈"双峰型"波动特征,AOD月均值范围为0~2.5,其中,2-5月AOD月均值均大于0.7,8月AOD月均值为0.6,11-12月AOD月均值均小于0.5.研究显示,四川盆地颗粒物污染防治应以成都平原城市群和四川省南部城市群为主,应重点控制细颗粒物排放,合理安排工业企业的周期性生产强度.      

北京市近地层颗粒物浓度与气溶胶光学厚度相关性分析研究

利用2009年北京市大气颗粒物质量浓度和气溶胶光学特性的同步观测研究发现,北京市城区颗粒物污染严重.PM2.5、PM10年平均浓度分别为(65±14)、(117±31)μg·m-3,均超出国家2016年拟执行环境空气质量二级标准,PM2.5、PM10日均值超标率分别为35%、26%.细粒子PM2.5污染与可吸入颗粒物PM10污染呈显著性相关,相关系数R约为0.90(P<0.001),二者相关性伴随PM2.5在PM10中所占比重自春季到冬季逐渐增大而增强,年均PM2.5占PM10比重为61%.气溶胶光学厚度AOD(500 nm)与气溶胶波长指数(α)年均值分别为(0.55±0.10)、(1.12±0.08).PM2.5、PM10与AOD间全年及各季节均呈显著线性相关,相关系数R≥0.50;但其相关系数与相关函数存在着显著的季节差异,夏秋季节相关性显著高于春冬季节,且全年相关会掩盖较大的季节性系统差异.对PM2.5、PM10数据进行湿度订正,对AOD进行混合层高度订正,PM2.5、PM10与AOD之间的相关性得到一定提升,且更适合指数相关.     

基于太阳光度计的天津城区气溶胶光学特性

利用2013~2014年天津大气边界层观测站的CE318太阳光度计观测资料,分析天津气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和波长指数(α)的分布特征.结果表明,天津地区AOD_(440nm)和AOD_(500nm)均值分别为0.99±0.34和0.87±0.30,波长500nm下AOD月均最高值为1.41±0.79,出现在2013年6月,最低值为0.49±0.92,出现在2013年11月.AOD的季节变化特征为春季受沙尘天气影响,α最低(0.85±0.32),夏季受高温天气条件影响,新生小粒子占比较多,α最高(1.16±0.29),根据α分布特点,影响天津地区的主要气溶胶类型为城市—工业气溶胶.造成春季AOD高值(AOD≥2)情况出现是受粗、细模态气溶胶粒子共同影响,夏季AOD高值出现主要是受细模态粒子影响,同时细粒子吸湿增长特性对AOD增长有较大影响.冬季AOD高值出现同样主要受细模态气溶胶粒子影响,其气溶胶粒子粒径高于夏季.对比沙尘、霾及非污染天气条件下AOD和α的差别,发现霾天气下AOD和α最高,分别为1.41±0.68和1.17±0.29,沙尘天气下AOD为0.99±0.62,α最低,为0.55±0.22.非污染天气下AOD最低,为0.53±0.46.不同天气条件下,随AOD增长α均有先升高后降低的特征.     

新疆典型城市气溶胶光学厚度变化特征

利用2006~2017年Aqua-MODIS C006气溶胶日产品数据,选取新疆地区11个代表性城市进行分类,分析典型城市的AOD近12a变化趋势及特征.结果表明：2006~2017年间,除乌鲁木齐市AOD小幅度上升外,其余10个城市AOD均出现不同程度下降,北疆城市年均降幅较小,吐鲁番市12a间AOD下降了0.13,为哈密、焉耆等同纬度城市群中的最大降幅,南疆城市AOD年均降幅最为显著,阿克苏、喀什、和田和若羌地区AOD分别下降了0.18、0.16、0.16和0.09;AOD空间分布上,南疆为AOD峰值中心,年均值达0.50以上,北疆和东疆地区AOD年均值维持在0.20~0.22;同时,AOD具有典型的季节变化特征,春季为AOD峰值季节,夏季次之,秋、冬季AOD较低;此外,12a间新疆全区AOD出现不同程度降低,其中南疆沙尘源区为AOD下降的典型区域,减少区域呈现出沿昆仑山脉自南向北的带状分布.     

太湖北岸气溶胶光学特性长期变化特征

利用太湖北岸地基太阳光度计(CE-318)2005年9月~2016年4月的观测数据,以及多年气象观测资料,对太湖北岸气溶胶年际尺度、季节尺度及逐月的光学特性、变化特征及影响因素进行了系统分析.揭示太湖北岸:1)AOD年均值呈逐渐降低趋势,但累年(2005~2016)均值高达0.776,2005~2012年累年均值为0.842,较全国同一时期AOD均值高63%;2)AOD四季变化分明,夏季(0.920)最高、冬季(0.689)最低、春季(0.788)与秋季(0.788)相近;3)气溶胶α指数逐年增大,年增幅约0.013,表明太湖地区大气污染物颗粒平均粒径逐年减小,非自然源比重持续增加;4)气溶胶α指数季均值为秋季冬季夏季春季,依次为1.320、1.232、1.164、1.098;5)体积谱四季均呈双峰结构,夏冬两季积聚模态粒子与粗模态粒子的体积浓度接近,春季以粗模态粒子为主,秋季以积聚模态粒子为主,6)气溶胶SSA季均值各年四季变化特征相似,累年总体季均值为秋季夏季春季冬季,依次为0.933、0.917、0.900、0.882,但年均值自2007年起呈逐年缓增趋势,年增幅约0.006,表明太湖地区气溶胶粒子的散射能力在逐年增大.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.