中国大气降尘地域性分布特征研究

为了研究中国大气降尘量的地域性分布特征,探讨大气降尘的影响因素,文章以中国大气降尘研究为基础,汇总近20年25个行政区44个地区的降尘量数据,以10 t·km-2·month-1为间隔首次划分降尘区间,为中国降尘量标准的制定提供参考。中国大气降尘现有研究多集中在东北部、中东部地区以及西北沙漠地区,降尘量整体分布为北方高于南方,西部多于东部。除涉及强沙尘暴袭击区域外,现有研究区域的降尘量算术平均值为14.73 t·km-2·month-1,53.7%的研究区域降尘量小于该平均值。降尘量少于20 t·km-2·month-1的地区多集中于沿海地区、长江中下游地区以及东北平原地区,此类地区多为旅游景区和重要的商品粮产地,植被覆盖率较高,水土保持性能良好,且不易有较大的风沙侵袭;华北平原地区、内蒙古高原地区和准噶尔盆地一带降尘量相对偏高,此类区域多为重工业区,发展经济的同时造成了不同程度的环境污染和资源掠夺;降尘量最大的地区位于塔里木盆地一带,最大值为2915.96 t·km-2·month-1,属于沙尘暴多发区。大气降尘量虽会在一定程度上受到经济发展、工业布局、能源结构的影响,但更多的是因为其地域性差异而造成降尘量不同。中国现有的各地降尘量的数据较少,且研究区多位于城市等人类活动中心,更多地区的降尘量尚需要进一步研究。     

新疆和田地区土地荒漠化时空特征分析

以干旱区土地荒漠化防治和生态环境修复为目的,对新疆和田地区土地荒漠化时空演变过程进行研究。基于RS和GIS技术,利用和田地区MODIS13Q1-NDVI遥感数据,以植被覆盖度作为荒漠化评价指标,对和田地区2000—2018年土地荒漠化时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)研究区植被覆盖度呈减少趋势的区域面积占总面积的0.38%,其中极显著减少区域面积占0.10%,显著减少区域面积占0.28%;植被覆盖度呈增长趋势的区域面积占12.88%,其中极显著增长区域面积仅占1.10%,显著增长区域面积占11.78%。(2)2006—2012年重度荒漠化区面积呈减少趋势,2012—2018年呈增加趋势,总体以年均0.59%的速率递增;中度荒漠化区面积呈减少趋势,平均每年以1.43%的速率减少,而轻度和非荒漠化区面积一直保持增加趋势,年均增速分别为2.19%和3.70%。(3)由面积转移矩阵可知,近20 a来,研究区土地类型未发生变化的面积为19.841×10~4 km~2,非荒漠化区转移面积最少,中度荒漠化区转移面积相对较多。由于气温、降水和人类活动等因素的影响,近20 a来和田地区重度荒漠化区面积略有增长,轻度和非荒漠化区面积增加显著。     

行道树对武夷山公路边茶园重金属污染的防护效果

比较了武夷山路边茶园无行道树(A区)和有行道树(B区)的2个区域土壤和茶叶中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr、和Mn含量随距路基距离变化的趋势。结果显示:行道树的截留对于重金属的相关性和主成分分析结果有重要影响。6种重金属中Pb、Cu、和Zn主要受交通环境影响,Mn和Cr受土壤母质和交通环境的影响,Cd受肥料与交通环境的影响。A区茶叶中重金属分布最能反映交通相关源重金属的扩散结果,Pb和Zn的最大含量值出现在距路基50~80 m区域。不论何种来源的重金属,单行杉树都能使距路基1~150 m区域的茶园内茶叶重金属平均含量降低22%~37%,也能使Pb和Zn的最大含量值区域从距路基50~80 m减小到1~10 m。这可能与行道树直接影响重金属的扩散和通过影响碳酸盐污染物扩散而间接影响路边土壤pH值的双重作用有关。在靠近公路的茶树种植区建立适当的绿篱有助于减少茶树中交通源重金属的污染,提高茶叶质量。     

武汉东湖高新技术开发区土壤重金属污染状况及影响因素

在武汉市东湖高新技术开发区采集土壤样本136个,测定Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Cr的含量,发现Cd平均含量超过湖北省背景值,并且在研究区大片区域都超过了国家环境质量二级标准.Cu平均含量接近背景值,而其它元素均低于背景值,但部分区域仍有富集.地统计分析显示6种重金属自相关性较弱,重金属含量高值主要分布于研究区中部以及西北部.从空间分布看,Cd、Cu、Ni和Cr的富集可能主要来源于区内企业生产排放.Pb和Zn含量主要由自然因素决定,外界基本没有输入,部分区域富集的Pb可能由交通因素造成,Zn的局部累积可能来自于农业措施.综合污染指数显示区内整体存在污染,需要采取必要的措施进行治理.     

基于城市流和引力模型的我国西部地区能源输送格局研究

西部地区是我国矿产资源分布的主要集聚区,定量测度我国西部地区的能源外向服务功能并分析能源城市与我国主要消费城市的引力格局可以综合探究促进西部地区协调、可持续发展的能源输送格局。通过构建城市流模型和引力模型分别对陕西、甘肃、四川、云南、贵州、新疆和内蒙古7个西部省区采矿业外向功能量、城市流强度和能源城市对消费城市的能源输送引力大小进行测度。结果表明:(1)陕西城市流强度和外向服务功能量最高,能源综合竞争力居于第2位,是西部各省区的核心区域;(2)内蒙古和新疆为西部各省区能源综合竞争力较强地区;(3)榆林、鄂尔多斯和咸阳能源供给潜力较高,可作为我国主要的能源供给城市;(4)能源需求较大的重工业城市应当成为能源城市优先供给区域,其次是直辖市地区和我国城市群中心城市;(5)东北三省、广州、海口等距离中心能源区较远的地区与能源城市之间的引力弱,应注重新能源的开发和利用以满足自身发展需要。     

广西峰丛洼地区生态需水与景观格局的空间耦合关系分析

选取广西峰丛洼地的典型区域田东县为研究对象,基于遥感和GIS技术,结合气象站实测资料,应用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的Penman-Monteith法和Arc GIS软件模拟研究区域生态需水的空间分布。利用Landsat 8数据解译出的土地利用数据,对研究区景观格局指数进行提取,分析生态需水与景观格局的相关性。结果表明:田东县年度植被生态需水定额为85.91~339.27 mm;北部和南部山区的植被生态需水定额相对较大,中部、西部和东南部区域的生态需水定额相对较小。植被生态需水定额与景观多样性、景观破碎度呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.198和-0.186;与景观连通性呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.221。研究成果可为区域的景观格局优化管理和水资源优化配置提供依据。     

典型城乡交错区土壤中多环芳烃污染及健康风险评价

以典型城镇化进程中武汉郊区-鄂州城市-鄂州郊区为研究对象,探讨城乡交错区多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平和来源,并进行健康风险评价.研究区土壤中PAHs广泛存在,16种PAHs检出率达100%.土壤中∑16PAHs含量为16.60—1854.21 ng·g~(-1),均值为411.67 ng·g~(-1);7种致癌单体多环芳烃Σ7PAHs含量为4.17—1169.98 ng·g~(-1),均值为251.93 ng·g~(-1).不同点位PAHs污染水平差异较大,其中在居民密集区、城市建设及交通繁忙区域尤为显著,说明城乡交错区人为社会和经济活动在一定程度上对土壤中PAHs污染产生较大影响.采用组分特征比值和主成分分析污染来源,结果显示该地区土壤中PAHs主要源于煤燃烧和机动车尾气排放以及秸秆等生物质低温燃烧排放,同时存在石油源污染.在城市化建设发展中,城乡交错区工业、农业、交通及生活等各种区域相互交错重叠,人为活动异常活跃,产生大量PAHs输入源,逐渐成为影响生活和环境的重要影响因素之一.研究区对于成人和儿童通过呼吸暴露于土壤PAHs几乎不存在风险;而通过皮肤接触及经口摄入途径暴露于土壤PAHs存在一定潜在风险.此外,儿童通过3种途径暴露致癌风险低于成人;成人和儿童通过3种途径暴露的致癌风险大小顺序均为经口摄入皮肤接触呼吸.     

春运期间北京市PM_(2.5)污染特征

为研究春运期间北京市PM2.5和气态污染物的污染特征,根据35个空气监测子站周边环境类型的不同将北京市划分为城区、郊区、对照区和交通密集区.结合春运期间的人为活动,比较分析各类污染物在各区域的日均浓度变化特征;将PM2.5日均浓度与SO2、NO2、CO、O3日均浓度及北京市的日均温度、相对湿度、风级进行相关性分析.结果显示,春运期间北京市PM2.5污染最严重,超过《环境空气质量标准》二级标准的天数占45%;PM2.5日均浓度变化趋势与春运客流量变化具有较好的一致性;各区域PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO的日均浓度均符合交通密集区城区郊区对照区的分布,而O3的情况为对照区郊区城区交通密集区;各区域PM2.5浓度分别与该区域SO2、NO2、CO浓度呈正相关,与O3浓度呈负相关;各区域PM2.5浓度与温度未见相关性,与相对湿度呈正相关,与风级呈负相关.本文的研究结果表明,交通运输、烟花燃放和气象因子对春运期间PM2.5的污染特征影响较大.     

基于最小累积阻力模型的内蒙古胜利煤田景观生态安全格局构建

胜利煤田是我国重要煤炭基地,大规模的煤炭资源开发,导致当地生态环境严重退化。对2016年胜利煤田高分一号影像进行解译判读并划分景观类型的基础上,采用最小累积阻力模型对胜利煤田进行景观生态安全格局构建,包括生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点的识别。通过景观斑块质量评价进行源地识别,选取质量最高的斑块作为生态源地;基于景观自身因子和邻近景观干扰因子,构建了阻力面,利用最小累积阻力模型提取生态廊道;根据水文分析模型在最小累积耗费距离表面上提取最大累积阻力"山脊线",与生态廊道结合,得到生态节点。构建的胜利煤田景观生态安全格局包括10片生态源地、24条生态廊道和29个生态节点。建议对生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点加强生态保护和恢复,提高区域生态稳定性。     

西部典型矿业城市土地利用效益耦合协调度研究

基于社会、经济及生态层面实现城市土地利用效益的高度耦合协调,对于促进区域经济的可持续发展意义重大。以西部典型矿业地区36个地级市为例,从土地利用经济效益、社会效益、生态效益3个方面对中国西部典型矿业城市土地利用效益的耦合协调度进行分析。在前人研究的基础上,选取2000、2005、2010和2015年作为研究时点,通过构建土地利用效益指标体系,运用改进熵值法对中国西部典型矿业城市土地利用综合效益水平进行测度,弥补传统熵值法易出现极端值和负值的不足,借助耦合协调模型对其耦合协调度进行测算。结果表明,通过对西部典型矿业城市土地利用效益综合指数的测算得知,城市土地利用效益呈阶梯状分布特征且其土地利用效益综合水平呈逐渐上升趋势;耦合度分析可知,2000—2015年处于低水平耦合阶段的城市数是处于拮抗阶段城市数的3倍,西部典型矿业城市土地利用效益耦合程度总体不高,且以低水平耦合为主;协调度分析得知,2000—2015年协调度处于0～0.69之间,以濒临失调、轻度失调、中度失调和严重失调为主;土地利用效益的耦合协调均呈现出明显的由中心至外围空间递减的分布趋势。     

Relevance of crowding effects in a coastal National Park in Germany: results from a case study on Hamburger Hallig

Coastal environments are popular sites for tourism and faced with an increasing recreational demand. Most of European coastal areas attract numerous visitors annually. In recreation research this management problem can be described in terms of carrying capacity which expresses the ability of a site or region to absorb recreational use without deterioration of natural resources and the quality of the visitor experience. As social aspects of recreation in Europe still have received little attention, the purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of the concept of social carrying capacity in a German coastal national park. The article addresses if the relationship between perceived visitor encounters, crowding perception and visitor characteristics is applicable by using data from an on-site survey (N?=?509) of visitors conducted on Hamburger Hallig, Germany. It examines whether effects of overcrowding are measurable on a popular daytrip destination with established approaches. Results demonstrate that visitors to Hamburger Hallig are characterised by a heterogeneous visitor composition of local residents and domestic tourists with different motivations and who mainly visited the area for hiking or cycling. Study findings show that valuation for reported encounters and perceived crowding differed substantially among origin of visitors and sampling dates. All in all, respondents report a high level of encounter with others and in contrast a very low level of perceived crowding.     

Modeling the Effects of Limiting the Number of Visitors on Failure Rates of Seabird Nests

Abstract:  Most attempts to manage disturbance by visitors to nature reserves concentrate on limiting visitor access in some way, which is often unpopular with both visitors and managers. In a few nature reserves the daily numbers of visitors are limited, an action that need not necessarily reduce the total number of visitors. As a test of the assumptions that underlie this management practice, we examined the relationship between daily visitor numbers and daily failure rates of nests in two species of seabirds. Daily failure rates for Black-legged Kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla ) were weakly correlated with daily visitor numbers but indicated that capping daily visitor numbers slightly reduced overall breeding success. This was not the case for Common Murres ( Uria aalge ), where failure rate declined seasonally but was not significantly correlated with visitor numbers. For some species, it appears that capping daily visitor numbers may have small conservation costs.     

Pricing Policy for Tourism in Protected Areas: Lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia

Abstract: Protected areas are under increasing pressure to provide economic justification for their existence, particularly in developing countries where demand for land and natural resources is high. Nature-based tourism offers a mechanism to generate substantial benefits from protected areas for both governments and local communities, and ecotourism is increasingly promoted as a sustainable use of protected areas. The extent to which ecotourism offsets the costs of a protected area has rarely been examined. We used financial data from Komodo National Park, Indonesia, and a willingness-to-pay questionnaire of independent visitors to (1) examine the financial contribution of tourism in offsetting the costs of tourism and wider management and (2) assess the effect of hypothetical fee increases on park revenues, visitation patterns, and local economies. Although only 6.9% of park management costs were recovered, visitors were willing to pay over 10 times the current entrance fee, indicating a substantial potential for increased revenue. The potential negative effect of large fee increases on visitor numbers and the resultant effect on local economic benefits from tourism may limit the extent to which greater financial benefits from Komodo National Park (KNP) can be realized. Our results suggest that a moderate, tiered increase in entrance fees is most appropriate, and that partial revenue retention by KNP would help demonstrate the conservation value of tourism to both visitors and managers and has the potential to increase visitors' willingness to pay.     

Sources and risk assessment of metal contamination in soils at the international airport of Shanghai,China

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Ni in soils at the Pudong International Airport (PIA) of Shanghai, China, were determined to assess the sources and potential ecological risks. Compared to the soil background values of Shanghai, 31 soil samples out of 33 were highly contaminated with Cd, and 76% were moderately contaminated by Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis indicated that Pb and Cd mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, while Zn, Cr, Ni, and Cu were mainly from natural sources. Relatively high concentrations of Cd and Pb were observed at sampling points near the landing or take-off sites or a close-by highway. Both air and highway traffic affected the quality of the soils at PIA.     

Vehicle damage caused by recreational use of coastal dune systems in a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) on the west coast of Ireland

This study investigates the vehicle damage caused by recreational use on three coastal dune systems on the west coast of Ireland. Using aerial photographs taken in 1973, 2000, 2004 and 2006 in conjunction with ecological surveys, the impacts of recreational activities were assessed. The results show that the overall area of tracks increased more than threefold between 1973 and 2007 with the exception of one site where restricted access resulted in a subsequent reduction in the number of tracks. The study further shows that most recreational activities at the sites were water-based, with most traffic movement directed towards the shore and the highest density of tracks being within the first few hundred meters of the High Water Mark. The results of this study are discussed in the context of visitor management strategies for coastal conservation sites under recreational pressure.     

北京市城区主要交通干线的噪声测量与分析

通过对北京市城区二环路、三环路和长安街等交通主干道的昼间交通噪声监测分析 ,发现各干道交通负荷重 ,且噪声普遍超标。城市各部分发展的不平衡导致车流量、车型、路况的差异 ,也使得交通噪声在空间上差异明显。当车流量较大时 ,道路两侧交通噪声在时间上基本呈正态分布。     

Exploring human–nature interactions in national parks with social media photographs and computer vision

Understanding the activities and preferences of visitors is crucial for managing protected areas and planning conservation strategies. Conservation culturomics promotes the use of user-generated online content in conservation science. Geotagged social media content is a unique source of in situ information on human presence and activities in nature. Photographs posted on social media platforms are a promising source of information, but analyzing large volumes of photographs manually remains laborious. We examined the application of state-of-the-art computer-vision methods to studying human–nature interactions. We used semantic clustering, scene classification, and object detection to automatically analyze photographs taken in Finnish national parks by domestic and international visitors. Our results showed that human–nature interactions can be extracted from user-generated photographs with computer vision. The different methods complemented each other by revealing broad visual themes related to level of the data set, landscape photogeneity, and human activities. Geotagged photographs revealed distinct regional profiles for national parks (e.g., preferences in landscapes and activities), which are potentially useful in park management. Photographic content differed between domestic and international visitors, which indicates differences in activities and preferences. Information extracted automatically from photographs can help identify preferences among diverse visitor groups, which can be used to create profiles of national parks for conservation marketing and to support conservation strategies that rely on public acceptance. The application of computer-vision methods to automatic content analysis of photographs should be explored further in conservation culturomics, particularly in combination with rich metadata available on social media platforms.     

城镇绿地对空气质量的影响--以中山市小榄镇为例

对中山市小榄镇公园、街道、居住区等不同地区的空气质量进行了测定．结果表明：公园、苗圃、金菊花园、镇府大院和小榄中学等绿化好、总绿量大的地带，CO2浓度[Ψ(CO2)／10^-6]和含菌量(n／m^-3)明显较低，负离子浓度明显较高；街道、新永路民居、商场、工厂、车站和果菜批发市场等绿化差、总绿量小的地带，Ψ(CO2)／10^-6和含菌量明显偏高，负离子浓度明显偏低．街道上空的Ψ(CO2)与车流量之间有极显著相关关系Ψ(CO2)与人流量之间相关关系不显著．     

Human health risk assessment of lead pollution in atmospheric deposition in Baoshan District,Shanghai

The lead (Pb) content in atmospheric deposition was determined at 42 sampling sites in Baoshan District of Shanghai, China. Based on exposure and dose–response assessments, the health risk caused by Pb exposure in atmospheric deposition was investigated. The results indicated that Pb was significantly accumulated in atmospheric deposition. The spatial distribution of Pb was mapped by geostatistical analysis, and the results showed that pollution hotspots were present at traffic and industrial zones. Ingestion was the main route of Pb exposure in both adults and children. For children the risk value was above 1, whereas it was below 1 for the adult group. Therefore, children belong to the high-risk group for Pb exposure from atmospheric deposition in the observed area of Shanghai, China.     

Translating land-use science to a museum exhibit

For land-use science to engage the general public it must successfully translate its concepts and conclusions and make them public outside of traditional scientific venues. Here we explore science-art exhibits, which blend artistic presentations with specific scientific data or themes, as a possible effective way of communicating scientific information and disrupting misconceptions. We describe the process of producing a science-art exhibit on remote sensing and Puerto Rican landscape history from 1937 to the present, sited at a rural Puerto Rican community museum, and examine the visitor experience and educational outcomes of the museum exhibit through analysis of survey data. The exhibit project engaged undergraduate students from a variety of academic backgrounds, introduced land-use science concepts to the public in an engaging format, and was effective at reshaping visitors’ misconceptions of Puerto Rico’s landscape change history.