纳米氧化锌对美国红鱼肝细胞的毒性效应及机制

纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)的广泛应用所引发的环境与健康风险备受关注。为探究ZnO NPs对水生生物的毒性影响,以美国红鱼的原代肝细胞为实验对象,通过MTT法和中性红摄取(NRU)法检测细胞存活率,以评估ZnO NPs的细胞毒性;美国红鱼肝细胞经ZnO NPs处理6 h后,检测肝细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量,并用流式细胞仪检测细胞对ZnO NPs的吞噬、胞内活性氧(ROS)的释放以及细胞凋亡率的变化。结果表明,美国红鱼肝细胞暴露于37.5μg·mL~(-1)和50μg·mL~(-1)ZnO NPs 6h后,细胞存活率较对照组显著降低,且ZnO NPs的毒性具有浓度和时间依赖性。研究表明,ZnO NPs进入细胞后,细胞内ROS产量增加,引起氧化应激,诱导细胞凋亡。     

水环境中天然有机物对纳米颗粒吸附铅和镉的不同作用

为阐明天然有机物(NOM)在纳米颗粒(NPs)吸附重金属中的作用,研究了蛋白质(牛血清白蛋白,BSA)、碳水化合物(海藻酸钠,NaAlg)和腐殖酸(HA)对二氧化钛纳米颗粒(TNPs)和氧化铈纳米颗粒(CNPs)聚集沉降和吸附Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺的影响.结果表明,当Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺在20—120 mg·L-1范围内,HA和NaAlg显著促进了TNPs和CNPs对这些金属离子的吸附(P<0.05),而BSA对这些金属吸附的影响甚微.TNPs-HA和TNPs-NaAlg对Pb²⁺的吸附分别提高了14%—41%和16%—57%,对Cd²⁺的吸附分别提高了12%—112%和22%—143%.与CNPs相比,CNPs-HA和CNPs-NaAlg对Pb²⁺的吸附增加了21%—71%和23%—65%,对Cd²⁺的吸附增加了26%—45%和45%—91%.并且NPs和NPs-NOM对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附符合Freundlich吸附模型.离子强度的增加抑制了NPs-HA/NaAlg和NPs对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附,而pH的增加对NPs-HA/NaAlg和NPs吸附Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺起促进作用.     

离子强度对恒电荷土壤胶体吸附Cu2+和Pb2+的影响

采用平衡法研究了离子强度、表面电位对恒电荷土壤胶体吸附Cu2+和Pb2+的影响.结果表明,离子强度越小,表面电位越高,土壤胶体对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附量越大.在离子强度小于1.0mol*kg-1范围内,土壤胶体对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附包括静电吸附和专性吸附;离子强度大于1.0mol*kg-1以后,土壤胶体对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附受专性吸附控制.     

腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)的结合特性及其影响因素

利用纳米粒度及Zeta电位仪、离子选择电极法等,研究腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合的荷电特性、聚集特性和结合能力,探讨pH值、离子强度和温度对腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合的影响规律及机制.结果表明,pH值从5.0升高到6.0时,腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合的Zeta电位绝对值增大,其结合的条件稳定常数和表观结合容量增大.离子强度从0.01 mol·L~(-1)增大到0.1 mol·L~(-1)时,腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)作用后Zeta电位绝对值减小而聚集性增大,导致其结合的表观结合容量减小.温度从20℃升到50℃时,腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合稳定性减弱,其结合的条件稳定常数减小,而表观结合容量增大.在pH为6.0、离子强度为0.01 mol·L~(-1)、温度为20℃条件下,商品腐殖酸和天然腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合的条件稳定常数(lg K)分别为6.34和6.31,表观结合容量分别为1.15 mmol·g~(-1)和0.94 mmol·g~(-1).     

ZnO NPs对水培小麦(Triticum aestivum L)种子不同发育阶段的影响

氧化锌纳米颗粒(ZnO NPs)是目前应用最为广泛的纳米材料之一,已有研究表明其对生物体具有显著的毒性效应。为了研究ZnO NPs的毒性与种子发育阶段的关系,选择小麦(Triticum aestivum L)作为受试植物,将处于不同发育阶段的小麦种子置入ZnO NPs悬浮液中进行培养,研究了ZnO NPs对水培小麦种子不同发育阶段的影响。结果表明,虽然ZnO NPs对处于吸胀阶段、萌动阶段和发芽阶段的小麦都可以产生毒性,但是毒性的大小随小麦发育阶段的不同而表现出明显的差异(P0.05)。在60 mg·L-1暴露浓度下,用ZnO NPs对处于吸胀阶段、萌动阶段和发芽阶段的小麦种子进行处理,小麦根长的抑制率分别为37.8%、80.2%和95.7%;就萌动阶段和发芽阶段而言,ZnO NPs的毒性与其浓度有关,浓度越大毒性越大,即具有显著的浓度效应。上述研究结果对于全面准确地评价ZnO NPs毒性具有重要的意义。     

金属纳米颗粒的环境行为及其与藻类的相互作用概述

金属纳米颗粒在各领域的应用日益广泛，可通过多种途径进入环境，并在水生生态系统中积累.因此关于其进入水环境后的行为及与水中初级生产者—藻类相互作用的研究至关重要.金属纳米颗粒在水中会发生团聚、沉降、溶解、硫化反应及光化学反应等，这些行为受到自身理化性质(大小、形状、表面电荷、晶体结构、化学组成等)和环境因素(pH、离子强度、阳离子价态等)的影响，进而改变金属纳米颗粒在藻类表面的吸附聚集和可能的吸收累积.金属纳米颗粒还可能影响藻类光合作用、引起氧化应激、甚至造成藻类的凋亡.同时，与金属纳米颗粒共存的其它污染物及天然有机质也可能改变金属纳米颗粒的行为、生物吸附、生物累积和生物效应.相应地，藻类在面对金属纳米颗粒胁迫时也会启动自我防御机制.尽管如此，真实环境中金属纳米颗粒与藻类的相互作用及分子机制仍有待进一步研究.     

桂林市大气降水的化学组成特征及来源分析

为揭示桂林市大气降水的组成成分变化特征和来源,于2015年1—12月期间采集了桂林市大气降水样品,分析其中pH、电导率、主要阴阳离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、F~-、Cl~-)及重金属元素(As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb)浓度的季节变化特征及湿沉降通量.研究结果显示,桂林市大气降水pH值分布范围介于4.13—7.37之间,其中pH值小于酸雨临界值5.6的占48.0%,表明桂林市降雨存在一定的酸化现象.电导率(EC)变化介于4.53—128.10μS·cm~(-1)之间,雨量加权平均值为16.44μS·cm~(-1).阴离子以SO24-和NO3-为主,雨量加权平均含量分别为94.50μeq·L~(-1)、30.48μeq·L~(-1),占阴离子总量的65.28%和21.06%,其次为Cl-,阳离子以Ca2+为主,雨量加权平均含量为97.67μeq·L~(-1),占阳离子总量的58.76%,其次为NH_4~+,占阳离子总量的/NO_3~-平均值为2.45,大气降水属于硫酸-硝酸混合型,具有逐步向硝酸型转变的趋势.阴阳离子三角图和pearson相关性分析表明,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)主要来自地壳源和人为源,Ca~(2+)对致酸阴离子NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)的中和作用大于NH_4~+,桂林降水中可能存在以CaSO_4和Ca(NO_3)_2为主的化学物质,Na+主要来源于海洋输送,K~+则来源于人类活动.溶解态重金属元素的平均浓度为127.4μg·L~(-1)(0.349—443.8μg·L~(-1)),重金属湿沉降通量平均值为12.193 mg·(m~2·a)~(-1),其中Zn、Cu的年沉降通量较高,分别占总沉降通量的59.72%和28.80%.     

纳米颗粒与生物来源有机磷在水环境中的行为研究

随着纳米技术产业的快速发展,各种纳米颗粒(NPs)大规模生产,这不可避免地增加了NPs释放到环境、暴露于生态系统的可能性.有机磷是废水中磷的主要形式之一,是生物有效磷池和水体富营养化的重要组成部分.本文综述了近几年来NPs与生物来源有机磷在水环境中的反应机制、微观结构等方面的研究进展.文中按NPs的分类分别总结了NPs对常见的生物来源有机磷的吸附-解吸,溶解-沉淀等反应特性和微观机制.在水环境中,NPs因其物化特性受水化学条件(pH、天然有机质、温度)等影响,进而影响与有机磷的反应,从而表现出相应不同的环境效应.本文也对此方面的研究进行了讨论和总结.最后分析了目前纳米颗粒与有机磷在水环境研究中的瓶颈问题,并展望了未来需要开展的研究.     

ZnO纳米粒子通过线粒体通路抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性的作用研究

氧化锌(ZnO)纳米粒子已被发现具有生物毒性,氧化应激被认为是最重要的因素之一。前期实验证实,ZnO纳米粒子能显著减少锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)蛋白的表达,降低Mn SOD活性。本文通过检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放、线粒体活性氧(ROS)水平和膜电位(Δφm)、延迟整流钾电流变化和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性等变化,检测ZnO纳米粒子对小鼠光感受器细胞的细胞毒作用。结果表明,ZnO纳米粒子可显著增强小鼠光感受器细胞中LDH的释放、增加线粒体内ROS水平并下调Δφm、阻断延迟整流钾电流,同时降低Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性,从而对小鼠视网膜光感受器细胞产生细胞毒作用,提示ZnO纳米粒子可通过线粒体通路引起氧化应激,从而抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性,产生细胞毒性,导致细胞死亡。本文的研究结果有助于理解ZnO纳米粒子引起细胞毒性的作用机理。     

三峡库区消落区紫色土对重金属的吸附特征

为了解三峡库区消落区紫色土对重金属的吸附特点,采用振荡平衡方法研究石灰性、中性和酸性3种紫色土对Pb2 、Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 的吸附特征,并比较不同环境条件对紫色土吸附重金属的影响.结果表明:(1)一定pH条件下,同种土壤对4种重金属离子的吸附能力依次为Pb2 ＞Cu2 ＞Cd2 ≈Zn2 ;(2)在一定pH条件下,石灰性紫色土、中性紫色土、酸性紫色土对同种重金属离子的吸附强度依次降低,与其表面电荷密度的大小相一致;(3)石灰性紫色土、中性紫色土和酸性紫色土表面对Pb2 和Cu2 的吸附以静电和专性方式共存,其中对Pb2 的专性吸附比例分别约为56%、67%和50%;而对Zn2 和Cd2 绝大多数情况下产生静电吸附.     

The distribution of,and relation among,mercury and methylmercury,organic carbon,carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus,in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Design,synthesis, antinociceptive,and anti-inflammatory properties of thiazolopyrimidine derivatives

Ten 2-(substituted benzylidene)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-2H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3(7H)-one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated. A series of heterocyclic, 2-(substituted benzylidene)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-2H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3(7H)-one were synthesized by reaction of 7-(4-chloro phenyl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-2H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3(7H)-one with appropriately substituted aldehydes in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by tail-flick technique, anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema test and their ulcerogenicity index was determined. The para-substituted methyl, hydroxy, fluoro, chloro, bromo, and nitro derivatives showed significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. The detailed synthesis, spectroscopic data, and pharmacological screening of the synthesized compounds were reported.     

Beijing's coordinated development of population,resources, environment,and economy

Since the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing at 2008, the urban development plan of Beijing deserves special attention. The essence of regional sustainable development is that population (P), resources (R), environment (E) and economy (E) could develop with sustenance, order and coordination during a certain period, which forms a complex system called the PREE complex system. For this system, a multi-objective integrated model is formulated and solved by a nonlinear goal programming technique. Beijing's PREE complex system is then used as an empirical study. Twelve interesting goals are carefully selected, the parameters of each goal function were estimated by using Beijing's 50-year (1949–1999) statistical data, and their ideal goal limits for 2000 and 2005 are chosen according to the 9th and 10th Five-Year Economic Development Plans of Beijing. The results showed that population size is the most sensitive element in Beijing's PREE complex system. Furthermore, some suggestions related to public policies about the urban development of Beijing are proposed.     

Geography of conservation spending,biodiversity, and culture

We used linear and multivariate models to examine the associations between geography, biodiversity, per capita economic output, national spending on conservation, governance, and cultural traits in 55 countries. Cultural traits and social metrics of modernization correlated positively with national spending on conservation. The global distribution of this spending culture was poorly aligned with the distribution of biodiversity. Specifically, biodiversity was greater in the tropics where cultures tended to spend relatively less on conservation and tended to have higher collectivism, formalized and hierarchical leadership, and weaker governance. Consequently, nations lacking social traits frequently associated with modernization, environmentalism, and conservation spending have the largest component of Earth's biodiversity. This has significant implications for setting policies and priorities for resource management given that biological diversity is rapidly disappearing and cultural traits change slowly. Therefore, we suggest natural resource management adapt to and use characteristics of existing social organization rather than wait for or promote social values associated with conservation spending. Supporting biocultural traditions, engaging leaders to increase conservation commitments, cross‐national efforts that complement attributes of cultures, and avoiding interference with nature may work best to conserve nature in collective and hierarchical societies. Spending in modernized nations may be a symbolic response to a symptom of economic development and environmental degradation, and here conservation actions need to ensure that biodiversity is not being lost.     

不同生态型芦竹对Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu的富集与分布

介绍了生态型芦竹(Arundo donax Linn)的生物特性,并对芦竹修复湿地重金属污染能力进行了研究。芦竹具有生物量大、根系发达、适应性强等特点,在重金属污染环境下,有较好的耐受性。研究不同生态型芦竹对Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu的富集与分布,对重金属污染湿地的修复具有指导作用。采集了4个不同环境下的芦竹样本,对重金属富集量和在植物器官中的分布情况进行研究分析。结果表明,芦竹对镉、铅、汞有较好吸收,地上部叶内富集量分别为57.40～33.22mg·kg-1,412.4～312.4mg·kg-1,21.5～11.8mg·kg-1,地上部茎内富集量分别为19.50～4.02mg·kg-1,83.1～43.6mg·kg-1,30.0～19.4mg·kg-1。芦竹对铜的富集能力较弱,地上部叶内和茎内富集量分别是12.4～2.8mg·kg-1,1.4～0.4mg·kg-1。铜和铅在植物器官中的分布为根>叶>茎,镉在植物器官中的分布为叶>根>茎,汞在植物中的分布为根>茎>叶。富集量还与土壤中重金属质量分数有关,一般是随着土壤中重金属质量分数的增大而增加。镉、铅、铜在植物叶中的富集系数大于1,汞在植物茎中的富集系数大于1。综合分析结果表明,芦竹在污染或非污染环境中都能较好地富集镉、铅、汞,基于芦竹具有较大生物量特点,芦竹对湿地重金属污染具有较大的修复潜力。研究芦竹对重金属的吸收与分布,旨在为湿地的植物修复技术提供参考依据。