冰雪表面HNO3的紫外光解机理

利用308 nm激光与cavity ring-down spectroscopy技术对HNO3的气相与冰表面光解进行了研究,考察了其光解量子产额与吸收系数,结果表明,.OH+NO2*是其光解反应的主要通道;HNO3在253 K、308 nm冰表面的吸收系数为(1.21±0.31)×10-18cm2.molecule-1,比其在气相的吸收系数(1.24±0.19)×10-21 cm.2molecule-1(295 K)及(8.50±0.24)×10-22cm.2molecule-1(253 K)均高约3个数量级;HNO3在253K冰表面光解产生NO2*的量子产额为0.60±0.34.     

亚硝酸在冰晶中的存在形态

亚硝酸在冰晶中存在以下平衡:NO2(-→)H+HONO(→)H+H2ONO+(→)H2O+NO+,导致冰晶中的亚硝酸以4种形式的N(Ⅲ):NM2-,HONO,H2ONO2+和NO+存在.实验发现,四种N(Ⅲ)在冰晶中分数与pH值有很大关系:pH>3,主要以NO2-和HONO形式存在;pH<3,主要以HONO,H2ONO+和NO+形式存在.冰晶中的N(Ⅲ)借助以上平衡不断产生HONO并释放到大气中,导致冰晶中N(Ⅲ)不断损失.实验还发现,冰晶中N(Ⅲ)损失率随pH值的升高先升高后下降,随N(Ⅲ)初始浓度升高而升高.紫外光能使冰晶中N(Ⅲ)发生光解,但光解速率很慢,加入·OH猝灭剂也不能提高冰晶中N(Ⅲ)的光解率.     

模拟太阳光下冰相中壬基酚的光解

本文采用模拟太阳光对比研究了HONO和H2O2体系冰相中壬基酚的降解.考察了模拟太阳光作用下冰相中壬基酚的光转化规律,讨论了壬基酚初始浓度、pH、光照时间对壬基酚去除率的影响.结果表明,初始浓度降低、光照时间延长、pH值升高,壬基酚直接光解时的去除率升高.初始浓度为0.025 mmol·L-1的壬基酚在冰相中直接光解12 h,去除率达36.7%.外加H2O2时,冰相中壬基酚光解受到一定的抑制,且H2O2剂量增加,壬基酚去除率下降.而HONO吸收UV解离出的·OH自由基,促进了冰相中壬基酚的光转化.     

瞬态吸收光谱技术研究水体中亚硝酸-萘体系的微观反应机理

采用 35 5nm紫外光照射HNO2 萘 H2 O体系 .研究表明 ,光照后体系中间产物和最终产物的光反应过程是通过HNO2 激光光解产生OH自由基 ,OH自由基再与萘反应生成　 OH ,反应速率常数为 ( 1 1± 0 1 )× 1 0 1 0 M- 1 ·s- 1 .     

几种水溶性化合物对啶虫脒光解的影响

对不同物质在中压汞灯光照下降解水中啶虫脒进行研究,结果表明,啶虫脒的光解可能是直接光解,且符合一级反应动力学,Fe3 对啶虫脒的光解有抑制作用,其抑制作用随着添加浓度的增加而增强,而且Fe3 的添加浓度与啶虫脒的光解半衰期具有显著的正相关关系;NO3-对啶虫脒光解的抑制率在添加浓度为1 mg·l-1时即达到了25.74%,而后随着添加浓度的增加其抑制率稳定在37.62%-41.58%;腐殖酸对啶虫脒光解抑制作用的趋势与Fe3 相似,抑制作用随着添加浓度的增加而增强.这些物质对啶虫脒光解的抑制是由于对光辐射的竞争性吸收引起的.     

不同形态氮对水中4,4'-二溴联苯光解的影响

模拟研究环境中不同形态氮转化对水中4,4′-二溴联苯光解的影响.结果表明,4,4′-二溴联苯的光解反应符合一级动力学规律.NO3-、NO2-的存在均对4,4′-二溴联苯的光解有抑制作用,抑制作用的发生是NO3-、NO2-与4,4′-二溴联苯对光辐射的竞争性吸收作用引起的,NO2-对4,4′-二溴联苯的抑制作用强于NO3...     

水中铁(Ⅲ)-草酸盐配合物光解产生羟基自由基的测定

对铁 (Ⅲ ) 草酸盐配合物光解过程中产生的·OH进行了气相色谱法间接测定 在pH =3 5 ,异丙醇浓度为 1mmol·l- 1的条件下 ,经过 1 2 5W高压汞灯 (λ≥ 31 3nm)光照 80min ,Fe(Ⅲ ) /草酸盐配比为 9 3/1 2 0 7μmol·l- 1的水溶液中 ,·OH的生成量为6 5 9μmol·l- 1,·OH生成反应符合表观零级反应动力学模式 ,其生成速率为 0 72 6μmol·l- 1·min- 1.同时蜒究了溶液pH值、Fe(Ⅲ ) /草酸盐配比对·OH生成量的影响 .     

水体中胺鲜酯残留量的测定及其光解特性

建立了利用固相萃取-气相色谱(SPE-GC)测定水体中胺鲜酯残留量的方法.考查了3种不同固相萃取柱(C18、florisil、OasisR HLB)对水溶性农药胺鲜酯的吸附效果,发现它们对水中胺鲜酯的萃取效率依次为8%、13% 和96%;进一步研究了利用OasisR HLB萃取水中胺鲜酯的最佳条件(洗脱剂二氯甲烷用量4～8 mL),OasisR HLB(60 mg)小柱对胺鲜酯的保留容量高达200 μg·柱-1.运用该方法测定胺鲜酯光解试验样品,结果表明胺鲜酯质量浓度的对数与光照时间呈良好的线性关系.胺鲜酯在氙灯下的光化学降解符合一级动力学反应,光解半衰期为82 min,较易光解.     

大气环境中Br自由基与HONO分子反应机理的理论研究

用非限制性二阶微扰理论研究了大气环境中Br自由基与亚硝酸分子反应的机理.在6-311++G**和6-311G**基组水平上,优化得到了反应途径上反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的几何构型;在UMP2/6-311++G**优化的构型基础上,利用CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ方法得到各驻点的高级单点能量;通过振动分析对过渡态和中间体构型进行了确认.计算结果表明,Br自由基与HONO的反应有4种反应机制,第1种是通过过渡态TSC1-P1和TSC3-P1生成产物P1的直接H提取机制.第2种是Br自由基加成到HONO分子羟基O原子上消去NO的加成-消除机制.第3种是Br自由基进攻HONO分子N原子生成产物P3.第4种是Br自由基对HONO分子末端O的进攻.其中生成产物P1的反应途径R→C3→TSC3-P1→P1是主反应通道,并且反式HONO分子的反应竞争性更强.     

冰晶中双氧水的UV光解

本文采用253.7 nm的紫外灯光解冰晶中的双氧水,研究其光解率随光照时间和温度的变化.以及Cl~-,SO_4~(2-)和CO_3~(2-)对其降解的影响,结果表明,相同条件下三种离子对其影响大小依次为:Cl~->SO_4~(2-)>CO_3~(2-).对比冰晶和水溶液中双氧水的光解,冰晶中双氧水的光解速率低于水溶液中双氧水的光解速率.紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)分析其光解产物,没有发现新的物质生成.由此可以认为,冰晶中双氧水主要在冰晶笼子中进行反应,少部分在类似液体层(QLL)中降解.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

知识型员工的特点、激励及管理对策研究

知识经济时代，企业最宝贵的财富是知识型员工。知识型员工是生产力的代表。知识型员工的工作效率决定了企业的竞争能力．因此。如何激励知识型员工成为企业探讨的一个重要问题．本文从知识型员工的特点入手。按有关知识管理专家提出的激励因素，从四个方面阐述了对知识型员工的激励策略。并提出了对知识型员工的管理对策．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Assessing the relation between the distribution of salt-marsh communities and the sediment budget of the North Norfolk coast

Very high resolution imagery from an airborne multi-spectrål scanner has been used to estimate the distribution of different salt-marsh communities along a 30-km stretch of the North Norfolk coast. Field observations have been used to develop a mathematical relationship between the vegetation, physical environment and sediment accumulation. This relationship has been used to produce provisional sediment accretion maps for the north Norfolk coast.     

高产玉米因土高效施肥技术研究

通过田间试验,研究广东省粤东河源灯塔盆地的粉砂坭地和粤北阳山县石灰岩山区的黄泥地氮、磷、钾养分的供应特性;高产玉米不同生育期吸收氮、磷、钾的规律,以及在不同土壤上氮、磷、钾肥的不同配比对玉米产量和经济效益的影响。根据试验结果进行统计,提出了高产玉米因土高效施肥技术方法。     

The impact of the Jonglei Canal on the economy of the local people

The idea of saving the water lost in the ‘Sudd’ swamp through evaporation was conceived by Egypt and Sudan for their own interests, but not for those of the Nilotic peoples living in the flood plain. Concern for the local development was only taken into consideration after the 1974 Juba riots, when three people were killed and 200 arrested. The canal has caused displacement of people from their settlements and is blocking the seasonal movement of livestock and wildlife. Conflict may arise over the use of land for grazing or irrigation. The Nilotics are concerned about the possible negative environmental impact, and the loss of their cultural identity. They maintain that Egypt should pay them monetary compensation for the disruption that the canal has caused to their livelihood.

This paper assesses the impact that the Jonglei canal project will have on the economy of the Nilotics; traces the historical development of the project; outlines the social, political and economic organization of the Nilotics; and assesses the impact the project will have on the local population. The paper concludes by casting doubt on the benefits the canal will bring to the Nilotics.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Beliefs about the environment: moving from the egocentric towards the ecocentric perspective

Our behaviour towards the environment depends on our beliefs about the environment. Beliefs, however, are a subject of change, particularly during important life transitions such as the transition to adolescence, because this is a period when an individual develops the ability of complex and abstract reasoning. Understanding this transition is therefore crucial for understanding and predicting the attitudes and courses of action in terms of sustainable development later in life. Due to many methodological constraints, the number of empirical studies examining these issues is very limited; the current study aimed to collect empirical data to explore the origins of our beliefs about the environment-related issues. We devised a picture association test and used it to compare children’s and adolescents’ beliefs about our environment in the context of the means of transportation. A large sample of 2264 participants aged 6–18 years took part in the study. The data supported the claim that children’s beliefs about environment share egocentric properties. The findings represent an important puzzle into the whole picture of children’s thinking and offer us great insight into the origins of beliefs about environment-related questions in adults. Educational implications are addressed.     

On the association between the column ozone and the spectral solar ultraviolet radiation

An estimation of the increase in the daily spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground is attempted, by using the daily total ozone observations made by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the satellite Nimbus‐7 during 1978–1992. This investigation has been performed for the high latitudes by employing a recently proposed parametric model for the estimation of the spectral solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface considering the total ozone content and various meteorological parameters.