华南滨海小流域降雨入渗对地下水的补给分析

以华南滨海小流域——中山大学滨海水循环试验基地（试验基地）作为研究区,在对该流域地下水和雨水分别进行采样、实验分析的基础上,利用氯量平衡法（CMB）与地下水动态法计算了该流域的降雨入渗补给系数与给水度。研究发现,试验基地地下水主要受降雨补给,地下水埋深在雨季（4—9月）、旱季（10—3月）的变动范围大致为0～1.5 m与0～0.5 m。根据CMB计算结果,补给区、中间区雨季降雨入渗补给系数分别为旱季的1.3～1.6倍和1.3～2.0倍,且补给区大于中间区（M5井除外）。利用地下水动态法计算次降雨入渗补给系数,所得雨季、旱季的均值（7.6%和4.6%）与CMB计算结果（7.7%和5.3%）较为接近。给水度、雨强与入渗补给系数均存在一定的线性关系。将地下水埋深分别与降雨入渗补给量及潜水蒸发量进行多项式拟合对比,发现降雨入渗对地下水的最大入渗补给埋深约为2.3 m,当埋深为3.1 m时,地下水可获得最大净补给量。     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

土地利用变化对茂名市降水入渗补给量的影响

大气降水是地下水补给的主要来源,确定降水入渗补给量对地下水资源管理和规划有着重要意义。以茂名市为研究区,基于Wet Spass分布式水文模型及Geo SOS-FLUS模型,结合GIS技术,估算2010年的降水入渗补给量,分析未来土地利用变化及其对降水入渗补给的影响。结果表明,(1)降水大部分转化为蒸散发量,入渗补给量次之,年平均降水入渗补给量为684.63 mm;不同土地利用类型下,径流量、蒸散发量和降水入渗补给量存在显著差异性,由于城市规划的作用和区域土壤质地的差异,林地、居民用地的降水入渗补给能力较大,高达800 mm,荒地最小。(2)近20年来,居民大量开垦荒地,草地转变为耕地和林地,有利于降水入渗的土地利用类型面积减少,使得降水入渗补给量减少,土地利用变化影响着地下水的水量平衡。(3)到2050年,各类土地利用类型在区域上的分布更加集中,水域面积大量减少,耕地面积普遍大于其他类型土地,导致大部分面积的降水入渗补给量将呈现减少的趋势,全年、丰水期的降水入渗补给量变化较相似,与枯水期的变化相差较大;到2100年则偏向于林地和草地的增加,降水入渗补给量呈增加趋势。可见,在未来一段时期内,茂名市在追求经济高速发展的同时,应加强对生态环境的保护,加大绿化面积,使地下水得到一定量的补给。本研究结果可为茂名市未来土地规划提供一定依据,以进一步加强对地下水的管理和保护。     

降水入渗补给地下水过程分析

该文总结了降水入渗补给的模式,通过分析活塞式降水入渗、降水入渗补给的滞后和延迟、降水入渗优先补给等,研究了土壤不同岩性、不同埋深、不同降水时段与不同土壤含水量条件下的降水入渗补给过程．图5,表1,参8．     

崇明东滩围垦湿地芦苇生态特征与水盐因子的关系

芦苇是崇明东滩围垦湿地生态系统的重要优势物种和建群种,了解芦苇与滨海围垦区湿地土壤水盐因子的关系对于围垦区湿地水盐调控管理和湿地植被恢复具有重要意义.以崇明东滩围垦湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)为研究对象,通过野外调查与统计分析,探讨滨海湿地芦苇生态特征与地下水埋深(Ground water depth,WD)和土壤电导率(Siol electrical conductivity,EC)的关系.结果表明:研究区地下水埋深与表层土壤电导率呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.883;沿着高程从高到低,地下水埋深逐渐升高,土壤电导率逐渐降低,在不同水盐梯度下芦苇种群表现出相应的生态特征,芦苇密度、株高、单株叶面积、单株生物量、叶面积指数和单位面积地上生物量均沿着高程的降低而增加.Pearson相关性分析表明,地下水埋深与芦苇生态特征呈显著正相关,而土壤电导率与芦苇生态特征呈显著负相关,并且土壤电导率与芦苇生态特征的相关性大于地下水埋深.回归分析发现芦苇在土壤水埋深较低区域(-5 cm以下)生长受到限制,表现为低密度、低生物量;在地表有少量积水的土壤环境中(0 cm以上)芦苇生长状况较好,表现为高密度、高生物量.随着土壤电导率的增加,芦苇以低密度、低生物量的生态特征来适应胁迫伤害.当土壤电导率5 m S/cm,随着土壤电导率增加,芦苇生长指标快速下降,而当土壤电导率5 m S/cm,芦苇生长指标下降幅度较小.本研究表明,适当提高芦苇湿地年平均土壤水埋深有利于降低土壤表层土壤电导率,并且提高土壤水埋深均有利于芦苇单株生长和种群生长.     

流溪河流域地下水水化学时空特征及源辨析

流溪河承担了广州市白云区供水的重任,流域内的地下水作为应急水源具有重要的战略意义和生态维持作用.为合理开发利用流溪河流域地下水,了解地下水的形成及其离子的迁移和转化规律,分别于2015年8月和12月共采集90个地下水水样,通过分析地下水化学特征、稳定同位素D和18O分布规律,并利用Gibbs分布图和相关性分析揭示旱季和雨季的地下水化学时空分布特征、地下水及离子来源.结果表明,研究区地下水主要受降水补给.空间上,上游区受人类活动影响比中下游区小,从上游到下游区,水化学类型总体从Ca-HCO_3型和Ca-Na-HCO_3型向Ca-Na-HCO_3-Cl型、Ca-Na-Cl-HCO_3型和Na-Ca-Cl-HCO_3型转变,地层的岩性对于地下水类型影响较大;时间上,水化学特征季节性差异不显著.流域内主离子的来源主要为岩石风化,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+与HCO_3~-的来源以碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化为主,其中,碳酸盐岩的风化占主导地位;NO_3~-和Cl~-主要来自人类生活污染的输入,NH_4~+与TP主要来源于面源污染.     

平原河网地区地下水脆弱性评价体系构建及应用

地下水污染形势严峻,脆弱性评价是区域地下水资源保护和污染防治的重要前提。平原河网地区地表水系复杂,城市化程度高,常规DRASTIC模型难以准确评价其地下水脆弱性。文章根据平原河网地区特点,建立了一套包括地下水埋深、净补给量、含水层介质、土壤带介质等7个本质脆弱性指标和地表水系、地下工程2个特殊脆弱性指标在内的方法体系,并以上海市金山区为例进行了地下水脆弱性评价。结果表明,地下水埋深、地下水净补给量和含水层厚度是影响评价区域本质脆弱性的主要指标,3者评价得分均在3~9之间,其中地下水埋深和净补给量得分为6的区域面积最大,分别为219.35 km~2和187.74 km~2,含水层厚度以得分为8的区域面积最大,达到286.01 km~2。金山区地表水系分布广泛,加上水质较差,其河流水质、河网密度、河流等级的脆弱性评价得分大多为6~10,相比地下工程,这3个指标对该区域的特殊脆弱性影响更大。金山区地下水综合脆弱性评价中,三级和四级面积较大,分别为274.49 km~2和157.82 km~2,两者面积之和占整个评价区的67.93%;三级区域广泛分布于整个评价区范围之内,五级脆弱性零星分布于南部和中部区域。评价结果与实际调研情况相符,能够真实地反映评价区浅层地下水脆弱性程度。该方法体系可为区域地下水环境管理及污染防治工作提供技术支撑和科学依据。     

广花盆地地下水三氮时空分布特征及影响因素分析

广花盆地是广州市唯一的地下水应急水源区。三氮(氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮)是研究区地下水的主要污染物,通过分析其时空变化特征,探讨主要影响因素,可为广州市制定地下水保护与利用规划提供理论基础和科学依据。为准确掌握研究区地下水中三氮的分布,利用广花盆地80个地下水监测井2012—2016年的监测数据,分雨季和旱季分析了研究区松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水和岩溶水中三氮的时空分布特征,并利用相关系数定量分析了降雨量与氮含量之间的相关性,采用灰色关联法计算了耕地面积、化肥施用量、降雨量与氮含量之间的关联度,以及从垂向和水平两个方向探讨了氮含量变化的原因。结果表明,2012—2016年广花盆地0~100 m深度地下水的氮污染较严重,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的超标率分别为47%、29%和5%。由于松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水和岩溶水均属浅层地下水,相互联系紧密,其含氮污染物的分布极为相似,氮含量按从大到小排列均为硝酸盐氮、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮,超标率按从大到小排列均为氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮。受氧化还原环境的影响,随地下水埋藏深度的增加,广花盆地地下水中的氮含量逐渐减少,其中氨氮和亚硝酸盐的含量逐渐增大,硝酸盐氮的含量逐渐减小。受土地利用类型的影响,研究区地下水中三氮的空间分布差异较大。其中城乡居民区地下水的污染最严重,其污染主要来源于废污水的排放。近5年耕地地下水中氮的含量随时间呈减少趋势,主要是受耕地面积减少所致。总体而言,近5年研究区地下水中氮的含量随降雨量增大而减小,并随雨季和旱季的交替而增减,雨季地下水中氮的含量较旱季小。     

再生水回灌地下水环境安全风险评价技术方法研究

再生水回灌是水资源管理的一条有效途径,也是污水再生利用的重要发展方向。然而,当再生水以农灌、土壤含水层处理（SAT）、河湖入渗和井灌等方式进行地下水回灌时,不可避免的会在回补地下水的过程中造成对地下水环境的污染风险。针对不同回灌方式建立适用于我国的再生水回灌地下水环境安全风险评价技术体系至关重要。借鉴国内外地下水污染风险评价方法,综合分析再生水回灌对地下水产生风险的关键环节,采用层析分析法,从回灌水特征污染物特性、回灌区地下水固有脆弱性以及回灌工程布设方式3个方面,针对地表灌溉、河湖入渗和井灌3种回灌方式,建立了包含污染物浓度水平、分配系数、溶解度、半衰期、半致死剂量、地下水埋深、降雨入渗补给量、地形坡度、土壤介质、包气带介质、含水层介质、含水层厚度、回灌强度、回灌周期、回灌水停留时间以及取水点与回灌点水平距离16个指标在内的风险评价指标体系。在此基础上,结合地下水使用功能,以20个典型再生水回灌场地调研结果和160种再生水回灌地下水污染风险因子物化特性为数据基础,对各指标进行了风险水平的划分,基于聚类分析法,采用各指标风险指数相乘的风险表征方法计算总风险指数,构建了再生水回灌地下水环境安全风险评价技术方法。该方法有效的避免了指标权重计算的主观性,并且能够直观的找出导致风险的主要因素。结果表明：利用建立的风险评价技术方法可将我国再生水回灌地下水环境安全风险划分为3级,风险值〈5为一级,风险值在5-15之间为二级,风险值〉15为三级。在某再生水回灌场地的应用表明,该回灌区地下水环境安全风险为二级,同时得出回灌水特征污染物特性指标是造成该回灌区地下水环境风险的主要因素。     

北京密云水库小流域地下水硝酸盐污染来源示踪

为确定北京密云水库小流域地下水中氮污染特征及来源,分别在雨季和旱季采集34个地下水样进行分析.结果表明,该流域地下水中NO-3-N污染严重,雨季和旱季NO-3-N的平均含量分别为15.86 mg·L-1和14.67 mg·L-1,均超过世界卫生组织饮用水标准(10 mg·L-1),污染主要分布于人口密集、农业活动频繁的中部地区.研究区域NH+4-N和NO-2-N的含量较低,其中,NO-2-N分布极不均匀.雨季和旱季δ15N的变化范围分别为5.00‰—20.16‰和-5.90‰—12.28‰,表明地下水硝酸盐的主要来源为人畜粪便和污水的排放,也可能为土壤有机氮和农业施肥的混合,表明旱季发生反硝化作用造成同位素的分馏.雨季,硝态氮与村镇面积呈正相关;氨氮与村镇及地表水面积呈显著正相关关系.旱季,硝态氮与村镇面积呈正相关,氨氮与草地面积呈正相关,亚硝态氮与地表水面积呈显著的正相关关系.     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

Variation in groundwater composition and decalcification depth in a dune slack: effects on basiphilous vegetation

Basiphilous, open, species-rich vegetation types of young dune slacks have declined throughout Europe in recent years, and have largely been replaced by often acidophilous, tall marsh and scrub vegetation. This succession appears to be accelerated by a decrease in the discharge of calcareous groundwater from sandy ridges or small dune hummocks. The present study deals with spatial and temporal variation in the chemical composition of the groundwater in the upper metres of the soil of a degraded dune slack complex on the Dutch barrier island of Schiermonnikoog, with emphasis on (1) groundwater composition, (2) water level and (3) decalcification patterns. The main aim was to assess perspectives for restoring basiphilous vegetation types which had been abundant in this slack from 1954 to 1977. The depth of decalcification was related to former hydrological conditions along a transect of 200 m. Acidifying effects of rainfall were reflected in the chemical composition of the groundwater below small dune hummocks within the slack. Distinct precipitation water lenses, poor in dissolved ions, were formed under the dune hummocks during a wet period. This microtopography did not contribute to the discharge of calcareous groundwater to lowlying parts of the slack. Here, groundwater showed decreasing concentrations of the dissolved ions after a rain shower. Except for the peripheral sections of the slack—where upward seepage of groundwater (exfiltration)still occurs—infiltration conditions are now dominant in the slack. The consequences of the present hydrological conditions for restoration are briefly discussed.     

Is there a relationship between soil and groundwater toxicity?

Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry.     

对城市雨水地下回灌的分析

城市扩张带来雨水径量增大，排出时间缩短并由此产生一系列后果，对城区雨水回灌地区的效益进行了讨论，分析城区雨水径流水质污污状况及其影响因素，初期雨水径流污染严重，主要受到地面条件，屋面材料，气温，降雨量及降雨强度等影响，根据对雨水水质的研究结果，分析了雨水回灌地下的条件及必要的雨水处理措施，对雨水回灌技术作了简略的论述。     

珠江三角洲小流域地下水化学特征及演化规律

珠江三角洲地下水环境日益恶化,已成为制约经济社会发展的重要因素。以珠海市具有典型特征的闭合小流域作为研究对象,分旱、雨两季采集地下水分析主要离子及D、18O同位素,全面系统地研究了地下水水化学的时空变异特征与演变规律。结果表明:研究区内地下水主要受大气降水及附近地表水体渗透补给,以蒸发及地下水径流排泄,季节变化对区域内水化学空间变异性影响较小。沿地下水流方向(补给区-径流区-排泄区),地下水化学类型主要从Ca-Na(Mg)-HCO3型向Na-Cl和Na-K-HCO3-CO3型演化,风化-溶滤、离子交换、海陆交互作用是控制当地地下水质演变的主要水文化学过程。     

运用SCI-GROW模型预测农药对地下水的污染风险

在对美国环境保护局开发的地下水暴露评价模型进行比较的基础上,选择SCI-GROW模型预测我国福建省甘蔗种植区5种常用农药对地下水的污染风险,并将模型预测结果与该地区地下水中农药的实测结果进行比较,对模型进行验证.结果表明,模型预测结果与实测结果之间具有很好的相关性,SCI-GROW模型能较好地用于我国东南沿海等地下水位较高、降水量较大、土壤砂性等地下水易受污染地区农药的筛选评价.最后,运用SCI-GROW模型预测涕灭威等17种我国常用农药对地下水的污染风险,为这些农药的科学使用提供参考.     

Vegetation competition model for water and light limitation. II: Spatial dynamics of groundwater and vegetation

In temperate climates groundwater can have a profound effect on vegetation, because it strongly influences the spatio-temporal distribution of soil moisture in the rootzone and therefore the occurrence of water and oxygen stress of vegetation. This article focuses on vegetation and groundwater dynamics along a hill slope by developing and evaluating a fully coupled hydrological-vegetation model for a temperate forest ecosystem. The vegetation model is described in part 1 of this series of two papers. To simulate the hydrology an extended version of the saturated-unsaturated hydrological model STARWARS has been used. The coupled model is used to investigate both the short and long-term dynamics for a system of two species. Both compete for light and water where one is adapted to wet conditions and the other to dry conditions. The daily dynamics show that the influence of groundwater is particularly strong in spring when waterlogging occurs due to decreased evapotranspiration in winter. Long simulation runs of 1000 years were performed to study the equilibrium state for the two species. Comparison of simulation results with observations of groundwater depth and vegetation types along a dry-wet gradient in a natural forest shows that a reductionist approach is able to capture these patterns well. Sensitivity analysis shows that the border between wet- and dry-adapted species moves upslope with increased rainfall, decreased slope angle and decreased aquifer thickness. These results are similar to previous findings which were based on global maximization of ecosystem evaporation or minimizing ecosystem stress. Comparison of runs with a fixed and a dynamic groundwater table shows that a dynamic groundwater table facilitates a wider transition zone between vegetation types along the hill slope. In this transition the biomass of vegetation is higher in the case of a dynamic groundwater than in case of a static groundwater table. This underlines the importance of incorporating spatial groundwater dynamics in models of groundwater influenced ecosystems.     

Geochemical interpretation of cancer maps of Finland

In order to reveal possible cause-and-effect relationships and correlations between geochemical variables and the incidences of various forms of cancer, geochemical maps (soil and groundwater) and cancer maps of Finland are compared using standard methods of correlation analysis. The cancer incidence maps published by the Finnish Cancer Registry and soil and groundwater geochemical maps published by the Geological Survey of Finland, both in colour, were decoded to numerical incidence or concentration values by placing a rectangular grid of 684 evenly spaced observation points over each map representing the entire area of the mainland of Finland,i.e. the points were located at intervals of about 25 kilometres on the ground. Bivariate correlation coefficients were calculated between the variables for cancer incidence and the geochemical data matrices. As a general rule, the results show a low degree of correlation between the variables (r = 0.00 – 0.40), which suggests that the types studied of cancer are not related to the geochemical variables. There are a few possible exceptions, however, such as cancer of the colon in males and females in relation to arsenic and uranium in the soil and hardness of the groundwater, where the Spearman product-moment correlation coefficients are 0.59, 0.55 and 0.51 respectively, so that the cancer case may have a geochemical factor implicated in their aetiology, albeit very vaguely. The relatively high correlation coefficients (0.61, 0.62 and 0.63 respectively) recorded for the dependence of total cancer in females on groundwater hardness and uranium and arsenic in till must be regarded as meaningless in view of the multicausative aetiology of total cancer (all forms combined).     

Relationships between runoff and land degradation on non-cultivated land in the Middle Hills of Nepal

SUMMARY

Rainfall-surface water runoff relationships have been examined for 912 rainfall events during the 1992 and 1993 monsoon seasons on 15 erosion plots on a variety of non-cultivated land uses in the Middle Hills, Nepal. Vegetation cover and type examined ranged from grassland and relatively undisturbed mixed broadleaf forest to subtropical Sal forest, in various states of degradation, and bare ground. Runoff was frequently generated on most plots and often by relatively small rainfall amounts (less than 5 mm) and low rainfall intensities (3 mm/h). Ground cover and canopy cover were significant factors in determining amounts of runoff. Runoff coefficients ranged from 1–2% under grassland and mixed broadleaf forest to 57–64% on the bare sites. Coefficients for Sal forest were between these two extremes; specific values depended on the level of degradation induced by human activity. The most degraded forest sites experienced runoff coefficients of 33%. Ground cover beneath the trees, especially leaf litter, was more effective in reducing runoff than the amount of canopy cover. Canopy cover was more effective during the less intense storms but was ineffective when the rainfall intensity was high. The results suggest that a minimum ground cover of 60% will keep runoff to within 10% of total rainfall amounts for most normal monsoons in the Middle Hills. This will also reduce the risk of gullying and surface soil erosion. It is the nature of the forest that is important and not its total area. In the study area, although the total area under forest had not changed, some of the forest had become more degraded with a corresponding increase in mean runoff rates. Increased runoff can occur even if the area under forest increases. Estimates of levels of degradation based solely on changing forest areas are likely to be inaccurate.