东北过伐林区不同林分类型土壤肥力质量评价研究

保持和提高森林土壤肥力质量是实现森林健康的基础。研究不同林型下土壤肥力质量对森林可持续经营具有重要意义。以东北过伐林区金仓林场中的落叶松Lartx gmelinii人工纯林、云杉Picea asperatax紫椴Tilia amurensis天然混交林、紫椴×白桦Betula platyphylla天然混交林、五角槭Acer monox白桦×落叶松天然混交林、五角槭×白桦×紫椴天然混交林、白桦×落叶松天然混交林和五角械×紫椴×青杨Populus pseudo-simonii天然混交林为研究对象,分析和比较了不同林分下的土壤物理和化学性质,并采用主成分分析与聚类分析相结合的方法评价了其土壤肥力质量。结果表明：①林分类型对土壤理化性质影响显著;随土壤深度增加,土壤密度和土壤pH值增大,而土壤含水量、物理性粘粒含量和养分质量分数减少,但其在不同林分下的变化程度不同;②土壤因子之间关系密切,物理性粘粒含量与含水量、全氮、速效钾质量分数呈极显著正相关,而与土壤密度和pH值呈显著负相关;土壤养分质量分数之间具有不同程度的显著正相关关系;③采用主成分分析法对不同林分下0～60cm的土壤肥力质量进行了评价,土壤肥力质量表现为天然混交林高于落叶松人工纯林;采伐降低了土壤的肥力质量;在落叶松人工纯林中,随着林龄的增加,土壤的肥力质量下降。通过对土壤肥力质量综合指标值的聚类分析,将研究区土壤肥力质量分为优、良、中、差4个等级,肥力质量属于中等以上（优、良、中等）的林地所占研究样地的比例为66．7％,研究区森林土壤肥力质量属于中等水平。建议在经营过伐林时,注意调整林分结构和树种组成,控制采伐强度,同时进行长期定位观测和比较,以改善林分整体的肥力状况。本研究结果为该地区林业可持续经营提供直接依据,也为东北地区森林土壤肥力质量评价提供参考。     

秸秆不同还田方式对土壤中溶解性有机碳的影响

土壤溶解性有机质及其可利用性与土壤质量密切相关。通过研究秸秆不同还田方式(粉碎还田、覆盖还田、高茬还田)对农田土壤溶解性有机碳的影响,探讨了土壤溶解性有机碳对土壤质量的贡献。水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和热水溶性有机碳(HWSOC)通过冷水和热水提取获得。结果表明:秸秆还田能够增加土壤有机质的含量,影响土壤中水溶性有机碳和热水溶性有机碳的含量。在粉碎还田、覆盖还田、高茬还田处理中,粉碎还田的农田土壤中WSOC和HWSOC的含量比覆盖还田、高茬还田的高,粉碎还田的农田土壤中的WSOC和HWSOC占土壤有机碳的百分比也最高。另外,WSOC和HWSOC与土壤呼吸有很好的相关性(相关系数分别为0.75,0.85)。     

森林表层土壤微生物碳氮库对大气氮沉降增加的响应

土壤微生物碳氮库是森林土壤生态系统碳氮循环的重要组成部分,为了探索氮沉降增加对森林表层土壤微生物碳氮库的影响,本研究以长白山温带阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)混交原始林为研究对象,在2009年生长季节(5月至10月)开展了人工模拟大气氮沉降增加的野外试验,氮沉降处理采用NH4Cl和KNO3两种形态,处理剂量为喷施氮素40 kg·hm-2·a-1。研究结果显示,人工模拟氮沉降增加对森林表层土壤的溶解性有机碳及无机氮素含量未产生显著性影响;在观测期间NH4Cl形态氮沉降处理导致森林表层土壤的pH值降低0.2个单位(p0.05),而且其土壤微生物量碳、氮含量比对照处理分别减少了18%(p0.05)和32%(p0.05)。在本研究的观测期间,KNO3形态的氮沉降增加对土壤微生物碳、氮库未产生显著性影响。通过分析不同形态氮沉降处理条件下土壤及其微生碳氮库之间的相关性,研究发现KNO3态氮沉降处理增强了土壤活性碳库与土壤微生物量碳、氮库间的关联性,而NH4Cl态氮沉降处理降低了这种关联性。此外,研究还探讨了不同形态的氮干扰影响森林土壤微生物碳、氮库的可能性机制,研究结果强调了在大气氮沉降研究中不应忽视氮素的形态效应。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林植物群落演替下的土壤理化性质研究

选择塔里木荒漠河岸林内典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段的群落,对其土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明：土壤理化性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律性。演替后、中期表层土壤（0～20 cm）粘粒质量分数比初期分别减少了1.28%、64.29%、土壤砂粒质量分数分别增加了3.08%、17.23%,土壤明显变粗沙化。群落演替能明显增大土壤容重与非毛管孔隙度,降低土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、孔隙比、土壤水分质量分数、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量。演替后、中期表层土壤非毛管孔隙度比初期分别增大了33.78%、36.087%,土壤水分质量分数分别降低了85.57%、97.77%,演替后期最大持水量、毛管持水量分别比初期降低了40.28%、9.27%,导致土壤固相率减小,气相率增大,土壤持水供水能力与抗风蚀性能减弱。土壤有机质、全氮与碱解氮、全磷与速效磷、全钾与速效钾、盐分质量分数随群落演替呈降低趋势。演替后期表层土壤有机质、碱解氮、全磷与速效钾质量分数分别比初期降低了38.68%、60.71%、23.58%、66.93%,其土壤理化性质退化最显著。地下水位下降是引起荒漠河岸林植物群落逆向演替的驱动力。当前随人类干扰强度增强（水土资源开发）,塔里木荒漠河岸林土壤结构与土壤生态功能随之受到破坏与衰退,而保持合理的生态水位则是维持荒漠河岸林生态系统稳定的有效途径。     

天宝岩长苞铁杉林倒木对土壤肥力质量的影响评价

以天宝岩长苞铁杉林的倒木-土壤系统为研究对象,采用因子分析方法与模糊评价方法,探讨分析倒木接触处土壤及空旷处土壤的肥力质量.结果表明:研究区长苞铁杉林分内倒木的覆盖有利于提高土壤肥力,其肥力指数随海拔降低呈下降趋势,且随腐烂等级的升高,土壤肥力指数升高,其中,第Ⅳ腐烂等级倒木接触处土壤肥力较邻近腐烂等级出现降低趋势;长苞铁杉+猴头杜鹃林内倒木接触处土壤的肥力显著高于空旷地,长苞铁杉纯林内倒木接触处土壤的肥力指数低于空旷地土壤.研究揭示了倒木存在对森林土壤肥力质量的影响规律,可为后期在长苞铁杉林内开展倒木更新研究时的倒木选择与保留提供科学依据.     

添加不同植物来源叶片可溶性有机质和氮对亚热带人工林土壤酶活性的影响

我国亚热带地区降雨丰富，树种众多.在亚热带森林中，大量叶片来源可溶性有机质（DOM）输入土壤中.此外，森林长期受到氮（N）沉降的影响.探究叶源DOM和N输入如何影响土壤酶活性和养分循环，有助于进一步揭示不同性质的DOM在亚热带森林土壤碳氮循环中的驱动机制.选取地域代表性强且树种之间差异较大的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolat）和楠木（Phoebezherman），提取其鲜叶DOM输入杉木亚热带森林土壤中.此外，依据研究地大气氮沉降背景值添加硝酸铵进行105 d的室内培养试验.在培养第25和105天时进行破坏性取样，测定土壤理化性质和酶活性.结果表明，在培养第25天时，与对照（N0）相比，杉木叶片DOM处理（CLN0）和楠木叶片DOM处理（PLN0）均显著提高了β-葡糖苷酶（βG）、纤维素水解酶（CBH）、过氧化物酶（PEO）和β-N-乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶（NAG）4种与碳氮循环相关的酶的活性.DOM输入增加了底物有效性，刺激微生物产生更多的酶.与仅氮输入（N1）相比，杉木叶片DOM和氮共同添加（CLN1）降低了4种土壤酶活性，而楠木叶片DOM和氮共同添加（PLN1）对土壤酶...     

冻融对长白山森林土壤碳氮矿化的影响

长白山地区秋末春初常常存在冻融过程,冻融过程影响土壤水分分布而改变土壤理化性质。通过室内模拟实验,研究了冻融过程（-20~15℃）对长白山阔叶红松（Pinus koraiensis）林和白桦（Betula platyphylla）林土壤有机碳和氮矿化过程的影响。结果表明,经过3次冻融循环,冻融处理土壤矿化速率显著高于对照处理,但经过多次冻融循环过程,冻融处理抑制土壤有机碳矿化过程,对照处理土壤有机碳矿化速率高于冻融处理（P=0.019）。在培养结束后,冻融处理的阔叶红松林和白桦林土壤无机氮质量分数,分别是对照处理的1.88倍和1.96倍;冻融次数也是影响土壤有机氮矿化的一个重要因素,35次冻融循环后,阔叶红松林和白桦林土壤中无机氮分别提高了2.10倍和2.81倍。冻融循环促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤中有效氮的累积,为春季植物生长提供足够的氮素,但也潜在增加了土壤中无机氮流失的风险。     

庐山植物园11种植物的根际土壤氮磷有效性和酶活性

通过比较不同种源植物的土壤理化性质与生物学活性的差异及根际效应,探讨不同种源植物对庐山酸性山地土壤的环境适应性。在庐山植物园内选择引种多年的11种不同种源的常绿树种,在生长季节中采集根际土和非根际土,测定有机碳含量、碱解氮及有效磷含量、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,并分析各树种根际土壤氮磷养分及酶活性的根际效应。结果表明,（1）不同树种之间的根际土壤酸性磷酸酶（P〈0.01）、有效磷（P〈0.05）和碱解氮（P〈0.01）存在明显差异,而脲酶没有差异。（2）根际与非根际土壤氮磷有效性和酶活性表现出不同的特征,大部分树种根际土壤有效磷及酸性磷酸酶存在一定的根际效应（R/S〉1）,例如红花木莲Manglietia insignis、桂南木莲Manglietia chingii及云南拟单性木兰Parakmeria yunnanensis的根际与非根际土壤有效磷含量存在显著差异（P〈0.05）,红花木莲、桂南木莲、巴东木莲Manglietia patungensis、红茴香Illicium henryi及红皮糙果茶Camellia crapnelliana与乡土树种云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei根际与非根际土壤酸性磷酸酶存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。但是,根际与非根际土壤碱解氮和脲酶差异不明显,有的甚至出现脲酶的根际负效应（R/S〈1）,如巴东木莲和红花木莲等树种根际土壤低于非根际土壤（P〈0.05）。（3）不同种源树种影响下的土壤有效磷和酸性磷酸酶的根际效应（R/S比值）明显,原产西南地区的树种如桂南木莲、云南拟单性木兰和巴东木莲与华南地区的红花木莲、红茴香等土壤有效磷的根际效应（R/S〉1.5）比原产华东亚热带地区的深山含笑Michelia maudiae和云锦杜鹃更明显,相应的酸性磷酸酶的根际效应也较高。土壤脲酶和碱解氮的根际效应却不明显。（4）土壤有机碳与碱解氮、有效磷和酸性磷酸酶存在显著正相关关系（P〈0.01）,土壤碱解氮与有效磷（P〈0.01）和酸性磷酸酶（P〈0.05）具显著正相关关系,酸性磷酸酶与pH值（P〈0.05）显著负相关,说明根际土壤有机物质的积累对根际微区的理化环境及根际土壤养分活性具有重要影响。     

模拟氮沉降增加对长白山红松和水曲柳菌根真菌群落结构及多样性的影响

与植物形成共生关系的菌根真菌在调节森林生态系统养分循环等方面具有重要作用,而在全球氮沉降的背景下,菌根真菌群落结构及其多样性改变将深刻影响其功能作用的发挥。以长白山阔叶红松林外生菌根树种红松(Pinus koraiensis)和内生菌根树种水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术测定0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤层菌根真菌群落组成和多样性,探讨其对6年模拟氮沉降增加的响应特征。结果表明,红松和水曲柳菌根真菌主要由子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)组成。常见属主要有微皮伞属(Marasmiellus)、红菇属(Russula)、丝盖伞属(Inocybe)、蜡壳菌属(Sebacina)、小菇属(Mycena)和乳菇属(Lactarius)等;优势属包括粒毛盘菌属(Lachnum)、红菇属(Russula)、乳牛肝菌属(Suillus)。经过6年施N,0~10 cm土壤层红松(121 vs.96)和水曲柳(190 vs.130)菌根真菌属的数量明显降低;0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤层水曲柳菌根真菌多样性显著提高,Shannon、Observed-species和PD-whole-tree指数平均值分别提高了1.4、1.6、2.5倍(0~10 cm)和1.6、1.4、1.7倍(10~20 cm);而施N只提高了10~20cm土壤层红松菌根真菌多样性,各指数平均值分别提高了1.5、1.4和1.4倍。因此,6年模拟N沉降增加显著改变了长白山阔叶红松林中红松和水曲柳菌根真菌群落结构,并且不同土壤层次水曲柳和红松菌根真菌群落组成和多样性的响应存在明显差异。在全球N沉降增加背景下,该研究结果有助于更深入理解和准确预测温带森林树种菌根真菌在生态系统养分循环中生态功能的变化特征。     

2008年初特大冰雪灾害对粤北地区杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林土壤理化性质的影响

2008年8月,选择具有代表性的样地（受冰雪灾害较轻、受到冰雪灾害影响、受到冰雪灾害后皆伐清理样地）,用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对广东省天井山林场杉木人工林土壤理化性质进行分析。结果表明：（1）粤北地区杉木人工林在受到冰雪灾害后,0-60 cm的土壤容重比未受到损害的上升8.1%-16.4%,孔隙度下降8.9%-11.9%,自然含水量减少17.1%-28.6%,皆伐清理后,土壤容重比未受到损害的下降1.5%~9.5%;孔隙度上升1.2%~5.9%,自然含水量增加44.2%~68.1%。（2）受损后,土壤pH值未发生变化,浅层（0-40 cm）有机质质量分数比未损样地下降（1.3%-9.4%）,深层（〉40 cm）有机质质量分数提高30.5%;各层土壤全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷和有效钾质量分数分别下降13.4%、30.3%、16.7%、37.6%和37.2%,全钾质量分数上升21.0%,且与未损样地的差异显著;土壤交换性钙和交换性镁大幅减少,分别为28.1%和43.4%。进行皆伐清理后,有机质质量分数比未损样地提高207.9%,土壤全氮、全钾、有效氮和有效磷质量分数升高138.7%、10.2%、161.3%和540.0%,全磷、有效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁的质量分数下降2.6%、9.0%、28.7%和24.3%,各土层变化不一致。（3）冰雪灾害的发生使杉木人工林林下土壤紧实度增加,不利于土壤呼吸、空气传导和土壤养分的累积;而经过清理后,土壤变得较为疏松,通透性增强,含水量增加,有利于土壤团粒结构的增强、土壤微生物活动和土壤养分的累积及转化。因此,冰雪灾害后对受损林地进行及时的清理对植被恢复重建尤为重要。     

Canopy Seed Banks as Time Capsules of Biodiversity in Pasture-Remnant Tree Crowns

Abstract: Tropical pastures present multiple barriers to tree regeneration and restoration. Relict trees serve as “regeneration foci” because they ameliorate the soil microclimate and serve as safe spots for dispersers. Here, we describe another mechanism by which remnant trees may facilitate pasture regeneration: the presence of seed banks in the canopy soil that accumulates from decomposing epiphytes within the crowns of mature remnant trees in tropical cloud forest pastures. We compared seed banks of canopy soils (histosols derived from fallen leaves, fruits, flower, and twigs of host trees and epiphytes, dead bryophytes, bark, detritus, dead animals, and microorganisms, and dust that accumulate on trunks and the upper surfaces of large branches) in pastures, canopy soils in primary forest trees, and soil on the forest floor in Monteverde, Costa Rica. There were 5211 epiphytic and terrestrial plant seeds in the three habitats. All habitats were dominated by seeds in a relatively small number of plant families, most of which were primarily woody, animal pollinated, and animal dispersed. The density of seeds on the forest floor was greater than seed density in either pasture‐canopy or forest‐canopy soils; the latter two did not differ. Eight species in 44 families and 61 genera from all of the habitats were tallied. There were 37 species in the pasture‐canopy soil, 33 in the forest‐canopy soil, and 57 on the forest floor. Eleven species were common to all habitats. The mean species richness in the pasture canopy was significantly higher than the forest canopy (F =83.38; p < 0.02). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed that the communities were distinct. Greenhouse experiments verified that many of these seeds were viable, with 29 taxa germinating (23 taxa in pruned mats [mimic of exposed conditions] and 16 taxa in control mats [intact conditions]) within 2 months of observation. Nearly half the species that germinated were characteristic of primary forests (primary forest samples, 19%; pasture samples, 29%). This supports the idea that canopy seed banks of pasture trees can function as time capsules by providing propagules that are removed in both space and time from the primary forest. Their presence may enhance the ability of pastures to regenerate more quickly, reinforcing the importance of trees in agricultural settings.     

Modeling forest floor contribution to phosphorus supply to maritime pine seedlings in two-layered forest soils

The quantitative contribution of the forest floor to P nutrition of maritime pine seedlings was experimentally determined by Jonard et al. (2009) in a greenhouse experiment using the radio-isotopic labeling. To extend the results of the experiment on a known mineral soil, a modeling approach was developed to predict P uptake of maritime pine seedlings growing in a mineral soil covered with a forest floor layer. The classical nutrient uptake model based on the diffusion/mass-flow theory was extended to take into account mineralization of P in dead organic matter, microbial P immobilization and re-mineralization and P leaching. In addition, the buffer power characterizing the P retention properties of the mineral soil was allowed to vary with time and with the P-ion concentration in solution. To account for increasing root competition with time, a moving boundary approach was implemented. According to the model, the forest floor contributed most of the P supply to the seedlings (99.3% after 130 days). Predicted P uptake was consistent with observed P uptake and modeling efficiency was 0.97. The uptake model was then used to evaluate the impact of the P retention properties of the mineral soil on the contribution of the forest floor to P uptake. Simulations showed that the contribution of the forest floor was much lower in the quasi non-reactive soil (45.7%) but rapidly increased with soil P reactivity.     

Impacts of repeated timber skidding on the chemical properties of topsoil, herbaceous cover and forest floor in an eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand

In this study, long-term timber skidding effects on herbaceous understory forest floor and soil were investigated on a skid road in a stand of the eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky). For this purpose, herbaceous understory forest floor and soil samples were collected from the skid road and from an undisturbed area used as a control plot. The mass (kg ha(-1)) of herbaceous and forest floor samples was determined, and soil characteristics were examined at two depths (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm). We quantified sand, silt and clay content, as well as bulk density compaction, pH, and organic carbon content in soil samples. The quantities of N, K, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in all herbaceous cover forest floor and soil samples. The quantities of Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in herbaceous understory samples from the skid road were considerably higher than those in the undisturbed area, while the quantity of Mg was considerably lower. These differences could have been caused by decreased herbaceous cover in addition to variations in the properties of the forest floor and soil after skidding. A lower amount of forest floor on the skid road was the result of skidding and harvesting activities. Mg and Zn contents in forest floor samples were found to be considerably lower for the skid road than for the undisturbed area. No significant differences were found in soil chemical properties (quantities of N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) at the 0-5 cm soil depth. Important differences exist between soil quantities of Mg at a 5-10 cm depth on the skid road and in undisturbed areas. Both 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm soil depths, the average penetrometer resistance values for the skid road was higher than for the undisturbed area. This result shows that the compaction caused by skidding is maintained to depth of 10 cm. Skid road soil showed higher bulk density values than undisturbed areas because of compaction.     

Cover Caption

Cover: Tropical pastures present multiple barriers to tree regeneration, but canopies of relict trees can serve as repositories of viable seeds deposited when the forest was intact. When mats of arboreal soil fall to the pasture floor, their seedbank can contribute to forest regeneration, their seeds serving as "time capsules" from the primary forest. The lush epiphytic ferns ( Polypodium spp. ) and accompanying arboreal soil on this mature live oak are viewed from above in a subtropical landscape of Florida. Photo by John T. Longino. See pages 1117–1126.     

Long term effects of thinning on soil and forest floor in a sessile oak (Quercus petrea (Matlusch) Lieb.) forest in Turkey

The effects of thinning on mineral soil and forest floor for three different thinning intensities (control, moderate and heavy) were studied in a sessile oak forest 8 years after treatment. To examine responses to thinning, mass, organic matter and total nitrogen content in forest floor, bulk density and fine soil weight, total nitrogen, organic carbon concentrations and pH in upper mineral soil horizons were measured, and the results compared to control plot. The thinned plots have shown higher total nitrogen concentration and organic carbon in soil. Total mass, weight of layers of forest floor have shown significant patterns with thinning intensity. The present results indicate that various intensities of thinning for a sessile oak stand had major influence on soil and forest floor in eight years following treatment.     

Effects of early management of Pinus massoniana plantation target trees on soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity北大核心CSCD

In order to provide a theoretical reference for the early management of target trees in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan, and a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations, we chose three different kinds of densities (100 target trees per hectare, 150 target trees per hectare, and 200 target trees per hectare) in a 33-year-old masson pine plantation in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan. We investigated the change patterns of soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity during the early stage of the management of the target trees. The results showed that compared to the control (CK), the early stage of management of P. massoniana plantation target trees dramatically improved the soil physical properties, the pH value, contents of organic matter, and total phosphorus (P < 0.05); however, the available phosphorus and the available nitrogen varied slightly (P > 0.05). Compared to the control (CK), significant (P < 0.05) differences in the richness index were observed between shrubs and herbs (P < 0.05), and in the shrub layer, the dominant position was replaced by others. Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou indexes of shrubs showed no significant difference in the study (P > 0.05). On the contrary, Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou i ndexes of herbs were significantly lower than those for CK (P < 0.05). There were significant correlations between plant species diversity and soil physicochemical properties such as soil pH, contents of total phosphorus, and the available nitrogen. The early stage of management of P. massoniana plantation target trees significantly improved the plant diversity and soil physicochemical properties. Among all the three different treatments, the density of 150 target trees per hectare had the best effect on the soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

凋落物处理对森林地表CO2通量的影响及其调控机理

全球变化和森林演替可以导致森林地表凋落物数量和质量的变化,从而对森林地表 CO2通量产生影响。本实验对亚热带不同演替阶段的3种,即马尾松林（前期）、混交林（中期）和季风林（后期）进行地表凋落物去除、加倍与置换处理,利用静态箱气相色谱法测定地表CO2通量,并同步测定气温、土壤温度和湿度,分析凋落物质量和数量变化对森林地表CO2通量的影响及其调控机理。结果表明,（1）去除凋落物处理显著降低了不同演替阶段的3种森林地表CO2通量,而加倍凋落物处理可以增加森林地表CO2通量,但不同演替阶段增加的幅度不同,依次为：季风林＞马尾松林＞混交林。（2）置换凋落物对不同演替阶段的森林地表 CO2通量的影响不同,在演替后期的季风林中,置换混交林和马尾松林凋落物处理均增加地表CO2通量;在演替中期的混交林中,置换季风林和马尾松林凋落物均降低地表CO2通量。在演替前期的马尾松林中,置换季风林凋落物增加地表CO2通量,而置换混交林凋落物降低了地表CO2通量（3）结合测定的土壤温度和水分数据分析得出,凋落物处理引起森林地表 CO2通量的变化是通过处理凋落物质量和数量后改变森林地表水热条件来实现的。（4）3个林型的各种处理,地表 CO2通量与土壤温度均呈显著的指数相关关系,但不同处理不同地改变了森林地表土壤 CO2通量对温度的敏感性,即Q10值。     

Aboveground and belowground effects of single-tree removals in New Zealand rain forest

There has been considerable recent interest in how human-induced species loss affects community and ecosystem properties. These effects are particularly apparent when a commercially valuable species is harvested from an ecosystem, such as occurs through single-tree harvesting or selective logging of desired timber species in natural forests. In New Zealand mixed-species rain forests, single-tree harvesting of the emergent gymnosperm Dacrydium cupressinum, or rimu, has been widespread. This harvesting has been contentious in part because of possible ecological impacts of Dacrydium removal on the remainder of the forest, but many of these effects remain unexplored. We identified an area where an unintended 40-year "removal experiment" had been set up that involved selective extraction of individual Dacrydium trees. We measured aboveground and belowground variables at set distances from both individual live trees and stumps of trees harvested 40 years ago. Live trees had effects both above and below ground by affecting diversity and cover of several components of the vegetation (usually negatively), promoting soil C sequestration, enhancing ratios of soil C:P and N:P, and affecting community structure of soil microflora. These effects extended to 8 m from the tree base and were likely caused by poor-quality litter and humus produced by the trees. Measurements for the stumps revealed strong legacy effects of prior presence of trees on some properties (e.g., cover by understory herbs and ferns, soil C sequestration, soil C:P and N:P ratios), but not others (e.g., soil fungal biomass, soil N concentration). These results suggest that the legacy of prior presence of Dacrydium may remain for several decades or centuries, and certainly well over 40 years. They also demonstrate that, while large Dacrydium individuals (and their removal) may have important effects in their immediate proximity, within a forest, these effects should only be important in localized patches containing high densities of large trees. Finally, this study emphasizes that deliberate extraction of a particular tree species from a forest can exert influences both above and below ground if the removed species has a different functional role than that of the other plant species present.     

Dissolved Organic Matter in Forest Soils: Sources, Complexing Properties and Action On Herbaceous Plants

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of plant-soil systems. Its essential role in soil solution chemistry, soil-forming processes and its effects on biota, including soil fauna, bacteria, fungi and plants, is extensively documented in literature. in this contribution several forest leaf litter types are compared as sources of DOM and the released organics are subjected to gel permeation chromatography to reveal their molecular-size distribution. Moreover, complexing properties, as an indication for the podzolization potential of the litter leachates, were established. the occurrence and properties of DOM in different soil horizons were monitored beneath a stand of Scots pine. the effects of the different groups of soluble organics including phenolic, fulvic and humic acids, and of water-extractable humic substances on the performance of herbaceous plants of the forest floor are briefly reviewed.     

Carbon sequestration of black locust forests in the Yellow River Delta region,China

The Yellow River Delta region in China is a land area of 1,200,000 ha with rich natural resources. Adverse environmental conditions, such as low rainfall and high salinity, promote the dominance of black locust trees for afforestation. With the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere, this forest and others throughout the world have become valued for their ability to sequester and store carbon. Forests store carbon in aboveground biomass (i.e. trees), belowground biomass (i.e. roots), soils and standing litter crop (i.e. forest floor and coarse woody debris). There are well-developed methods to sample forest ecosystems, including tree inventories that are used to quantify carbon in aboveground tree biomass. Such inventories are used to estimate the types of roundwood products removed from the forest during harvesting. Based on standard plot inventories and stem analyses, carbon sequestration estimates of trees were 222.41 t ha^?1 for the Yellow River Delta region accounted for 67.12% of the whole forest. Similarly, carbon storage by herbaceous matter and soil was 0.50 and 50.34 t ha^?1, respectively. The results suggest that carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystem was performed by most of the forest, which plays an increasingly important role in sequestering carbon as the stand grows.