珠江三角洲两条主要河流沉积物中的典型内分泌干扰物污染状况

为了调查珠江三角洲河流沉积物中典型内分泌干扰物的污染状况,采用超声提取-衍生化-GC/MS法研究了双酚A（BPA）、雌酮（E1）、雌二醇（E2）、己烯雌酚（DES）、17α-乙炔雌二醇（EE2）、雌三醇（E3）等典型内分泌干扰物在珠江广州河段和东江东莞河段表层沉积物中的质量分数水平、分布特征,并对其来源进行了分析。结果显示,BPA在所有样品中均有检出,E1和E2的检出率分别为72%和61%,其质量分数（以干质量计）分别在14.3～429.5 ng.g-1之间（中值为79.5 ng.g-1）、〈1.3～10.9ng.g-1之间（中值为3.4 ng.g-1）和〈0.9～2.6 ng.g-1之间（中值为1.6 ng.g-1）;其余几种雌激素均未被检出。东江东莞河段沉积物中BPA的污染水平整体高于珠江广州河段,而天然雌激素的污染状况则是珠江广州河段更为严重。3种化合物的质量分数总体呈现出沿河口方向降低的分布特征,这可能与沿岸工业废水和生活污水不规则排放以及水动力条件有关。BPA、E1、E2的质量分数均与沉积物总有机碳（TOC）质量分数呈正相关,表明有机质是控制沉积物中内分泌干扰物分布的一个重要因素。     

珠江广州河段表层水中雌激素化合物的污染状况

分析了珠江广州河段枯水期表层水中雌激素化合物的污染状况.结果表明,在所有样品中均检测出了双酚A(BPA)和雌酮(E1),其浓度范围分别为97.8-540.6 ng·1-1(中值为145.9 ng·1-1)和2.5-8.2ng·1-1(中值为4.5 ng·1-1);两种化合物的最高值都出现在前航道的东圃大桥,最低值则在黄埔水道的黄埔港,其空间分布主要与沿途生活污水和工业废水的排放有关.     

内分泌干扰物在珠三角河水多相中的分配及风险

为探究典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)在多相体系中的分配作用及其生态风险,利用切向流超滤、固相萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用等分析方法,对珠江广州河段和东江东莞河段水/胶体/悬浮颗粒中的辛基酚(OP)、4-壬基酚(NP)、双酚A(BPA)、雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、己烯雌酚(DES)、17α-乙炔雌二醇(EE2)、雌三醇(E3)展开了研究。结果发现,约60%的酚类雌激素存在于水相,约30%存在于胶体相,约10%赋存于颗粒相。DES、E2、EE2、E3在所有样品中均未检出。此外,NP、BPA的含量与溶解性有机碳(DOC)和颗粒态有机碳(POC)含量均呈正相关关系。溶解相中OP、NP、BPA、E1的溶解有机碳归一化含量与特定紫外吸收(SUVA254)均呈正相关,表明溶解有机质与EDCs之间可能通过π-π作用相结合,其作用强度与芳香度有关。OP、NP、BPA在颗粒物/水、胶体/水间的原位有机碳归一化分配系数的对数值(log Koc、log Kcoc)分别为:4.41±0.69、4.60±0.32、4.30±0.43和5.35±0.42、5.69±0.50、5.51±0.77,显示出胶体对EDCs有更高的吸附能力。两条河流的风险商数(RQ)在0.39~2.01之间,其中珠江广州河段为高风险区(RQ平均值为1.5),东江东莞河段为中风险区(RQ平均值为0.75),且底层水的风险高于表层水。     

珠江广州河段及其邻近河流表层沉积物中烷基酚的污染状况

为确定珠江广州河段及其邻近河流水体沉积物中烷基酚的时空分布状况,对该河段表层沉积物采样并应用气相色谱-质谱单离子扫描模式进行了烷基酚(APs)含量分析。结果表明壬基酚(NP)和辛基酚(OP)在样品中均有检出,其含量(以干质量计)范围分别在36.04～24694.10ng·g-1之间(中值为3717.52ng·g-1)和0.36～498.54ng·g-1之间(中值为21.10ng·g-1);珠江广州河段整体含量明显高于其邻近支流各采样点。所研究的表层沉积物样品中烷基酚含量普遍高于世界上其它都市和工业中心附近地区的污染水平,其中壬基酚含量均低于对摇蚊属昆虫(Chironomus riparius)的10d半致死浓度(LC50),但两个含量最高值均已与壬基酚对小虾(shrimp)的亚急性毒性最低效应浓度(LOEC)相接近,且大部分样品中的辛基酚含量都超过了对淡水螺(Potamopyrgus antipodarum)的8周最低效应浓度值(LOEC)标准。因此,烷基酚对该区生物造成的生态风险是一个必须加以认真对待的问题。     

珠江三角洲河流饮用水源中的环境内分泌干扰物及其风险

在极低的环境暴露水平(ng·L~(-1)—μg·L~(-1)),环境内分泌干扰物(EEDs)就能对水生物的生殖、发育功能产生不利影响,甚至可能威胁到饮用水源的安全。为深入了解珠江水源水中EEDs的污染现状,采用全自动固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用(FASPE-GC/MS)法对珠江三角洲河流饮用水源地中EEDs的含量分布和季节变异进行了调查,并评价了其潜在的生态风险。结果发现,EEDs广泛存在于珠三角水源水中,总EEDs(ΣEEDs)的质量浓度在26.8—2 460 ng·L~(-1)之间,平均值和中值分别为775、325 ng·L~(-1);其中辛基酚(OP)、壬基酚(NP)、双酚A(BPA)和雌酮(E1)的质量浓度范围(平均值/中值)分别为LOQ (定量限)—121 ng·L~(-1)(42.9/15.2 ng·L~(-1))、15.2—2 270 ng·L~(-1)(821/338 ng·L~(-1))、1.19—177 ng·L~(-1)(56.21/52.0ng·L~(-1))、nd (未检出)—2.5 ng·L~(-1)(0.9 ng·L~(-1)/LOQ)。各水源地EEDs总体污染水平:东江东莞段流溪河下游西江北江,丰水期ΣEEDs的质量浓度显著高于枯水期(P0.05)。与国内外相关研究结果相比,珠三角河流水源水中EEDs的污染处于中高水平。丰水/枯水期水源水中OP、NP、BPA、E1的风险商(RQ)平均值分别为0.47/0.13、2.25/0.6、0.05/0.08、0.18/0.07,可见OP、BPA、E1在两季均呈中低风险水平,NP则呈中高风险水平。丰水期和枯水期饮用水源地EEDs的危害指数(HI)范围(平均值)分别为0.28—6.05(2.95)、0.045—3.23(0.88),表明丰水期的风险水平总体高于枯水期(P0.05)。两季高风险点(HI1)占总点位的41.7%,均出现在流溪河下游和东江东莞段,表明以上水源地处于高生态风险水平,已对当地水生生物及饮用水安全形成严重威胁;西江和北江的饮用水源地则处于中低风险水平。     

温榆河沉积物中壬基酚和双酚A的分布

采用GC/MS对温榆河上游及干流的主要排污口、重点闸坝、主要入河口等河段表层沉积物中的壬基酚(NPs)和双酚A(BPA)进行了分析测定. 结果表明,样品中普遍检出NPs和BPA,浓度范围分别为125-8157.9 ng·g-1和0.6-59.6 ng·g-1. 其浓度水平与水中总有机碳(TOC),总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)具有显著的正相关,结合采样点周边入河污染源的分布情况,判断其主要来自沿岸入河排污口和污染支流.     

小清河(济南段)支流内分泌干扰物综合激素效应分布特征研究

应用化学诱导荧光素酶表达基因法(chemical activated luciferase gene expression,CALUX)调研了小清河(济南段)主要支流的多种内分泌干扰物综合激素效应,明确了4类内分泌干扰物的含量水平及分布特征.结果表明,调研河流的二噁英类、雌激素类和肾上腺皮质激素类的年平均毒性当量浓度范围为0.020～0.040 ng 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ·L-1、0.007～0.050 ng E2-eq·L-1和1.8～9.6 ng Dex-eq·L-1.二噁英类和雌激素类的含量水平相对较低,雄激素类内分泌干扰物的污染风险较低,肾上腺皮质激素类是其内分泌干扰物污染的最大贡献者.二噁英类检出水平无明显的季节性和区域性差别,雌激素类季节性变化明显,春、冬两季检出率高,肾上腺皮质激素类分布的季节性分布不明显,但区域性分布规律明显,农业区支流的检出频次和含量水平明显低于居民区和商业区支流.     

珠江三角洲淡水养殖沉积物及鱼体中DDTs和PAHs的残留与风险分析

采用GC-ECD和GC-MS分析了珠江三角洲淡水养殖鱼塘沉积物及鱼体中DDTs、PAHs的质量分数。结果表明,珠江三角洲地区鱼塘积物中DDTs质量分数范围为2.87～8.25ng·g-1,PAHs质量分数分布在61.76～196.05ng·g-1(干物质量)之间;鳙鱼、草鱼等5种鱼肌肉样品中DDTs质量分数为5.47～125.27ng·g-(1湿质量),PAHs质量分数为30.94～410.06ng·g-1(湿质量),5个品种鱼体内DDTs质量分数均未超过国家食用卫生标准。部分鱼塘中含有o,p’-DDT和p,p'-DDT,表明近期曾受到DDT污染。生态风险分析表明,珠江三角洲部分地区DDTs污染生态风险较高。     

黄浦江上游水源地中31种内分泌干扰物的分布特征以及生态风险评价

本文研究了雄激素、雌激素、孕激素、糖皮质激素和工业化合物等5类31种环境内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)在黄浦江上游水源地中的空间分布特征,并采用风险熵值法(risk quotient, RQ)对水体中EDCs的生态风险进行了评价.黄浦江上游水源地9个采样点糖皮质激素和孕激素均未检出,工业化合物双酚类检出率100%.大多物质最高检出浓度10 ng·L~(-1),而双酚A (BPA)检出浓度最高(26.00—64.32 ng·L~(-1)).黄浦江以工业化合物和雌激素类物质污染为主,BPA为各采样点的主要污染物.莲西大桥EDCs总浓度最高(103.66 ng·L~(-1)),水库入口总浓度最低(40.16 ng·L~(-1)).太浦河上游工业化合物类浓度较下游高,雌激素类最高浓度检出点为汾湖大桥(11.70 ng·L~(-1)).与国内外地表水中EDCs检出浓度比较,黄浦江上游水源地中EDCs处于中低等污染水平.对己烯雌酚(DES)、雌三醇(E3)、BPA、双酚S (BPS)等4种EDCs进行生态风险评价,RQ范围为0.006-2.5,BPS表现出较高的环境风险(RQ=2.5).     

A~2/O工艺处理污水中雌激素活性和典型雌激素水平变化

针对水环境中内分泌干扰物低浓度、难去除和高危害的特点,为全面了解污水处理过程中雌激素水平和效应的变化情况,采用HPLC-UV-FLD分析了污水中4种固醇类雌激素的浓度水平,采用重组酵母菌雌激素筛检法(YES)评价了城市污水处理流程(A~2/O)中污水的雌激素活性,同时采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测污水处理过程中雌二醇(E2)的浓度水平。结果表明,出水中雌酮(E1)质量浓度最高,为87.97 ng·L~(-1),雌二醇(E2)质量浓度最低,为5.50 ng·L~(-1),固醇类雌激素水平去除率为88.83%~95.69%。A~2/O系统对雌激素活性的去除率为73.33%,但出水仍具有一定的雌激素活性,雌激素当量EEQ为1.92 ng·L~(-1)。ELSIA检测得雌二醇(E2)质量浓度为10.01~82.82 ng·L~(-1),去除率为88.23%,与YES法检测结果具有一致性。ELISA检测可以成为体外检测的一个重要补充。     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

The impact of the Jonglei Canal on the economy of the local people

The idea of saving the water lost in the ‘Sudd’ swamp through evaporation was conceived by Egypt and Sudan for their own interests, but not for those of the Nilotic peoples living in the flood plain. Concern for the local development was only taken into consideration after the 1974 Juba riots, when three people were killed and 200 arrested. The canal has caused displacement of people from their settlements and is blocking the seasonal movement of livestock and wildlife. Conflict may arise over the use of land for grazing or irrigation. The Nilotics are concerned about the possible negative environmental impact, and the loss of their cultural identity. They maintain that Egypt should pay them monetary compensation for the disruption that the canal has caused to their livelihood.

This paper assesses the impact that the Jonglei canal project will have on the economy of the Nilotics; traces the historical development of the project; outlines the social, political and economic organization of the Nilotics; and assesses the impact the project will have on the local population. The paper concludes by casting doubt on the benefits the canal will bring to the Nilotics.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。     

浅谈校园网ARP欺骗攻击与防御

ARP欺骗木马病毒是校园网络中经常出现的病毒攻击形式．基于ARP协议的概念和工作原理,并通过分析ARP欺骗的工作原理,提出了几种可行的解决ARP欺骗攻击的实用方法,以达到防范并解决ARP欺骗的目的．参5．