粤北2座饮用水源地水库的富营养化与浮游植物群落动态

粤北地区的水库以山地型水库为主,其中有不少担负着饮用水源的功能。为了解粤北地区水源地水库的富营养化状态与浮游植物种群的动态变化,于2011年的枯水期（2―3月）和丰水期（6―7月）对花山和白水礤2座中型水库进行了采样调查,对水库的营养盐和浮游植物种群进行了分析。结果表明：2座水库均为贫营养型;浮游植物在枯水期和丰水期的种类变化不大,共鉴定出的浮游植物6门37种（属）,以硅藻为主要优势种群,优势种为小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）和颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulata）。同时,枯水期和丰水期2座水库浮游植物的丰度和生物量都比较低,其值分别为0.65×106～1.95×106cells.L-1、0.11 mg.L-1和0.73×106～8.9×106cells.L-1、0.05～0.50 mg.L-1。在浮游植物种群动态中,2座水库浮游植物丰度和生物量的季节变化主要表现为硅藻丰度和生物量的变化,低浓度的氮、磷营养盐限制是影响这2座贫营养水库浮游植物动态变化主要因素。     

南亚热带城市中小型水库蓝藻种类组成及其群落季节动态北大核心CSCD

南亚热带中小型水库是城市重要的水源地和后备水源地.为了解南亚热带地区中小型水库蓝藻的分布情况,于2011年7月（丰水期）和2012年3月（枯水期）调查了该地区25座中小型水库,分析了水库的蓝藻种类组成与群落季节动态特征.25座水库的总氮（TN）浓度范围为0.51-9.37 mg/L;总磷（TP）浓度范围为0.01-0.72 mg/L,富营养水体占80%.本次调查共检出蓝藻20属,蓝纤维藻、泽丝藻、假鱼腥藻和拟柱孢藻为优势丝状蓝藻,细小平列藻、色球藻、粘球藻和隐杆藻为优势球形蓝藻,其中泽丝藻为绝对优势属.丰水期蓝藻生物量为3.19（±4.87）mg/L,枯水期为0.83（±1.06）mg/L,丝状蓝藻全年占优.多元方差分析（MANOVA）表明蓝藻群落季节差异显著（P〈0.05）,方差分析（ANOVA）显示枯水期蓝藻及丝状蓝藻生物量显著低于丰水期（P〈0.05）,球形蓝藻生物量季节变化不明显.多元回归分析表明,丰水期透明度是影响蓝藻生物量的重要原因,枯水期则为TP与pH;冗余分析表明温度、透明度、硝氮与电导率为蓝藻群落季节差异的重要解释变量,其中电导率为丰水期蓝藻分布的重要解释变量;电导率与硝氮为枯水期重要解释变量.整体而言,中小型水库丰水期高温和高营养盐是蓝藻生物量相对较高的主要原因,但由于水体扰动剧烈,导致丝状蓝藻占据优势;温度降低是枯水期蓝藻生物量降低的重要原因.     

高州水库水质与浮游生物动态分析

为评价分析流域治理对水质的影响，于2000年丰水期和枯水期调查了高州水库（石骨库区）营养状态及浮游生物分布，并与历史资料进行比较分析。从2000年的数据来看，水库营养水平属于寡中营养型；丰水期的营养水平，浮游植物丰度及Chl a含量均高于枯水期，丰水期以蓝藻，绿藻和硅藻为主要优势种，而枯水期主要为蓝藻，浮游动物丰度枯水期远高于丰水期，以桡足类的广布中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops leuckarti)，无节幼体，桡足幼体以及枝角类的角突网纹Sao(Ceriodaphnia cornuta)和长额象鼻Sao(Bosmina logirostris)为主，与1988年的数据相比，总磷含量大幅度下降（0.021-0.006mgL^-1)，尽管总氮含量呈上升趋势（0.405-0.820mgL^-1)，但总的营养水平有所下降，浮游生物种类与丰度发生了较大变化。浮游植物种类组成由蓝藻占绝对优势演变为以蓝藻，绿藻和硅藻为主要优势种，浮游动物则由桡足类和枝角类取代原生动物和轮虫，成为主要的优势种群。浮游植物和浮游动物丰度均大幅度下降，说明经过近十年的流域治理，水库水质得到一定的改善。图3表4参19     

南亚热带高产渔业水库——显岗水库敞水区浮游植物群落结构的季节变化特征

显岗水库是当地重要的饮用水水源.于2008年对南亚热带高产渔业水库——显岗水库的水文、水质和浮游植物的调查,分析了该水库敞水区浮游植物群落的结构与变化特征及其影响因子.显岗水库敞水区的总氮和总磷浓度较高,平均浓度分别为0.83mgL-1和0.046mgL-1;叶绿素a浓度的变化范围为11.02～59.34μgL-1.共检出浮游植物129种(属),隶属7门,其中绿藻占优势,共78种,其次为蓝藻和硅藻,分别为25种和16种;丰水期的浮游植物种类数量较枯水期的高.浮游植物丰度和生物量变化范围分别为0.16×108～7.49×108cellsL-1和0.63～5.09mgL-1,分别在5月、2月出现极大值,10月均具有极小值;丰水期的丰度较枯水期的高,生物量则相反.浮游植物丰度主要由蓝藻贡献,生物量则主要由硅藻贡献.拟柱孢藻Cylindrospermopsis sp.、假鱼腥藻Pseudoanabeana sp.、湖丝藻Limnthriox sp.、微小隐球藻Aphanocapsa delicatissima、针晶蓝纤维藻Dactylococcopsis rhaphidioides是主要的丰度优势种,在全年具有绝对的数量优势.小环藻Cyclotella meneghiniana、肘状针杆藻Synedna ulna、颗粒直链藻Melosira granulata、根管藻Rhizosolenia longiseta、曲壳藻Achnanthes exigua、微小隐球藻、假鱼腥藻、针晶蓝纤维藻是主要或常见的生物量优势种.根据统计分析,总磷、透明度、入库流量和降雨量是影响显岗水库敞水区浮游植物变化的主要非生物环境因子.图2表3参26     

广州市典型中小型水库营养状态与蓝藻种群特征

中小型水库是广州市供水的重要水源地和后备水源地,为了解这类水库的富营养化特征以及蓝藻种群的动态,于2010年的枯水期、丰水期对广州市6座典型的中小型水库进行了采样与分析。结果表明：梅州水库、芙蓉嶂水库为贫-中营养型,三坑水库、百花林水库、和龙水库为中-富营养型,洪秀全水库为富营养型,水库营养状态指数季节变化差异不显著。在同一座水库中,水力滞留时间越长,营养状态指数越高;在不同水库之间,营养状态指数与集雨区内人类活动影响有关。6座水库蓝藻生物量的季节变化明显,受水温和水体稳定性的影响,枯水期蓝藻生物量在0.14~171.8μg.L-1之间,占浮游植物总生物量的0.1%~10.0%;丰水期蓝藻生物量在0.013~32.8 mg.L-1之间,占浮游植物总生物量的6.5%~97.0%。不同营养状态的水库之间蓝藻的生物量和种类差异明显,受营养盐和水力滞留时间的影响,梅州水库、芙蓉嶂水库蓝藻生物量在0.1~16μg.L-1之间,主要种类为泽丝藻（Limnothrix redekei）、卷曲鱼腥藻（Anabaena pertuthate）、水华微囊藻（Microcystis flos-aquae）、粘球藻（Gloeocapsa sp.）;三坑水库、百花林水库、和龙水库蓝藻生物量在0.057~32.8 mg.L-1之间,主要优势种为拟柱孢藻（Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii）、泽丝藻、假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena limnetica）;洪秀全水库蓝藻生物量在0.107~2.637 mg.L-1之间,主要优势种为阿氏颤藻（Oscillatoria agardhii）、水华微囊藻、卷曲鱼腥藻。     

两座高原水库蓝藻群落结构与微囊藻毒素的分布对比研究

为了了解贵州高原水库蓝藻群落组成特征和微囊藻毒素分布,于2009年10月对贵州高原2座水库——万峰湖和百花湖采样调查。结果表明：万峰湖以蓝藻为主要优势藻,蓝藻中的拟柱孢藻（Cylindrospermopsis sp.）占绝对优势,浮游植物丰度在13.05×104～55.80×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值占到了总量的82.55%,6个采样点中有3个（大坝、野鸭滩和革布）检出了微囊藻毒素MC-RR,且有1个点（革布）质量浓度超标,另外3个点（坝艾、坝达章和九里堡）未检出;百花湖以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同构成优势藻,蓝藻中的假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena limnetica）是主要优势藻,浮游植物丰度在6.16×104～65.00×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值在总体中所占比例为33.25%,3个采样点（大坝、岩脚寨和码头）均未检出微囊藻毒素。形成2个高原水库蓝藻群落结构和微囊藻毒素分布差异的原因可能是：2个水库中氮、磷营养盐水平不同引起浮游植物群落组成不同,进而导致了微囊藻毒素的分布出现差异。     

南亚热带城市中小型水库蓝藻种类组成及其群落季节动态

南亚热带中小型水库是城市重要的水源地和后备水源地.为了解南亚热带地区中小型水库蓝藻的分布情况,于2011年7月(丰水期)和2012年3月(枯水期)调查了该地区25座中小型水库,分析了水库的蓝藻种类组成与群落季节动态特征.25座水库的总氮(TN)浓度范围为0.51-9.37 mg/L;总磷(TP)浓度范围为0.01-0.72 mg/L,富营养水体占80%.本次调查共检出蓝藻20属,蓝纤维藻、泽丝藻、假鱼腥藻和拟柱孢藻为优势丝状蓝藻,细小平列藻、色球藻、粘球藻和隐杆藻为优势球形蓝藻,其中泽丝藻为绝对优势属.丰水期蓝藻生物量为3.19(±4.87)mg/L,枯水期为0.83(±1.06)mg/L,丝状蓝藻全年占优.多元方差分析(MANOVA)表明蓝藻群落季节差异显著(P0.05),方差分析(ANOVA)显示枯水期蓝藻及丝状蓝藻生物量显著低于丰水期(P0.05),球形蓝藻生物量季节变化不明显.多元回归分析表明,丰水期透明度是影响蓝藻生物量的重要原因,枯水期则为TP与pH;冗余分析表明温度、透明度、硝氮与电导率为蓝藻群落季节差异的重要解释变量,其中电导率为丰水期蓝藻分布的重要解释变量;电导率与硝氮为枯水期重要解释变量.整体而言,中小型水库丰水期高温和高营养盐是蓝藻生物量相对较高的主要原因,但由于水体扰动剧烈,导致丝状蓝藻占据优势;温度降低是枯水期蓝藻生物量降低的重要原因.     

粤北2座不同营养水平水库浮游植物功能类群的季节演替

于2011年1—12月对广东省韶关市白水礤水库和苍村水库这2座中型居民供水水库进行每月1次、为期1a的采样,利用营养状态指数(TSI)进行水质综合评价,将水库中的浮游植物按功能类群进行分类,并结合水库的水文、水质和浮游植物的生境特征,分析全年优势功能类群的演替特点及其主要的环境影响因子。结果表明,白水礤水库为贫营养型水库,苍村水库为低中营养型水库,全年共检出浮游植物7门45属(种),可划分为16个功能类群,其中,白水礤水库全年以适应低营养盐环境的功能类群占优势,耐富营养化的功能类群仅在丰水期有检出;而苍村水库全年都能监测到耐富营养环境的功能类群,且在丰水期明显占优势,但在枯水期和平水期因营养盐含量的降低,演变为以适应低营养盐环境的功能类群为主。营养盐含量的不同是导致2座水库浮游植物功能类群产生差异的根本原因,而因降水季节的变化所致水体环境因子的变化则是造成2座水库浮游植物功能类群演替不可忽视的因素。     

两座高原水库蓝藻群落结构与微囊藻毒素的分布对比研究

为了了解贵州高原水库蓝藻群落组成特征和微囊藻毒素分布,于2009年10月对贵州高原2座水库——万峰湖和百花湖采样调查。结果表明:万峰湖以蓝藻为主要优势藻,蓝藻中的拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis sp.)占绝对优势,浮游植物丰度在13.05×104～55.80×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值占到了总量的82.55%,6个采样点中有3个(大坝、野鸭滩和革布)检出了微囊藻毒素MC-RR,且有1个点(革布)质量浓度超标,另外3个点(坝艾、坝达章和九里堡)未检出;百花湖以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同构成优势藻,蓝藻中的假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena limnetica)是主要优势藻,浮游植物丰度在6.16×104～65.00×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值在总体中所占比例为33.25%,3个采样点(大坝、岩脚寨和码头)均未检出微囊藻毒素。形成2个高原水库蓝藻群落结构和微囊藻毒素分布差异的原因可能是:2个水库中氮、磷营养盐水平不同引起浮游植物群落组成不同,进而导致了微囊藻毒素的分布出现差异。     

具有短水力滞留的小型富营养化水库浮游植物群落结构与动态

竹仙洞水库是珠海市对澳门直接供水的水库,也是拱北水厂的重要的水源地.于2006年4月到12月,每2月一次调查了竹仙洞水库水文、水质和浮游植物分布,分析了浮游植物群落季节动态特征.浮游植种类不多,5次采样共检到61种.在丰度上,浮游植物主要以衣藻(Chlamydomonas sp.)、小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、游丝藻(Planktonema sp.)和隐藻(Cryptomonas sp.)等优势种为主,在生物量上以绿藻和硅藻为优势类群.蓝藻在竹仙洞水库的相对优势并不明显.应用典范对应分析(CCA)对竹仙洞水库浮游植物与环境因子关系分析,环境因子中的pH值、水位、正磷和水力滞留时间对浮游植物的分布影响最大;而透明度和降雨量对其也有一定的影响.从种类分布状况看,衣藻、游丝藻、隐藻对水体中环境因子的敏感性明显高于其它种类,这些种类的相对丰度在低温、低水位和较长水力滞留时间的4月份较高;硅藻门的直链藻(Melosira spp.)、菱形藻(Nitzchia sp.)和裸藻门的梭裸藻(Euglena acus)3种细胞体积较大的种类分布主要受降雨量和透明度的影响,在6月、8月和12月具有较高的相对丰度.与其它热带-亚热带富营养型水库相比,竹仙洞水库的浮游植物群落具有种类相对较少、以绿藻丰度较大的特点;直径在20 μm以上的鞭毛绿藻和丝状绿藻以及细胞较小的硅藻门的小环藻是生物量的主要贡献者,短水力滞留时间是浮游植物群落结构与动态变化的关键控制因子.     

Comparison of the sedimentation of a diatom spring bloom and of a subsurface chlorophyll maximum

The seasonal pattern of sedimentation was determined over a 8-mo investigation period covering the productive season at a permanent station in the Southern Kattegat (Denmark) in 1990. The phytoplankton succession was characterised by a 4-mo long subsurface maximum associated with the pycnocline which was entirely dominated by the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum. The bulk sedimentation of organic matter took place during this period and accounted for >60% of the annual particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) sedimentation. The spring bloom period contributed 60% of the sedimentation of intact phytoplankton cells, but only 20% of the POC and PON sedimentation. A minor fraction of the sedimenting matter from the subsurface phytoplankton maximum consisted of intact phytoplankton (<20%), suggesting that the phytoplankton was processed by heterotrophs and that it was mainly products from this activity which contributed to thevertical flux of organic matter. The variation in oxygen concentration below the pycnocline coincided with the pattern of sedimentation with a delay of 3 to 6 wk.     

不同生态工程组合系统对南方水源地污水的净化效果

于2010年6月(丰水期)和11月(枯水期),对我国南方水源地农村生活污水处理系统(系统Ⅰ)以及农田排水处理系统(系统Ⅱ)的常规污染物和藻类进行调查,分析比较两个系统对常规污染物以及藻类的去除效果.结果表明,系统Ⅰ出水中的生化需氧量、化学耗氧量、总磷、总氮和悬浮物等指标均符合《国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)回用水要求,该系统中共监测出浮游植物6门53属74种,系统Ⅰ丰水期对藻类细胞总密度和叶绿素a的去除率分别为87.71%和58.87%,枯水期为95.73%和58.57%;系统Ⅱ出水中的生化需氧量、化学耗氧量、总磷、总氮和氨氮等指标优于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅳ类水标准,该系统监测出浮游植物6门48属66种,系统Ⅱ丰水期对藻类细胞总密度和叶绿素a的去除率分别为62.43%和72.25%,系统Ⅱ丰水期的藻类处理效果优于枯水期.对两个系统的水质净化效果进行比较,系统Ⅰ对总氮、藻类细胞密度、叶绿素a的去除效果优于系统Ⅱ,系统Ⅱ对氨氮的去除效果优于系统Ⅰ.两种生态工程组合系统的水质净化效果明显,能为南方类似水源地污水处理和水生生态态系统恢复提供技术支持.图3表2参33     

Abundance and seasonal variations of phytoplankton in the creek waters of western mangrove of Kachchh-Gujarat

The phytoplankton was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in regard to their abundance in creek waters at three sites along the western mangrove of Kachchh. In total one hundred and four species of phytoplankton were identified. Among them 82 species diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), 16 species dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae), 3 species blue greens (Cyanophyceae) and 2 species were green algae. The density in all the three sites varied from 94,166.67 to 2,44,500 cells l(-1). The salinity ranged from 36 to 44 per thousand, temperature 17 to 35 degrees C and pH ranged from 7 to 8.9 respectively. These semi arid zone mangrove creek area having high densities were recorded during monsoon and early winter season.     

Small-scale gradients of phytoplankton productivity in the littoral fringe

Inshore-offshore transects and time-series sampling programs were carried out on the South shore of the St. Lawrence Estuary on several occasions during the summer season of 1978, 1979 and 1986. In 1981, a time-series sampling program was also conducted on three occasions during the summer. The sampling program was carried out to test the hypothesis that higher phytoplankton biomass and productivity occurs in the littoral zone than in the offshore zone. Our results showed consistently higher nutrient concentrations and lower seasonal variability in the littoral zone than offshore. However, biomass indicators (chlorophyll concentrations and phytoplankton cell counts) showed lower values nearshore than offshore, in contrast to primary production and photosynthetic capacity which were higher nearshore than offshore. These differences are interpreted with reference to the grazing activity of benthic filter-feeders, which probably helped to reduce the phytoplankton biomass in the littoral zone, while at the same time, they contributed to the rapid recycling of nutrients, thereby allowing much higher phytoplankton productivity nearshore than offshore. These results are in keeping with the ecological concept suggesting that exploitation can have a rejuvenating effect on an ecosystem which often is translated into enhanced productivity.     

Seven years from the first application of polyaluminium chloride in the Czech Republic – effects on phytoplankton communities in three water bodies

This study determines the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride application on phytoplankton species as a consequence of five reservoir restorations in the Czech Republic during the years 2005 and 2008, including the first ever large-scale application. Although polyaluminium chloride has been used in water treatment plants across the world, information about its application toward cyanobacterial blooms in nature is poor. Although the application of polyaluminium chloride did not cause any fundamental long-term changes in the composition of phytoplankton species or phosphorus load, instead causing fast and acute removal of the phytoplankton community, it may act as an algicidal compound with fast removal efficiency. All treated water bodies described in our study remained unaffected by cyanobacterial blooms and the hygienic limit for the purposes of recreation was not exceeded in any particular season. This article should serve as notice of the advantages and disadvantages of polyaluminium chloride application, and also warn against the uniform usage of this chemical as a method of reducing phytoplankton species in all types of water bodies where cyanobacteria are present. Moreover, data about the effects on non-target (invertebrates) species and microcystin release from cyanobacterial cells are also mentioned.     

Food utilisation of pelagic mysids, Mysis mixta and M. relicta, during their growing season in the northern Baltic Sea

The dietary habits of the pelagic mysid Mysismixta were studied during its growing season at an open sea location in the Gulf of Finland, the northern Baltic Sea. Stomach samples were taken twice a month from June to September 1997. The most abundant phytoplankton taxa in the stomachs were diatoms and dinoflagellates, and copepods and cladocerans were the most abundant zooplankton identified. A clear change was found in the diets during the study period. Small mysids (3 to 6 mm) fed on sedimented phytoplankton in the early summer (90% benthic particles in June) but shifted gradually to a more pelagic and carnivorous diet (>40% pelagic particles, consisting of ca. 60% zooplankton in September). Seasonal changes in mysid capture ability as well as food availability were suggested to affect the diet composition of mysids during their growth. The ratio of pelagic and benthic food particles could – irrespective of the season – be explained by mysid size, whereas the zooplankton:phytoplankton ratio was better explained by season. The stomach analysis suggests that the mysids needed to attain a threshold size of 8 to 11 mm to initiate feeding on the more evasive copepods. Mysids also started to grow faster at the same time as the proportion of copepods increased in the diet, which suggests that copepods are an important energy source for M. mixta in late summer. Finally, a comparison was made between the M. mixta diet and that of the less abundant M. relicta. The diets of the two pelagic mysid species overlapped by 75% (Schoener's index). The main difference was due to M. mixta eating more zooplankton and pelagic material than M. relicta. Received: 15 September 1999 / Accepted: 18 January 2000     

The Baltic Sea spring phytoplankton bloom in a changing climate: an experimental approach

The response of the Baltic Sea spring bloom was studied in mesocosm experiments, where temperatures were elevated up to 6°C above the present-day sea surface temperature of the spring bloom season. Four of the seven experiments were carried out at different light levels (32–202?Wh?m^?2 at the start of the experiments) in the different experimental years. In one further experiment, the factors light and temperature were crossed, and in one experiment, the factors density of overwintering zooplankton and temperature were crossed. Overall, there was a slight temporal acceleration of the phytoplankton spring bloom, a decline of peak biomass and a decline of mean cell size with warming. The temperature influence on phytoplankton bloom timing, biomass and size structure was qualitatively highly robust across experiments. The dependence of timing, biomass, and size structure on initial conditions was tested by multiple regression analysis of the y-temperature regressions with the candidate independent variables initial light, initial phytoplankton biomass, initial microzooplankton biomass, and initial mesozooplankton (=copepod) biomass. The bloom timing predicted for mean temperatures (5.28°C) depended on light. The peak biomass showed a strong positive dependence on light and a weaker negative dependence on initial copepod density. Mean phytoplankton cell size predicted for the mean temperature responded positively to light and negatively to copepod density. The anticipated mismatch between phytoplankton supply and food demand by newly hatched copepod nauplii occurred only under the combination of low light and warm temperatures. The analysis presented here confirms earlier conclusions about temperature responses that are based on subsets of our experimental series. However, only the comprehensive analysis across all experiments highlights the importance of the factor light.