植物篱对红壤坡耕地的水土保持效应及其机理研究

在浙江诸暨红壤丘陵山区的野外径流小区条件下,设计5种不同植物篱种植模式,结合自然降雨、人工模拟暴雨试验、稀土元素(REE)示踪、土壤抗蚀性评价等方法,研究植物篱的减流减沙效应和控制机理.结果显示,与裸坡相比,自然降雨下麦冬双行植物篱处理地表径流量降低39.4％,土壤流失量降低65.8％,效果最佳.降雨前土壤含水量能显著影响径流和土壤流失的发生特征.土壤容重和孔隙度可作为衡量植物篱控制水土流失效应的最佳指标.根据17个抗蚀性指标建立植物篱条件下红壤抗蚀性的综合评价指标体系,评价结果表明土壤综合抗蚀性由高到低依次为麦冬双行、黄花菜+麦冬双行、黄花菜双行、麦冬单行、黄花菜单行和裸坡.不同坡位植物篱对土壤抗蚀性的影响存在差异,侵蚀泥沙主要来源集中在中下坡位.     

中国亚热带土壤不同前期含水量对可蚀性K值的影响

采用人工模拟降雨试验的方法,研究我国亚热带７种有代表性土壤在干、湿两种状态下的土壤可蚀性Ｋ值,结果表明、相同类型土壤在干、湿两种状态下的可蚀性Ｋ值存在着明显的差异,耕作土壤的可蚀性Ｋ值高于非耕作土壤。     

模拟降雨下土壤前期含水量对土壤可蚀性的影响

土壤前期含水量是导致土壤可蚀性动态变化一个重要因素.利用人工模拟降雨试验,以我国亚热带地区的14种典型土壤为研究对象,在各试验小区上分别设定3种不同的土壤前期含水量水平,研究土壤前期含水量对不同土壤可蚀性的影响.结果表明,14种土壤类型在3种不同土壤前期含水量水平下土壤可蚀性K值都存在动态变化,但不同土壤类型其可蚀性K值随土壤前期含水量变化的变动幅度不同,同一土壤可蚀性K值在土壤前期含水量变化范围内最高和最低值之间最高相差达到16倍;不同土壤类型可蚀性K值随土壤前期含水量变化的变动趋势也不同,其中绝大多数土壤可蚀性K值随前期土壤含水量的升高而增大,根据土壤可蚀性K值的变动趋势可以分为三类,首先,9种土壤的可蚀性K值随前期土壤含水量的升高而增大;其次,4种土壤可蚀性K值随前期土壤含水量升高先升高后降低,变化趋势大致呈倒"U"型;第三,仅有1种土壤的可蚀性K值随土壤前期含水量的升高而减小.     

有机物质添加量对污染土壤铜形态及活性的影响

分析了泥炭和堆肥两种有机物质的添加量水平对冶炼厂附近污染土壤中铜形态及其活性的影响。结果表明, 添加土重２ ． ５ ％ 有机物质就对土壤铜化学形态与活性产生显著的影响, 使氧化锰结合态和松结合有机态铜等向紧结合有机态铜转化, 使土壤化学活性铜 （２ ． ５ ％ 醋酸提取） 降低约２０ ％ ; 添加量增加到５ ． ０ ％ , 控制作用有明显加强的趋势; 添加量再增至１０ ． ０ ％ , 单位添加量有机物质的控制作用明显减弱。     

降雨对林地养分输入与土壤侵蚀的作用

用定位观测研究表明,降雨是林地形成土壤肥力的重要机制;特别是通过林冠层的穿透水和树干的径流水,其养分通量平均要比林外雨高80％左右,但在不向的气候条件下和在不同的森林类型里,降雨输入土壤的养分存在着较大的差异,在无植被覆盖的坡地上,降雨会造成土壤侵蚀,使土壤养分入不敷出。     

三峡库区笋溪河流域面源污染及其与土壤可蚀性k值的关系

研究三峡库区面源污染特征及其与水土流失的关系,可为库区氮磷污染和土壤侵蚀控制提供依据.选择三峡库区库尾笋溪河流域,在流域内分园地、林地和耕地3种土地利用类型共采集126个土壤样品,并在主干和支流采集52个水质样品.根据EPIC模型计算土壤可蚀性k值,分析流域内土壤可蚀性k值对面源污染的影响.结果表明,笋溪河流域面源污染主要是氮污染,总氮均值达1.37 mg/L,氮素的主要形态为硝态氮,占总氮的71.2%;总磷浓度为0.1 mg/L.流域内土壤可蚀性k值均值为0.040,随着土层加深土壤可蚀性k值呈上升趋势;林地土壤可蚀性k值显著低于园地和耕地.笋溪河流域总氮浓度与园地和耕地0-20 cm土壤可蚀性k值有关,硝态氮浓度与耕地0-40 cm土壤可蚀性k值有关.因此,笋溪河流域面源污染严重,主要来源是耕地和园地,应实行免耕、植物篱等措施,同时减少化肥施用,增加有机肥比例,以增加土壤抗侵蚀能力,进而控制流域水土流失和面源污染.(图6参37)     

降雨减少对华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸的影响

近年来随着降雨格局的变化,区域性干旱加剧,而干旱对土壤碳循环的影响情况仍不十分明确。为探究降雨减少对土壤呼吸的影响,2016年以华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林为研究对象,设置对照(CK)、减少降雨30%(W1)和减少降雨60%(W2)3个处理水平,通过人工隔离降雨模拟干旱条件对土壤呼吸速率的影响。在6—10月份生长季,采用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统测定每月月中、月末土壤呼吸速率,并同时测定5 cm深度土壤温湿度。结果表明:减少降雨60%使土壤湿度显著降低17.8%(P0.05),而对土壤温度的影响不显著;减少降雨30%对土壤温湿度的影响均不显著;对照、减少降雨30%和减少降雨60%的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为2.45、2.29和2.16μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),与对照相比,减少降雨抑制了土壤呼吸,减少降雨60%使平均土壤呼吸速率降低了11.84%(P0.05),土壤呼吸通量减少了41.01 g·m~(-2),而减少降雨30%对土壤呼吸的影响不显著;土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著指数相关(P0.05),土壤温度解释了66.2%的对照处理的土壤呼吸变异,适当减少降雨能够提高土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的相关性;在2~7℃土壤温度下,土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度呈显著二元线性相关(P0.05),且在2~7℃土壤温度下减少降雨提高了土壤呼吸速率和土壤湿度的相关性;在13~17℃土壤温度下,减少降雨则降低了土壤呼吸速率和土壤湿度的相关性;减少降雨提高了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,且随着降雨减少程度的增大而增大。可见,降雨是影响华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸的重要因子。     

鸡公山麻栎林和水杉林不同凋落物处理下土壤呼吸对降雨强度的响应

降雨脉冲对土壤呼吸具有瞬间的激发效应,地表凋落物是土壤有机碳的重要来源,并影响降雨的下渗过程和土壤含水量。降雨对土壤呼吸的激发效应是否受地表凋落物的影响?这一问题目前尚不清楚。针对我国亚热带-暖温带气候过渡区麻栎(Quercus acutissima)林和水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)林2种林型开展不同凋落物输入水平(对照、添加凋落物和去除凋落物)下模拟降雨事件对土壤呼吸影响研究,以阐明不同凋落物条件下土壤呼吸对降雨脉冲的响应规律。结果表明:就麻栎次生林而言,对照、添加凋落物和去除凋落物处理土壤呼吸速率在降雨10 min时均达到峰值,分别为4.72、11.68和5.12μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),添加凋落物增强了降雨脉冲的激发效应,去除凋落物与对照处理土壤呼吸速率在降雨事件后无显著差异(P0.05)。地表凋落物层对麻栎次生林在降雨后的土壤呼吸速率变化具有重要影响。水杉林3种凋落物水平下土壤呼吸均不存在降雨激发效应,且凋落物添加与去除均显著降低水杉林土壤呼吸速率(P0.05)。麻栎林土壤呼吸与土壤湿度呈显著正相关关系(P0.05或P0.01)。水杉林添加凋落物条件下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。该研究表明土壤呼吸对降雨脉冲的响应与森林类型、地表凋落物覆盖与否有密切关系,因此森林生态系统碳循环的变化除了考虑气候变化以外,还必须考虑林型和地表凋落物状况。     

土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸对降雨的响应

本研究在北京门头沟龙凤岭水土保持科技示范园内进行,降雨前后连续测定土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸,探讨土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸对降雨的响应。结果表明：干旱的土壤降雨后土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸骤升随后逐渐衰减,第1场降雨后土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸分别是干旱期的3.08、2.83、2.50倍,第2场降雨后土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸分别是干旱期的1.08、1.63、1.68倍,降雨使土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸产生的激增效应仅持续1 d。第3场降雨量仅为0.40 mm,土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸增加的幅度不是很大。     

微生物在城市绿地消减暴雨径流污染过程中的作用

以城市绿地模拟装置和暴雨径流模拟装置研究了城市绿地对实际暴雨径流污染的消减作用、机理及微生物在污染去除中的作用.城市绿地模拟装置主要由土壤、草本植被、微生物(主要吸附在土壤及植物根系上)组成,暴雨径流模拟装置包括降雨部分和径流部分,平行设置抑菌对照组.设置降雨强度为三年一遇,在降雨间隔期为14d、降雨持续时间为2h的2次降雨过程中,绿地系统对径流污染物的去除率为CODCr31.2%～41.6%,NH4+-N32.0%～47.9%,TN30.8%～38.9%,TP21.3%～38.9%.实验组和抑菌对照组对污染物的去除率在第一次降雨期间较为接近,主要的去除机制是土壤和植物根系的吸附截留作用.第二次降雨期间,实验组COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除率比抑菌对照组分别提高10.2%、6.8%、4.6%和8.6%;除吸附截留作用外,微生物分解作用增强,土壤生化作用强度高于第一次降雨.降雨间隔期土壤微生物数量增加,呼吸作用增强,氮素循环活跃.由于土壤的呼吸作用和植物根系的吸收作用,土壤有机质和全氮含量降低,土壤得到再生.抑菌对照组土壤再生能力相对较差.研究结果为城市绿地系统及生态型排水系统的建设提供了指导依据.图4表2参16     

Seed predation and selection exerted by a seed predator influence subalpine tree densities

Strongly interacting species often have pronounced direct and indirect effects on other species. Here we focus of the effects of pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus spp.), which are a dominant pre-dispersal seed predator of many conifers including limber pines (Pinus flexilis) and whitebark pines (P. albicaulis). Pine squirrels depress seed abundance by harvesting most limber and whitebark pine cones on their territories. Pine squirrels further reduce seed availability for Clark's Nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), the primary seed disperser of these pines, because selection exerted by pine squirrels has reduced the number of seeds per cone and causes seeds to be less accessible. We predicted that, if fewer seeds were available for dispersal by nutcrackers, pine recruitment should be suppressed in areas with pine squirrels. In support of this prediction, stand densities were about two times greater in areas where pine squirrels are absent than in areas where they are present. Alternative explanations that we considered do not account for these differences; however, precipitation may limit stand densities in the absence of seed limitation by pine squirrels. In sum, pine squirrels apparently depress limber and whitebark pine stand densities, with the potential for ecosystem impacts because these pines are foundation species within Western subalpine ecosystems.     

Pesticide treatments affect mountain pine beetle abundance and woodpecker foraging behavior.

In British Columbia, Canada, management efforts used to control mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreaks have included treatment of infested trees with an organic arsenic pesticide, monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA). Cumulative pesticide applications over a large geographic area have generated concerns about arsenic loading in the environment and potential toxicity to nontarget wildlife. We investigated woodpecker foraging patterns in infested stands with and without MSMA treatment using a combination of tree debarking indices, point count surveys, and radiotelemetry methods in addition to insect flight traps to measure mountain pine beetle emergence. Debarking indices indicated woodpecker foraging of MSMA-treated trees was significantly lower than nontreated trees in all sampling years. However, approximately 40% of MSMA trees had some evidence of foraging. Focal observations of foraging woodpeckers and point count surveys in MSMA treatment areas further confirmed that several species of woodpeckers regularly used MSMA stands during the breeding season. Radio-tagged Hairy (Picoides villosus) and Three-toed (Picoides dorsalis) Woodpeckers spent on average 13% and 23% (range 0-66%) of their time, respectively, in treated stands, despite the fact that these areas only comprised on average 1-2% of their core home range (1 km2). MSMA strongly reduced the emergence of several bark beetle (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) species including the mountain pine beetle, and there was a highly significant positive relationship between Dendroctonus beetle abundance and Three-toed Woodpecker abundance. This study identifies the potential negative impact that forest management practices using pesticides can have on woodpecker populations that depend on bark beetles and their host trees.     

The assessment of environmentally sensitive forest road construction in Calabrian pine forest areas of Turkey

Forest road construction by bulldozers in Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) forests on mountainous terrain of Turkey causes considerable damage to the environment and the forest standing alongside the road. This situation obliges a study of environmentally sound road construction in Turkey. This study was carried out in 4 sample sites of Antalya Forest Directorate in steep (34-50% gradient) and very steep terrain (51-70% gradient) conditions with bulldozer and excavator machine and direct damages to forest during road construction was determined, including forest area losses and damages to downhill trees in mountainous areas. It was determined that in steep terrain when excavators were used, less forest area (22.16%) was destroyed compared to bulldozers and 26.54% less area in very steep terrain. The proportion of damage on trees where bulldozer worked was nearly twofold higher than excavator was used. The results of this research show that the environmentally sensitive techniques applied for the road construction projects are considerably superior to the traditional use of bulldozers on steep slopes. The environmentally sound forest road construction by use of excavator must be considered an appropriate and reliable solution for mountainous terrain where areas of sensitive forest ecosystems are to be opened up.     

保护性耕作对农田土壤有机碳库的影响

农田土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,对维持全球碳平衡具有重要意义。有机碳库的储量除了受气候和环境因素的影响外,还受农业耕作措施的影响。综述了保护性耕作对土壤有机碳库的影响,并从碳输入、碳分解和碳固持3个方面讨论了保护性耕作影响有机碳库的途径。大量实验结果表明,保护性耕作在表层土壤中能提高作物根系生物量1.0%~142.9%;增加土壤微生物的生物量2.2%~140%。免耕还显著降低土壤的呼吸强度,在0.9%~72.6%之间,从而减少碳的损失。免耕还提高了土壤团聚体数量,从而有利于有机碳在土壤中的固持。今后的研究应该在如下几方面加强：（1）加强区域性对比研究;（2）加强长期定位研究;（3）加强对固碳机理的研究;（4）建立模型加强对多种因子综合效应的研究。     

Effects of early management of Pinus massoniana plantation target trees on soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity北大核心CSCD

In order to provide a theoretical reference for the early management of target trees in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan, and a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations, we chose three different kinds of densities (100 target trees per hectare, 150 target trees per hectare, and 200 target trees per hectare) in a 33-year-old masson pine plantation in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan. We investigated the change patterns of soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity during the early stage of the management of the target trees. The results showed that compared to the control (CK), the early stage of management of P. massoniana plantation target trees dramatically improved the soil physical properties, the pH value, contents of organic matter, and total phosphorus (P < 0.05); however, the available phosphorus and the available nitrogen varied slightly (P > 0.05). Compared to the control (CK), significant (P < 0.05) differences in the richness index were observed between shrubs and herbs (P < 0.05), and in the shrub layer, the dominant position was replaced by others. Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou indexes of shrubs showed no significant difference in the study (P > 0.05). On the contrary, Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou i ndexes of herbs were significantly lower than those for CK (P < 0.05). There were significant correlations between plant species diversity and soil physicochemical properties such as soil pH, contents of total phosphorus, and the available nitrogen. The early stage of management of P. massoniana plantation target trees significantly improved the plant diversity and soil physicochemical properties. Among all the three different treatments, the density of 150 target trees per hectare had the best effect on the soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

温带阔叶红松林中不同树种和倒木对土壤性质的影响

以长白山温带阔叶红松林为研究对象,通过野外采集土壤样品,综合研究老龄树及倒木对周边表层土壤性质的影响。研究结果显示,在本研究样地条件下,不同树种周边的表层土壤性质存在显著性差异,红松（Pinus koraiensis）周边土壤中水溶性有机碳WSOC的质量分数和特征吸光系数SUVA254值都高于紫椴（乃砌amurensis）和水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）,但是土壤水溶性总氮WSTN和交换性无机氮的质量分数却是红松低于紫椴和水曲柳。对倒木影响的森林表层土壤性质的研究结果显示,倒木下方森林表层土壤中WSOC、WSTN以及交换性矿质氮的质量分数都明显地高于林间土壤,说明在小尺度空间区域内,倒木可能是森林表层土壤活性碳、氮库的重要输入源。此外,本研究还利用主成分分析探讨了受树种影响的森林表层土壤不同性质之间的关联性,并对树种和倒木影响周边土壤性质的可能性机制进行分析。     

Effect of defoliation by the pine processionary moth (PPM) on radial, height and volume growth of Crimean pine (Pinus nigra) trees in Turkey

In this study, we assessed the effects of chronic defoliation on radial, height and volume growth of Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees of the pine processionary moth [Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams (Lepidoptera:Thaumetopoeidae)] in western Turkey Crimean pine tree ring chronologies were analyzed for evidence of the pine processionary moth (PPM). Tree ring widths from non-defoliated Crimean pine sample trees, which were not defoliated by PPM from 1998 to 2004, were used to estimate potential growth in the defoliated Crimean pine sample trees during the same time interval. In 2004, increment cores collected from 50 defoliated sample trees and 25 non-defoliated sample trees dominant or co-dominant trees. Annual radial growth indices from 1985-2004 calculated for each defoliated Crimean pine and non-defoliated Crimean pine group. We identified regional outbreaks of PPM by synchronous and sustained growth periods of Crimean pine trees. Growth functions of defoliated Crimean pine trees (3) and non-defoliated Crimean pine trees (2) were graphically compared as the cumulative sum of radial, height and volume increment. Two outbreak were identified in 1992 (1992 and 1993) and 1998 (1998-2004) in the study area. PPM caused a significance decrease (average 33%, p<0.05) in the annual radial increment in 1998-2004.     

北京西山地区不同林分健康状况比较研究

以不同树种林分健康状况比较研究为切入点,以北京西山地区同一时期的油松×侧柏混交林、油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林、侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）林和栓皮栎（Quercus variabis）林为研究对象。通过构建林分健康评价指标体系,计算林分综合健康指数,分别对不同林分的健康状况进行了分析和比较,探讨不同林分开展森林健康经营的关键环节,同时也从森林健康的角度说明造林树种选择的重要性。研究结果表明：各林分综合健康指数都为正值但数值都不高,这表明目前各林分都处于健康状态,但对外界扰动反应较为敏感,按健康状况排序：油松×侧柏林0．234〉栓皮栎林0．186〉油松林0．145〉侧柏林0．128;从单个指标看,各林分中都有负值指标出现,由此揭示,对负值指标的调整和增加正向指标的指标值是森林健康经营的关键。     

Effect of pine mistletoe on radial growth of Crimean pine (Pinus nigra) in Turkey

In this study, the influence of infection by pine mistletoe (Viscum album L. subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Volmann) on the radial growth of crimean pine (Pinus nigra Amold) in Turkey was investigated. We built local residual tree-ring-width chronologies using dendrochronogical techniques. Tree ring chronologies of uninfected (control) crimean pine were used to estimate potential radial growth characteristics in the "infected" crimean pine (light, moderate and severe infection groups). In 2005, increment cores were collected from 26 infected and 19 control dominant or co-dominant trees and annual radial growth indices from 1930-2005 were calculated for each infection group in a 14 point sampling. We compared radial growth in the uninfected trees with mean regional chronology. We found a strong decrease in radial growth in during the 1998-2005 period. The periodic average radial growth reduction (in %) from 1998 to 2005, respectively, were 0 for control, 26 for light, 39 for moderate and 63 for severe infection groups. It can be especially concluded that a severe degree of pine mistletoe attack has a negative effect on radial growth of the infected crimean pine trees.