农村水污染治理驱动因素的利益相关者识别

引入利益相关者理论对我国农村水污染治理减低污染风险的驱动因素进行了识别。通过对农村水污染系统内的利益相关者进行界定,划分了政府、农村社区居民和社会力量3个利益群体,并通过Binary Logistic回归模型对3个利益群体的驱动力进行量化分析,经实证模型检验表明,反映政府作用的考核机制（含财政投入与监管能力）、反映社会力量的社会资金投入以及反映农村社区作用的自主管理能力和居民环保投入所占比重的发生比（OR值）分别为2.248、1.725、1.525和1.236,表明政府主导对减轻农村水污染起关键作用,社会力量和农民社区自身多方发挥作用对降低农村水污染风险的影响也是显著的。     

广州社区居民通勤碳排放特征及其影响机理

通勤行为作为城市居民交通出行的主要组成部分,通勤碳排放的有效控制成为低碳交通发展的重点。以广州4个典型社区为例,构建结构方程模型,基于居民日常通勤行为的微观角度测算社区居民通勤碳排放,深入分析社区居民通勤碳排放的影响机理。结果表明：小汽车通勤成为居民高碳通勤的最主要因素;通勤距离和方式是决定社区居民通勤碳排放的两个直接影响因素;相对于个体社会经济属性和居民态度偏好来说,居住空间环境变量对于居民通勤碳排放的影响更为显著;居民态度偏好对于居民未来的通勤方式将起一定的作用,在公共交通通勤群体对小汽车通勤的强烈欲望以及小汽车通勤群体对小汽车通勤的行为依赖双重因素的推动下,若技术、政策和空间环境保持不变,随着经济社会的发展,未来通勤高碳化趋势明显。     

绿色生产力:一个亚洲可持续发展的手段

绿色生产力的概念是由亚洲生产力组织(APO)提出的.绿色生产力是一种提高生产率和环境性能的战略.它的目的是要确保社会-经济的均衡发展,使得人类生活质量能够可持续性改善.在提高获利性和竞争优势的同时,运用适当的生产力与环境管理手段、技术和工艺,能够降低团体活动、产品和服务所造成的环境影响.利益相关者群体(包括政府、工业界和学术界)提出了改革建议,就是希望能够得到更大的可持续能力     

绿色生产力:一个亚洲可持续发展的手段

绿色生产力的概念是由亚洲生产力组织(APO)提出的.绿色生产力是一种提高生产率和环境性能的战略.它的目的是要确保社会-经济的均衡发展,使得人类生活质量能够可持续性改善.在提高获利性和竞争优势的同时,运用适当的生产力与环境管理手段、技术和工艺,能够降低团体活动、产品和服务所造成的环境影响.利益相关者群体(包括政府、工业界和学术界)提出了改革建议,就是希望能够得到更大的可持续能力.     

小型农村社区尾水排放通道底泥内源释放特征

随着农村社区不断聚落化,农村生活污水逐步从分散排放转为中小规模集中排放,研究中小规模农村社区的污水排放特征及环境影响是我国农村水污染控制的重要课题之一.本文选取四川绵阳某小型农村社区为研究对象,监测经简易化粪池集中处理后生活污水的NH_3-N和COD排放特征,并采用元素分析和内源静态模拟释放实验研究了该社区排水通道中底泥累积与释放污染物的特性.结果表明,该社区集中排放的生活污水水质较差,致使排水河道严重污染,底泥二次污染风险高.该社区集中排放的生活污水中NH_3-N浓度范围为2.9—40.3 mg·L~(-1);COD浓度范围为33—59 mg·L~(-1).10年的排放使得社区尾水排放通道底泥污染累积明显,TN含量高达1150—4050 mg·kg~(-1).底泥内源释放风险不可忽略,主要释放污染物为NH_3-N,在UP水中最大释放浓度为3.1 mg·L~(-1),在上覆水中最大释放浓度为5.9 mg·L~(-1),均高于GB3838—2002 (Ⅴ)类地表水标准.因此,NH_3-N应作为农村社区生活污水排放标准中的关键控制指标、也应是分散式生活污水处理设施升级的关键控制指标.低成本NH_3-N简易去除装置的研究及推广对降低分散式生活污水排放风险具有重要的意义.     

绿色生产力:一个亚洲可持续发展的手段

绿色生产力的概念是由亚洲生产力组织(APO)提出的.绿色生产力是一种提高生产率和环境性能的战略.它的目的是要确保社会-经济的均衡发展,使得人类生活质量能够可持续性改善.在提高获利性和竞争优势的同时,运用适当的生产力与环境管理手段、技术和工艺,能够降低团体活动、产品和服务所造成的环境影响.利益相关者群体(包括政府、工业界和学术界)提出了改革建议,就是希望能够得到更大的可持续能力.     

绿色生产力：一个亚洲可持续发展的手段

绿色生产力的概念是由亚洲生产力组织（APO）提出的，绿色生产力是一种提高生产率和环境性能的战略，它的目的是要确保社会-经济的均衡发展，使得人类生活质量能够可持续性改善，在提高获利性和竞争优势的同时，运用适当的生产力与环境管理手段、技术和工艺，能够降低团体活动、产品和服务所造成的环境影响，利益相关者群体（包括政府、工业界和学术界）提出了改革建议，就是希望能够得到更大的可持续能力。     

基于公众视角的中小化工企业环境风险研究

中小化工企业尽管能给当地政府带来可观的社会和经济效益,但同时也对其周边环境和居民健康造成严重威胁,已成为影响地方可持续发展的重要隐患。然而,公众如何看待中小化工企业造成的环境风险、企业与政府的环境管理和污染改善策略如何,目前还鲜有深入研究。本文基于河北省X县化工厂周边居民问卷调查(N=550),旨在了解公众对当地化工厂环境风险及管理的认知状况,分析影响公众环境风险认知的主要因素,并提出相应的政策建议。结果表明:了解化工厂管理情况和环保局监督情况的受访者分别占10.9%和7.5%;64%的受访者认为化工企业建成后环境质量变差,受访者认为化工厂给当地环境质量和居民健康带来风险的可能性比带来社会、经济利益的可能性更大。Spearman相关分析表明,受访者教育程度、家庭收入、生活经历等都会影响受访者的风险认知情况。最后基于调查结果从政府、企业环境信息的及时发布、化工企业排污管理以及政府、企业与公众的风险沟通方面提出改善管理的举措。     

南非两个自然旅游经营项目中的当地社区受益体系

南非的两个自然旅游经营项目-尼加拉私人狩猎保护区和洛克泰尔湾已经建立了完全不同的当地社区受益体系.一个是靠独立的外部捐款资助,另一个是通过分红利.本文阐述了利益管理机制以及每个体系对附近居民的影响.居民的一些受益（如就业、企业家机遇、资源利用、对传统仪式的支持）与正式的社区受益体系没有直接关系.     

虚拟生态产业链的稳定性研究

以虚拟产业链的稳定性作为研究的着力点,对影响虚拟产业链的稳定性的风险因素进行分析,其中包括市场风险因素、技术成本风险因素、交易风险因素等,针对这些影响因素,并给出风险防范体系,即虚拟产业链的风险防范内生体系和外生体系:内生体系是指在虚拟产业链的本身内部网络中建立的风险防范机制、对策、方法措施等,如检查机制、激励机制、利润/风险分担机制和清算机制,而外生体系是指对虚拟生态产业链的风险起防范作用的法律法规、信用和传媒等社会体系的总和。从而从生态产业链内外部整体资源的协同利用和利益相关者的协同效用两方面来提高虚拟产业链的稳定性。     

Decentralized wastewater treatment technologies and management in Chinese villages

Problems treating sewage in rural areas in China have attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, only 6% of rural areas had spray drainage and wastewater treatment systems by the end of 2010. It is necessary to assess the technologies currently used so that sewage treatment in rural areas can be developed appropriately, to provide reliable and affordable waste- water treatment, in these areas. We evaluated the sewage treatment technologies currently used in rural areas by conducting case studies on 62 facilities that had each been operating for at least one year. Our study was carried out between 2009 and 2011, and the aim was to assess the situation during that period and assess any problems involved in decentralized sewage treatment in villages. We found that decentralized sewage treatment is the most popular wastewater treatment method in villages, and that the most common primary treatment technology used in rural areas is the septic tank. Our investigation highlights the need to establish standards for assessing effluent quality, including a range of target pollutants. Our results also show that effluents should be reused to meet the local environmental requirements in different areas, especially in ecologically sensitive areas.     

Are we leaving the community out of rural community sustainability?

SUMMARY

The Rio Earth Summit and publication and distribution of Agenda 21 (UN, 1992) have generated much activity in many nations towards development and implementation of community indicators of sustainable development (SI). In recent years efforts at development and implementation of SI have intensified at regional and urban government levels, although fewer efforts are evident at a rural community level. In response to initial ad hoc efforts, methodologies for SI construction are currently being proposed, tested and refined. Within this evolutionary process, increasing recognition is being given to the critical need for, and importance of, ‘stakeholder’ involvement in SI development and implementation. This paper critically reviews these and related efforts from the perspective of rural communities in Canada. The argument is presented that the process of development and implementation of rural community-level SI can significantly benefit from development and implementation of a methodological approach in support of principles and practices of effective stakeholder involvement. It is further argued that development of SI must be stakeholder-driven, and that a pivotal element in the SI development process is the facilitation of information sharing. The paper concludes with a proposal for an approach to stakeholder participation and information sharing achieved through research, testing and refinement, and integration of these concepts within the process of rural community sustainable indicator development.     

水生植物塘运行规律及设计参数的研究

通过对水生植物塘处理生活污水进行全年观测和研究证明：水生植物塘对有机污染物等有明显净化效果，特别是对氮、磷具有极强的降解能力。对照静态实验，提出了以磷酸盐负荷为主要水生植物塘设计参数的设计思想，提出了温度修正公式，并对其流态及数学模式进行了研究。同时，还对水生植物塘的一般运行规律进行了研究和探讨。     

Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacteria and viruses in decentralized sewage treatment facilities

• Distribution of ARGs in decentralized sewage facilities were investigated. • Bacitracin-ARGs were most predominant ARGs in rural wastewater. • ARGs were identified in bacterial and viral community. • ARGs of rpoB, drfE, gyrA and parC were both correlated with bacteria and phages. • More attention should be paid to the risk of spreading ARG by phages. The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been intensively studied in large-scale wastewater treatment plants and livestock sources. However, small-scale decentralized sewage treatment facilities must also be explored due to their possible direct exposure to residents. In this study, six wastewater treatment facilities in developed rural areas in eastern China were investigated to understand their risks of spreading ARGs. Using metagenomics and network analysis tools, ARGs and bacterial and viral communities were identified in the influent (INF) and effluent (EFF) samples. The dominant ARGs belonged to the bacitracin class, which are different from most of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The dominant hosts of ARGs are Acidovorax in bacterial communities and Prymnesiovirus in viral communities. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between ARGs and phages. The ARGs significantly correlated with phages were all hosted by specific genera of bacteria, indicating that phages had contributed to the ARG’s proliferation in sewage treatment facilities. Paying significant concern on the possible enhanced risks caused by bacteria, viruses and their related ARGs in decentralized sewage treatment facilities is necessary.     

Challenges of simulating complex environmental systems at the landscape scale: A controversial dialogue between two cups of espresso

With the advancement of computational systems and the development of model integration concepts, complexity of environmental model systems increased. In contrast to that, theory and knowledge about > environmental systems as well as the capability for environmental systems analyses remained, to a large extent, unchanged. As a consequence, model conceptualization, data gathering, and validation, have faced new challenges that hardly can be tackled by modellers alone. In this discourse-like review, we argue that modelling with reliable simulations of human-environmental interactions necessitate linking modelling and simulation research much stronger to science fields such as landscape ecology, community ecology, eco-hydrology, etc. It thus becomes more and more important to identify the adequate degree of complexity in environmental models (which is not only a technical or methodological question), to ensure data availability, and to test model performance. Even equally important, providing problem specific answers to environmental problems using simulation tools requires addressing end-user and stakeholder requirements during early stages of problem development. In doing so, we avoid modelling and simulation as an end of its own.     

Dynamic simulation of urban water metabolism under water environmental carrying capacity restrictions

A revised concept for urban water metabolism (UWM) is presented in this study to address the inadequacies in current research on UWM and the problems associated with the traditional urban water metabolic process. Feedback loops can be analyzed to increase the water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) of the new urban water metabolism system (UWMS) over that of a traditional UWMS. An analysis of the feedback loops of an UWMS was used to construct a system dynamics (SD) model for the system under a WECC restriction. Water metabolic processes were simulated for different scenarios using the Tongzhou District in Beijing as an example. The results for the newly developed UWM case showed that a water environment of Tongzhou District could support a population of 1.1926 × 10⁶, an irrigation area of 375.521 km², a livestock of 0.7732 × 10⁶, and an industrial value added of ¥193.14 × 10⁹ (i.e. about US$28.285× 10⁹) in 2020. A sensitivity analysis showed that the WECC could be improved to some extent by constructing new sewage treatment facilities or by expanding the current sewage treatment facilities, using reclaimed water and improving the water circulation system.     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成,既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护、欠帐过多的问题,也有水资源条件差、环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样,既有工业点源,又有农业和农村面源,还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。淮河流域水环境污染是生态经济问题。因此,解决淮河流域水环境污染问题,仅仅做到治理工业污染源、建立城市污水处理厂,是远远不够的。要从根本上解决淮河流域水环境问题,则应当在１９９５ 年淮河流域对工业污染源和城市生活污水治理进行规划的基础上,就人口、资源、环境、社会、经济进行综合考虑,从生态经济角度进一步做好全面的水环境规划。在规划中尤其要突出可持续发展,并在实施可持续发展中解决污染问题,要在工业、农业中普遍实行清洁生产,要注意节约水资源和合理利用水资源,注意控制人口增长并提高人口素质,在农村城镇化水平迅速提高的同时做好城镇生活污水利用和处理。     

中国农村环境污染防治研究综述

农村环境污染防治是农村生态环境建设的核心内容,加强农村环境污染防治研究,对解决我国独特的农村环境污染问题,具有积极的理论和现实指导意义。如何进一步探索农村环境污染防治机制的研究范式,需要在理论和方法上均有所突破。采用文献资料法和对比分析法,在简要分析了国外的研究进展基础上,重点总结了中国农村环境污染防治的研究现状,提出当前研究中存在的问题以及今后的探索方向。结果表明,近年来我国农村环境污染防治及其相应的理论与实践研究均取得较大进展,但与农村社会可持续发展的现实要求尚有不小差距。国内学者对于农村环境污染的研究主要集中在污染防治的基础理论、污染状况及质量评价、基于不同层次的农村环境污染影响因素以及污染防治机制和政策4个方面。当前的研究存在诸多不足,例如：综合防控研究的理论体系不完善,较多地关注造成农村环境污染的显性影响因子,而忽视了大量限制因子,研究中采用的数据和参照标准缺乏统一口径,空间尺度选择不一和时间尺度难以衔接等,这些都将成为今后研究亟需解决的问题。     

农村面源污染治理的政策与管理服务体系优化——以上海郊区农村为例

农村面源污染控制不仅是技术问题,也是管理体制与机制问题,探讨并完善农村面源污染治理的政策、管理与服务体系已成为当前研究的热点与难点。以上海郊区农村为例,梳理总结农村面源污染及其控制现状;在肯定当前治理效果的同时,识别其局限性,指出农业政策与环境保护政策的不协调、农村发展模式转变下制度与服务体系的相对滞后是根本原因;针对当前农村面源污染重要的贡献者——化肥、农药、畜禽粪便以及农村生活污水,分别从改革农业补贴制度、重构实现农村多重价值的制度以及完善农业生产服务体系等方面给出了治理的对策与建议。