AS17-C色谱柱手册

IonPac AS17-C色谱柱是一支氢氧化物选择性的、专门进行梯度淋洗分离无机阴离子的阴离子交换分离柱,其主要应用于检测高纯水中的无机阴离子.     

离子色谱中常用的改善分离度方法

1　稀释样品对组成复杂的样品 ,若待测离子对树脂亲合力相差颇大 ,就要作几次进样 ,并用不同浓度或强度的淋洗液或梯度淋洗 .对固定相亲合力差异较大的离子 ,增加分离度的最简单方法是稀释样品或作样品前处理 .例如盐水中ＳＯ2 -4 和Ｃｌ- 的分离 .若直接进样 ,其色谱峰很宽而且拖尾 ,表明进样量已超过分离柱容量 ,在常用的分析阴离子的色谱条件下 ,3 0ｍｉｎ之后Ｃｌ- 的洗脱仍在继续 .在这种情况下 ,在未恢复稳定基线之前不能再进样 .若将样品稀释 1 0倍之后再进样就可得到Ｃｌ- 与痕量ＳＯ2 -4 之间的较好分离 .对阴离子分析推荐的最大进…     

离子色谱法测定饮用水和面包中的溴酸根

选用ＡＳ９－ＨＣ高容量阴离子交换色谱柱,不需处理除去干扰离子,可直接进样。测定了两种水样,其中一种检出溴酸根,方法检出根０．００５ｍｇ．１＾－１水样加标回收率９１．３－９３．４％。采用全新的自动化样品处理技术－加速溶剂萃取萃取面包中的溴酸根。经ＡＳ９－ＳＣ阴离子交换色谱柱分离,选择最佳淋洗条件。电导检测,方法检 ０．０７ｍｇ．１＾－１,对十二种市售包进行测定,均未检出溴酸根,样品加标回收率７９．９     

青枯菌不同色谱峰组分的细胞表面特性

将高效离子交换色谱应用于植物重要致病菌——青枯菌的分离分析.青枯菌纯培养物经过色谱分离得到3个特征峰,收集3个色谱峰组分进行形态观察和生理生化鉴定,结果表明3个组分均属于青枯菌生化Ⅲ型;进一步分析发现,3个色谱峰组分在质粒DNA、细胞表面鞭毛菌毛蛋白含量和全细胞脂多糖成分方面无明显差异,但细胞表面黏附的胞外酸性多糖EPSⅠ含量差异显著;3个色谱峰青枯菌细胞表面疏水性的测定结果也证实了EPSⅠ是造成不同青枯菌细胞色谱行为差异的主要原因.高效离子交换色谱为细菌活细胞的研究提供了一种新方法.图4表2参15     

新型离子色谱柱对常见阴离子分析的应用研究

抑制型电导检测离子色谱法分析常见阴离子已广泛应用于各个领域,但是阴离子分离过程中,水负峰与F-淋洗位置及CI~-,NO_ 2~-之间的保留时间相差不大,容易影响F~-和NO_2~-定量的准确性;其次.对基体复杂的样品分析,需要更大交换容量的分离柱抗干扰.本文首次选择IonPac AS14阴离于交换分离柱,由于该柱填料具有较强的疏水性及较大的交换容量(65μeq/柱)等特性,不仅改善了水负峰和F~-,CI-和NO_2~-的分高度,而且为其在复杂基体样品分析中的应用开辟了广泛的前景.     

使用CarboPac PA200柱测定植物提取液中的中性寡糖和多聚糖

采用新型的阴离子交换柱对高聚合度多聚糖进行离子色谱法鉴定.应用CarboPac PA200分析柱(3mm×250mm)与TSKgel superIC-AZ(4.6mm×1cm)保护柱,柱温30℃,100 mmo.ll-1NaOH和100 mmol.l-1NaOH/1 mol.l-1醋酸钠作为淋洗液,流速为0.5ml.min-1,脉冲安培检测器.结果表明,该阴离子交换柱分析速度快,分离效果好,柱效高,可用于植物提取液中中性寡糖和多聚糖的测定.     

无需柱前柱后衍生的氨基酸直接分析技术--细胞培养基与发酵液中氨基酸的测定

大多数氨基酸具有弱发光基团,在高浓度时才可用紫外吸收检测.发酵液或细胞培养基中的许多成分也具有发色团,用吸收法检测时这些成分会干扰氨基酸的直接检测.因此,可以用安培法直接检测这类物质.积分脉冲安培检测法(IPAD)是一种强大的检测技术,它有很宽的线性范围和很低的检测限.采用AminoPac PA10阴离子交换柱可以分离所有常见的氯基酸.AAA-DirectTM将阴离子交换(AE)和IPAD两种方法结合起来.可以同时检测复杂样品中的糖、乙二醇、糖醇(醛醇)和氨基酸.     

测定无机阴离子和低分子量有机酸的新型阴离子交换柱

AS1 8柱是氢氧化物选择性阴离子交换柱 ,用于测定无机阴离子和低分子量的有机酸 ,包括F- ,乙酸根 ,甲酸根 ,Cl- ,NO-2 ,SO2 -4 和PO3-4 等 .AS1 8柱可用于氢氧化物等度淋洗或梯度淋洗 .建议与氢氧化钾淋洗液在线淋发生器EG40或EG5 0结合使用 .AS1 8柱的高容量和选择性为优化阴离子的分离提供了灵活性 .AS1 8柱用于以氢氧化物为淋洗液 ,等度快速分离简单基体样品中的常见无机阴离子是很理想的 .AS1 8柱容量高 ,可使用氢氧化物梯度淋洗液以及大体积进样来测定复杂基体样品中低浓度级别的无机阴离子 ,包括饮用水和废水 .美国EPA水质…     

可根据需要调节容量的新型阴离子交换柱

可调容量阴离子交换柱 (ＩｏｎＰａｃＣｒｙｐｔａｎｄＡ1 )其柱容量可通过改变淋洗液中阳离子的浓度和种类来调节 .ＣｒｙｐｔａｎｄＡ1柱使用的淋洗液可为氢氧化锂、氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾 ,因而柱容量范围各不相同 .可变的柱容量对使用低浓度淋洗液、快速洗脱多价阴离子是很理想的 .优越的色谱性能◆　多价阴离子的测定 ,包括多磷酸盐和多磺酸盐◆　 1 0ｍｉｎ内完成常见阴离子和可极化阴离子的测定◆　柱选择性的最佳条件 :操作温度 3 5℃ ,以保证保留时间的重现性◆　氢氧化钠和氢氧化锂淋洗液作容量梯度 ,适用于大多数多价阴离子的测定◆…     

青枯菌野生型菌株和无毒突变株细胞表面的吸附特性(英文)

应用高效离子交换色谱和激光光散射仪检测器(HPLC/MALLS)研究青枯菌野生型菌株79#和无毒突变菌株RS52’对强阴离子交换树脂(SuperQ-650C)的吸附特性.结果显示,这2个菌株在色谱行为和吸附特性方面差异显著.静态吸附试验结果也表明,在相同条件下,79#菌株的吸附速率和吸附量与RS52’菌株不同,79#菌株在60min达到吸附平衡,最大吸附量为1.09×109cfu/g(干树脂);RS52’菌株在120min达到吸附平衡,最大吸附量为2.10×10~9cfu/g(干树脂).进一步采用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线方程比较79#菌株和RS52’菌株与树脂之间的吸附能力,研究结果与静态吸附试验结果以及高效离子交换色谱的分析结果相一致,RS52’菌株与树脂之间显示出更强的吸附力;此外,用Freundlich方程拟合的效果优于Langmuir方程,拟合的曲线与实验数据更吻合.图4表2参16     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.