芘污染土壤的根瘤菌-植物修复效应研究

土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染已经成为了全球性的热点问题,微生物-植物联合修复技术是解决土壤有机污染的一种低耗高效的新型修复技术。以往作为目标污染物,绿豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium leguminosarum),紫花苜宿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)为供试微生物,选用绿豆(Vigna radiata L.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.),黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)作为修复植物。采用盆栽实验,研究在100 mg·kg-1污染条件下,接种根瘤菌对植物修复法污染土壤效果的影响。结果表明:培养60d后,4种植物均提高了芘污染土壤的pH,并提高了土壤脱氢酶的活性,其中种植绿豆的效果最好,其次为花生。此外,4种植物均提高了土壤中芘的去除率,提高幅度依次为绿豆(33.70%)花生(21.63%)黑麦草(10.55%)苜蓿(7.72%)。接种根瘤菌后发现,绿豆和花生根瘤数显著高于对照组,苜蓿与根瘤菌没有结合,而黑麦草则不和根瘤菌共生。根瘤菌对土壤中pH有一定的提高作用,但效果不显著。此外,根瘤菌提高了绿豆、花生和紫花苜蓿的生物量以及绿豆和花生处理组土壤的脱氢酶活性。并提高了绿豆和花生对土壤中芘的去除率,分别为4.10%和2.02%。研究表明:种植绿豆对土壤芘的去除率最高(94.63%),根瘤菌能与其根系结合良好,强化了绿豆修复芘污染土壤的能力,结果可为微生物-植物修复芘污染土壤提供新的参考。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿与黑麦草修复多环芳烃污染土壤的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究接种土著与外源丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对紫花苜蓿与黑麦草修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的影响.结果表明,接种外源AM真菌--苏格兰球囊霉(Glomus caledonium)36号能够显著提高紫花苜蓿和黑麦草的AM真菌侵染率并促进植物生长,而接种土著菌剂或土著菌剂与36号菌剂双接种对AM真菌侵染和植物生长无促进作用,甚至降低了黑麦草苗期的AM真菌侵染率.种植紫花苜蓿和黑麦草促进了土壤中PAHs的降解,这2种植物接种36号菌剂的处理60天时土壤PAHs降解率分别达42.3%和41.1%,说明36号菌剂可以显著提高植物修复效率,而接种土著菌剂对修复作用无显著影响,土著菌剂与36号菌剂双接种对紫花苜蓿的修复效果也无显著影响,但60天时显著提高黑麦草的修复效率.土壤中PAHs降解率与植物根系的AM真菌侵染率呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),表明AM真菌侵染可以提高紫花苜蓿与黑麦草对PAHs污染土壤的修复效率.     

TCP污染土壤的植物修复及其毒性评价

利用盆载试验研究了黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.)对2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)污染土壤的修复作用及其植物毒性影响.结果表明,培养75 d后土壤中TCP的可提取态质量分数随着时间延长逐渐减少,黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态TCP质量分数的下降.在TCP浓度为1,10,100 mg·kg-1的处理中,种植黑麦草的降解率分别是92.5%、78.2%、55.6%,无植物处理的降解率分别为56.3%、49.2%、37.5%.植物毒性试验结果发现,Lactuca sativa种子的根生长试验可以判断土壤毒性的变化,土壤毒性随着处理时间的延长,毒性降低,说明了植物修复的作用.TCP污染土壤的水提取液也存在毒性,TCP污染土壤有污染地下水和地表水的可能.Lactuca sativa的发芽率不能反映土壤的毒性变化规律,不宜作为评价TCP污染土壤的毒性指标.可见,种植黑麦草具有强化TCP污染土壤的修复作用,可通过促进黑麦草生长,增强土壤微生物活性,提高黑麦草修复TCP污染土壤的能力.     

张士灌区多环芳烃污染土壤的植物修复

以我国典型污灌区-沈阳张士污灌区某农田土壤为研究对象,进行了土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染物种类与含量的调查研究,分析了PAHs的主要来源.同时,以13种牧草/草坪草为供试植物,开展PAHs污染土壤高效修复植物的筛选工作,修复周期约为80d.研究结果表明,张士灌区农田土壤受到严重污染,从土壤中分析检测到USEPA 16种PAHs中的13种,含量达2 294 μh·kg-1(干重),远高于荷兰农业土壤的PAHs标准.盆栽试验结果表明,不同植物对土壤中PAHs的去除效果不同,紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L)、巴林(Poa pratenstis L.)、高羊茅(Festuca data.Kengex E.Alexeev)和白三叶草(Trrifolium repens L.)等植物对土壤中PAHs去除效果较好,适合用于张士灌区农田土壤的修复与治理.     

污染场地中有机氯农药对土壤原生动物群的影响

有机氯农药污染土壤对生态环境具有潜在的风险。采集某废弃农药厂污染场地的土壤样品,测定了土壤的理化性质,以及典型有机氯农药滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)的残留浓度,并对土壤中原生动物的组成和数量进行了分析。结果显示,农药厂区域的土壤中原生动物的组成结构为:鞭毛虫和肉足虫为优势类群,纤毛虫为稀有类群。土壤理化性质与原生动物数量的相关性分析表明,总氮含量与鞭毛虫、纤毛虫数量和原生动物总数量呈显著正相关,总磷含量与肉足虫数量呈显著正相关。同时,农药厂区域土壤中的原生动物数量较对照区显著减少,污染场地中长期残留的有机氯农药对原生动物有明显抑制作用。     

苯并[a]芘污染土壤的植物根际修复研究初探

研究了黑麦草(Lolium multiflorumL.)对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘污染土壤的修复作用。研究结果表明,土壤中苯并[a]芘的可提取态wB[a]P随着时间延长而逐渐减少,黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态苯并[a]芘的减少,提高了苯并[a]P在土壤中的降解率,在1、10、50mg·kg-1苯并[a]芘处理下,黑麦草生长土壤中苯并[a]芘的降解率分别达90.3%、87.5%、78.6%;而没有黑麦草生长土壤中苯并[a]芘的降解率则为79.3%、66.4%、55.6%。黑麦草根际增加土壤中微生物碳的含量,从而提高植物对苯并[a]芘的降解率。植物的地上部也可积累少量苯并[a]芘,但植物对苯并[a]芘的吸收不是黑麦草对其修复的主要机制。土壤自身具有修复苯并[a]芘的潜能,种植黑麦草具有强化土壤修复苯并[a]芘污染的作用。     

化学农药污染土壤植物修复中的环境化学问题

报道了利用植草修复受DDT，BHC和Dicofol污染的研究，讨论了化学农药污染土壤植物修复中,农药在植物中富集与在土壤中降解以及结合残留等环境化学问题。研究表明，在植物修复的过程中，通过草对农药吸收的途径而去除土壤中污染物的作用所作的贡献很小，植草的作用可能是通过草的根部向土壤释放酶和某些分泌物，从而激发土壤中微生物的活性，并加速农药生物降解作用的结果。草在不同土壤中修复能力的差异，可能与不同土壤中所存土著微生物的差异以及其活性受酶和某些分泌物所激发差异的结果。选择能使根际区产生强烈的生物降解作用的草品种，是利用草作为化学农药污染土壤修复的关键。土壤与植株中农药结合残留的形成可能是土壤中污染物消除的又一个重要因素。     

雷州半岛典型区域土壤有机氯农药污染探查研究

在雷州半岛典型区域共采集了74个表层土壤和4个剖面土壤,对土壤中有机氯农药残留及分布状况进行了研究。结果表明:有机氯农药检出率为100%,其中∑HCH(六六六)和∑DDT(滴滴涕)质量分数范围分别在nd～65.93μg·kg-1和0.04～52.00μg·kg-1之间,同国内外同类报道相比处于较低水平;按土壤中有机氯农药17种成分质量分数所占的比重排序,前五名分别为P,P'-DDE、β-HCH、硫丹硫酸盐、硫丹Ⅱ、艾氏剂;按不同利用类型土壤中有机氯残留质量分数由大到小排序为菜地→水田→果园→甘蔗地;有机氯农药残留质量分数随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势,耕层(0~20cm)的有机氯农药残留质量分数都高于底下层次。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物-紫花苜蓿联合修复效应

微生物-植物联合修复技术作为一种低耗高效的新型修复手段已经被广泛应用于有机污染土壤的修复领域并取得了较好的效果,新型生物资源的应用将推动该方法的进一步发展。本研究采用温室盆栽实验,以里氏木霉（Trichodermaressei FS10-C）、根瘤菌（Rhizobium meliloti）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）作为供试生物,设置添加灭活菌剂-无紫花苜蓿（CK）、添加灭活菌剂-种植紫花苜蓿（A）、接种木霉菌剂-种植紫花苜蓿（TA）、接种木霉菌根瘤菌复合菌剂-种植紫花苜蓿（TRA）4种处理,探究微生物-植物联合修复对多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤的生物修复效果及其微生态效应。结果表明,经过60 d的培养,微生物不仅促进了紫花苜蓿的生长,而且在紫花苜蓿的协同作用下进一步提高了土壤中PAHs降解率。TA处理中紫花苜蓿生物量增加了5.88%,而TRA处理进一步促进了紫花苜蓿的生长,其生物量增加了11.15%;A、TA和TRA处理下土壤中PAHs的降解率分别为17.02%、25.62%、32.93%,显著（p〈0.05）高于处理CK（5.67%）。此外,接种菌剂处理（TA、TRA）对土壤中高分子量PAHs具有更好的降解效果,A处理土壤中4-、5（＋6）环PAHs的降解率分别为18.13%、24.74%,TA处理为21.41%、28.34%,而TRA处理则为21.29%、30.11%。同时,紫花苜蓿能够通过其根际效应显著促进土壤微生物活性,相较于CK处理,A、TA、TRA处理土壤脱氢酶活性分别提高了33.20%、34.58%、32.65%,A、TA、TRA处理AWCD值和微生物群落多样性指数均显著（p〈0.05）高于CK。通过木霉、根瘤菌与紫花苜蓿联合作用不仅可以有效地降解土壤中的PAHs,而且能够恢复土壤微生物生态功能多样性和稳定性。因此,该方法是一种极具潜力的生物修复手段,具有广阔的市场应用前景。     

生物修复PAHs污染土壤对酶活性的影响

在PAHs污染土壤生物修复过程中,以黑麦草、苜蓿为修复植物,固定化微生物菌剂为外源微生物,通过盆栽实验研究了不同处理对土壤酶活性的影响,以及酶活性与PAHs的去除效果之间的相关性。结果表明,植物修复、微生物修复及两者联合修复均显著提高了土壤PAHs的去除效果,其中黑麦草和苜蓿与微生物菌剂联合修复效果分别达到37.57%和38.41%,比单独的植物修复和菌剂修复高出一倍左右。各种生物修复同时促进了土壤多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶及脲酶的活性,减少了过氧化氢酶活性。过氧化氢酶活性与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）、而脲酶与多酚氧化酶显著正相关（P〈0.05）。进一步分析表明PAHs的去除率与脱氢酶活性极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,与过氧化氢酶活性呈负相关（P=0.564）;因此,在PAHs污染土壤生物修复过程中,可以选择土壤脱氢酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性作为PAHs修复效率的微生态指示指标。     

不同密度五种植物对薇甘菊幼苗的竞争效应

以入侵植物薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K）和多年生植物高羊茅（Festuca elata Keng ex E.Alexeev）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、黄花蒿（Artemisia annua L.）、杂三叶（Alsike clover.）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为试验材料,温室条件下采用密度添加系列设计,研究了5种植物在不同密度下对薇甘菊幼苗的竞争效应,为薇甘菊生物替代提供理论依据。结果表明,（1）5种受试植物及其不同种植密度对薇甘菊幼苗的生物量、株高和分枝数具有极显著影响（P〈0.001）,但两者互作除对薇甘菊幼苗的株高显著影响外,对其幼苗的生物量和分枝数均无显著影响。（2）同等密度条件下,供试5种植物中的黑麦草和黄花蒿对薇甘菊幼苗的生物量、株高和分枝数的抑制作用最强,高羊茅次之,杂三叶和紫花苜蓿对薇甘菊幼苗的生长抑制作用最弱。（3）5种植物与薇甘菊混种组合中薇甘菊的相对产量（RY）均显著小于1,说明供试5种植物对薇甘菊的种间竞争作用强于其种内竞争;不同密度的黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅与薇甘菊混种,3种竞争植物的竞争平衡指数（CB）均显著大于0;而杂三叶和紫花苜蓿仅在其与薇甘菊的混种密度分别大于200和300株/m2时,其竞争平衡指数（CB）大于0,而低密度时均小于0;说明供试5种植物中,黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅的竞争能力强于薇甘菊幼苗,而杂三叶和紫花苜蓿在低密度条件下的竞争能力较薇甘菊幼苗弱。可见黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅有望被作为替代竞争植物用来对薇甘菊进替代控制。     

铜胁迫对高丹草和紫花苜蓿生长和光合特性的影响

以高丹草（Sorghum×S.sudanes）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为试验材料,通过水培试验,研究了不同浓度Cu处理对两种牧草生长及光合特性的影响。试验结果显示,随着Cu处理浓度增加,两种牧草叶、茎、根生物量逐渐下降,并在100μmol.L-1 Cu2＋处理后达到显著水平。Cu胁迫导致两种牧草气孔导度、RuBP羧化酶的最大羧化效率、最大电子传递速率调控的RuBP再生的潜在速率和磷酸丙糖利用中有机磷的释放速率、以及叶绿素质量分数降低,最终导致净光合速率降低。Cu胁迫下,两种牧草二氧化碳饱和点和二氧化碳饱和点净光合速率降低,而二氧化碳补偿点却升高。另外,Cu处理还降低了两种牧草的蒸腾速率和日间呼吸速率。且在光合、蒸腾和呼吸作用参数的变化幅度上高丹草要大于紫花苜蓿。这些结果表明Cu胁迫抑制了两种牧草的生长、光合作用、蒸腾作用和呼吸作用,而且对高丹草的抑制作用要强于紫花苜蓿;Cu胁迫下光合作用的下降不仅与气孔导度的下降相关,而且与光反应和暗反应的受阻有关。这些研究结果可为筛选和培育耐Cu和富集Cu的牧草品种和用牧草修复铜污染水体及土壤提供依据。     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial activity in a field soil planted with perennial ryegrass

Dissipation and plant uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated agricultural soil planted with perennial ryegrass were investigated in a field experiment. After two seasons of grass cultivation the mean concentration of 12 PAHs in soil decreased by 23.4% compared with the initial soil. The 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs were dissipated by 30.9%, 25.5%, 21.2%, and 16.3% from the soil, respectively. Ryegrass shoots accumulated about 280 μg·kg^-1, shoot dry matter biomass reached 2.48 × 10⁴ kg·ha^-1, and plant uptake accounted for about 0.99% of the decrease in PAHs in the soil. Significantly higher soil enzyme activities and microbial community functional diversity were observed in planted soil than that in the unplanted control. The results suggest that planting ryegrass may promote the dissipation of PAHs in long-term contaminated agricultural soil, and plant-promoted microbial degradation may be a main mechanism of phytoremediation.     

Effects of two different intercropping systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dissipation北大核心CSCD

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical organic contaminants in the environment. It is indicated that plants and soil microorganisms have a positive synergistic effect on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soil. To investigate the effect of intercropping on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and PCB remediation, a pot-cultivation experiment with two intercropping treatments, corn (Zea mays L.) / ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and corn/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and a corn monoculture was conducted in a greenhouse. All treatments were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae M47V. Plant biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization rate, concentration of PCBs and their homologs in soil, 16S rDNA gene abundance, and community composition measured by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) were determined after harvesting the plants. Intercropping significantly increased the root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn (P < 0.05), as well as the available N content of the soil. A significant difference of the bacterial community composition was found among different treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with corn monoculture, corn/alfalfa intercropping significantly increased soil bacteria abundance (P < 0.05). The dissipation rates of total PCBs, as well as that of penta-chloro biphenyls were significantly increased in the intercropping treatments, when compared to the corn monoculture treatment. Moreover, corn/ryegrass intercropping has a significantly positive effect on the dissipation of tri-chloro biphenyls. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that the PCBs homologues composition were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of 128 bp and 148 bp T-RFs. Corn intercropping with ryegrass or alfalfa has a positive effect on root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn. Inoculation of AM fungi in intercropping treatments significantly improved the efficiency of PCB remediation by promoting bacterial abundance and shifting the bacterial community composition. In conclusion, intercropping combined with AM fungi have positive synergistic effects on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soils. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants

When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate soil, the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the soil is altered. The added carbon stimulates microbial numbers but causes an imbalance in the C:N ratio which may result in immobilization of soil nitrogen by the microbial biomass, leaving none available for plant growth. As members of Leguminosae fix atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own nitrogen for growth, they may prove more successful at growing on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. During a wider study on phytoremediation of diesel fuel contaminated soil, particular attention was given to the performance of legumes versus other plant species. During harvesting of pot experiments containing leguminous plants, a recurring difference in the number and formation of root nodules present on control and contaminated Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants was observed. The total number of nodules per plant was significantly reduced in contaminated plants compared to control plants but nodules on contaminated plants were more developed than corresponding nodules on control plants. Plant performance of Common vetch and Westerwold's ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) was compared to illustrate any difference between the ability of legumes and grasses to grow on diesel fuel contaminated soil. Common vetch was less affected by diesel fuel and performed better in low levels of diesel fuel contaminated soil than Westerwolds ryegrass. The total amount of diesel fuel remaining after 4 months in Common vetch planted soil was slightly less than in Westerwolds ryegrass planted soil.     

4种替代植物对黄顶菊入侵土壤养分和酶活性的影响

入侵植物对土壤环境的影响是植物竞争取胜的重要生态策略之一,而选择合适的植物可以替代控制和抵御外来植物的入侵。比较了高丹草、向日葵、紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草4种植物与黄顶菊单种和混种后不同时期的土壤养分和土壤酶活性变化规律。结果表明：（1）黄顶菊单独种植根区土壤NH4＋-N、NO3-N含量均显著低于紫花苜蓿和黄顶菊混种群落,其有效磷含量显著低于高丹草和黄顶菊混种群落;（2）紫花苜蓿和黄顶菊混种群落土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著高于黄顶菊单种群落。因此,在本试验条件下,高丹草、紫花苜蓿对土壤氮素转化利用能力比黄顶菊高,且能竞争性抑制黄顶菊对土壤磷素的吸收,利于实现对黄顶菊的替代控制。     

Biodegradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane by two species of Bacillus isolated from contaminated soil

Biodegradation of α, β, γ and δ hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers was studied in broth medium and soil microcosm by Bacillus circulans and Bacillus brevis isolated from contaminated soil. Degradation of α and γ isomers by both the bacterial isolates was higher than thermodynamically stable β and δ isomers. However, B. circulans was found more effective than B. brevis for β and δ isomers. Maximum rate of degradation was recorded at 150 mg/L followed by 100 and 50 mg/L. Soil microcosm study revealed maximum degradation of HCH isomers in the treatment containing natural soil, pesticide and bacterial inocula than the treatment having sterilised soil, pesticide and bacterial isolates. Chloride release was positively co-related with HCH degradation in broth medium as well as in soil microcosm, suggesting that B. circulans and B. brevis hold promising potential by having efficient enzyme(s) required for dechlorination of HCH from contaminated sites.     

植物吸收修复对土壤镍及其主要化学性质的影响

采用室内盆栽试验方法,研究了外源镍污染土壤的植物吸收修复对土壤镍形态和土壤主要化学性质的影响。试验用水稻土添加NiSO4·6H2O(100～1600mgkg-1)经过12周的驯化培养后,种植了镍超累积植物Alyssu mmurale,110 d后收获植物并进行了试验土壤镍的形态和主要化学性质的分析,采用再分配系数和结合强度系数对植物修复效果进行了定量分析。结果表明,根区土壤中DTPA提取态镍的数量明显减少,根区土壤DTPA-Ni与非根区土壤DTPA-Ni之比的范围在0.33～0.61之间。每盆植物提取镍量为6.61～31.18mg,植物提取量随着添加镍量增加而增加,地上部分最大镍含量达到12454.1mgkg-1。根区的再分配系数在2.17～4.19之间,而非根区的再分配系数在6.87～15.91之间,再分配系数随着镍添加量的增加而增大;根区的结合强度系数为0.84～0.39,而非根区的则为0.88～0.26,随着土壤中镍添加量的增加,结合强度系数逐渐减小。植物吸收修复后,根区土壤镍的再分配系数降低、结合强度系数增大,表明土壤镍各形态之间的稳定性增加,因此植物修复可以加快外源镍在土壤中的稳定。试验结果也表明,根区土壤中pH随着镍添加量的增加呈下降趋势、但较非根区土壤的高;根区土壤有机碳亦较非根区的高。     

The effect of two different biochars on remediation of Cd-contaminated soil and Cd uptake by Lolium perenne

Biochar can be widely used to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil because of its adsorption capacity. But there are few studies about the effects of biochar on cadmium uptake by plants in soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd). Therefore, an incubation experiment was used to investigate the effects of rice straw biochar (RSBC) and coconut shell biochar (CSBC) on Cd immobilization in contaminated soil and, subsequently, Cd uptake by Lolium perenne. The results showed that the microbial counts and soil enzyme activities were significantly increased by biochar in Cd-contaminated soil, which were consistent with the decrease of the bioavailability of Cd by biochar. HOAc-extractable Cd in soil decreased by 11.3–22.6% in treatments with 5% RSBC and by 7.2–17.1% in treatments with 5% CSBC, respectively, compared to controls. The content of available Cd in biochar treatments was significantly lower than in controls, and these differences were more obvious in treatment groups with 5% biochar. The Cd concentration in L. perenne reduced by 4.47–26.13% with biochar. However, the biomass of L. perenne increased by 1.35–2.38 times after adding biochar amendments. So, Cd uptake by whole L. perenne was augmented by RSBC and CSBC. Accordingly, this work suggests that RSBC and CSBC have the potential to be used as a useful aided phytoremediation technology in Cd-contaminated soil.