街区污染物扩散的数值研究

对街区峡谷内交通污染扩散规律的研究是城市空气质量预测的主要内容之一。应用现代流体力学数值模拟方法进行大量算例的计算和分析,研究了城市街区峡谷污染物二维扩散的规律。包括比较各种条件下污染物的扩散浓度,考察来流风速、街区特征比例和日照等因素对扩散的影响,通过研究流场及湍流强度分析其扩散的动力学原因,为改进工程预测模式提供依据。     

乌鲁木齐市典型的冬季环境空气重污染过程剖析

2003年12月16日-2004年1月11日,乌鲁木齐市遭遇了2000年以来最不利的污染气象条件,逆温层笼罩上空长达27d之久,致使空气流动不畅,雾天持续出现,大气污染物无法扩散,SO2和NO2浓度逐日累积,空气中的可吸入颗粒物浓度严重超标,市区空气混浊处于严重污染状态.     

西安冬、夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征

为探讨西安市冬、夏季水溶性无机离子的季节和空间变化特征,2010年1月和7月分别在西安城区4个站点及上风区高陵(GL)和下风区黑河(HH)连续采集2周的PM2.5样品,使用离子色谱仪分析样品中水溶性无机离子成分.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度冬季明显高于夏季,空间变化表现为:城区站点浓度均值(172.6μg.m-3)>上风区点GL(98.9μg.m-3)>下风区点HH(81.0μg.m-3).水溶性无机离子浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的41.8%,其中SO24-、NO3-和NH4+是水溶性离子的主要成分,分别占总离子质量浓度的35.1%、22.6%和12.2%.Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+在冬、夏季浓度相差不大,而SO24-、NO3-、NH4+以及K+、Cl-等均明显表现为冬季浓度高于夏季.SO24-、NO3-和NH4+在冬、夏季空间变化均表现为城区站点>GL>HH,这3种离子夏季在大气中的主要存在方式为NH4HSO4和NH4NO3,而冬季主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和NH4Cl形式存在.NO3-/SO24-的比值为0.64,表明西安市固定源仍是主要污染贡献源,但是移动源所占比例较之前研究有所上升,应采取一定措施控制机动车数量并加强排放监控.     

城市街道内机动车排放污染物NO对流扩散的特征

采用现场观测和数值模拟的方法研究了城市街道内机动车排放污染物中的NO扩散特征。结果表明:城市街道中机动车排放污染物的对流扩散取决于屋顶风向和风速,随着建筑物顶部气流速度的增大,街道内同样位置的污染物浓度相对减小;当风向垂直于街道轴线时,街道内同样位置的污染物浓度最大;同时街道内机动车排放的污染物浓度与车流量成正比关系,即机动车流量越大污染物浓度越高。     

天津夏季地面O3浓度变化规律与影响因素

臭氧是城市污染大气中的首要光化学污染物,其变化规律与前体物(NO、NO2和CO)和气象因素关系密切.利用2008年夏季天津城区地面大气O3、相关前体物和气象因素等观测数据,研究了O3浓度水平和时间变化规律,重点分析了7月3日-8月5日O3与NO、NO2和CO等前体物及气象因素(气温、相对湿度和风速)的相关性.结果表明,天津城区夏季O3存在一定的污染,超标时段多发生在13:00-19:00,这一时段对应高温、低湿、大风的天气条件;NO、NO2和CO作为O3的前体物,昼间其浓度与O3浓度呈线性负相关,夜间相互作用较为复杂,相关性显著降低;气象因素对O3浓度影响明显,高温、低湿利于光化学反应的进行,O3浓度与风速呈正相关表明可能有外来源的存在.     

广州城区近地面层不同高度空气质量评价

为了阐明大城市中心城区不同高度的空气质量差异及其成因,为大气污染防治工作提供科学支撑,该研究基于广州塔大气污染物垂直梯度观测平台的监测数据,采用环境空气质量综合指数和环境空气质量指数(AQI),分别对广州城区近地面层不同高度的空气质量进行评价。结果表明,2015年广州塔4个高度(地面、118 m、168 m和488 m)的空气质量综合指数分别为4.96、5.01、4.83和3.64,AQI超标率分别为27%、30%、25%和40%。总体上,中、低层(168 m以下)的空气质量差异较小,其中118 m点位的综合指数和AQI超标率相对较高;高层(488 m)因O_3污染尤其显著导致其AQI超标率为各高度最高,但O_3质量浓度上升的贡献被其他污染物质量浓度的大幅下降所抵消,故其综合指数反而最低。随着高度增加,PM_(2.5)和NO_2超标程度下降,O_3超标程度上升,导致高层的PM_(2.5)和NO_2几乎不超标,而O_3超标率达40%且其超标天数占AQI超标天数的比例高达99%。随着污染级别上升,PM_(2.5)和NO_2成为首要污染物的比例减少,O_3比例增加,O_3成为各高度AQI超标时最主要的首要污染物。当低层空气质量处于优或重度污染级别时,各层等级一致性相对较好;但在其他情况下,低层与高层的空气质量最多可相差3个级别。因PM_(2.5)和NO_2以低矮源排放贡献为主,而O_3来源于复杂的二次反应,使PM_(2.5)和NO_2质量浓度随高度上升而递减,而O_3质量浓度随高度上升而递增,最终形成了中、低层以PM_(2.5)、NO2和O_3复合污染为主、高层以O_3单一污染为主的空气质量垂直分布特征。     

MnO2/H2SO4溶液同时脱硫脱硝实验

采用MnO2/H2SO4溶液作为吸收液,以Fe3+作为催化剂在自制的鼓泡反应器内,对模拟烟气进行同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,主要考察MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、pH值、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度、氧含量、烟气流量等因素对SO2和NO脱除效率的影响.实验结果表明,MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、烟气流量、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度对脱硝率影响显著,pH值、氧含量对脱硝率影响不大.在整个实验范围内脱硫效率总是保持在98%以上,脱硝效率最高达到70.9%.     

珠江三角洲土地利用变化对特征大气污染物扩散的影响

在珠江三角洲两种下垫面条件下,应用CALPUFF大气污染扩散模式,对特征污染物SO2、SO42-的扩散进行数值模拟,探讨大规模土地利用变化,尤其是城镇建设用地增加,对珠江三角洲地区大气污染物扩散的影响,并通过对4个典型区污染物月均质量浓度变化特征分析,揭示土地利用变化对不同地区的污染物分布的影响机制。模拟结果表明：土地利用变化,尤其是城镇建设用地增加,不利于污染物扩散,污染源下风方向地区受影响较大,污染物质量浓度明显升高,SO2和 SO42-年均质量浓度分别增加14.07%和3.31%;受影响范围、变化幅度与污染源排污强度呈正相关,变化幅度亦与污染源距离远近呈负相关。土地利用变化后,尤其是城镇建设用地增加,四个典型区 SO2月均质量浓度都表现为升高趋势,且冬季 SO2质量浓度升高幅度最大,夏季升高幅度最小,临近污染源密集区的两个典型区SO2月均质量浓度分别增加33.6%和26.3%。土地利用变化不仅改变局地的污染扩散,也会对区域的污染扩散有一定影响,尤其对污染源分布密集区的大气污染物扩散影响强度最大。因此,建议人类在城市化建设过程中尽可能保留自然斑块,消除人工下垫面对污染物扩散的负面影响。     

天津城市热岛及其对污染物扩散影响的数值模拟

城市热岛直接影响城市风场结构和污染物扩散路径,以能量平衡模式得到的地面温度作为下边界条件、中尺度气象模式MM5作初始场和侧边界条件,建立了天津市500 m的细网格城市边界层模式并用其研究天津市秋季热岛及其对污染物扩散的影响.结果表明,模式可以较好地模拟城市热岛现象,地面温度日变化规律及近地层的温度廓线与实际观测值较一致,能够反映夜间出现的逆温.模式成功地再现了城市温度场和流场的三维结构,结果表明17:00时热岛强度在地面最强,到300m存在个别的弱热岛中心,500m高度城郊不存在温度差异;地面高温中心有一个弱的辐合中心,直接影响污染物在城区的扩散,模拟的污染物浓度在地面较低,150～300 m高度最大.该研究结果可为了解天津地区局地气候的形成、污染物的扩散及城市规划提供参考和帮助.     

影响街区峡谷浓度扩散的因素

对街区峡谷内污染扩散规律的研究是城市空气质量预测的主要内容之一。应用现代流体力学数值模拟方法进行大量算例的计算和分析,研究了城市街区峡谷污染物二维扩散的规律。在分析二维街区峡谷内浓度扩散的规律时,发现对街区峡谷浓度扩散的两个影响因素,其中定量分析了湍流脉动对浓度扩散的影响,与层流时得到的浓度扩散进行了通量积分的比较;此外,定性分析了不同类型的街区峡谷对扩散的影响。     

Three-Dimensional Modelling of Concentration Fluctuations in Complicated Geometry

The strong fluctuating component in the measured concentration time series of a dispersing gaseous pollutant in the atmospheric boundary layer, and the hazard level associated to short-term concentration levels, demonstrate the necessity of calculating the magnitude of turbulent fluctuations of concentration using computational simulation models. Moreover the computation of concentration fluctuations in cases of dispersion in realistic situations, such as built-up areas or street canyons, is of special practical interest for hazard assessment purposes. In this paper, the formulation and evaluation of a model for concentration fluctuations, based on a transport equation, are presented. The model is applicable in cases of complex geometry. It is included in the framework of a computational code, developed for simulating the dispersion of buoyant pollutants over complex geometries. The experimental data used for the model evaluation concerned the dispersion of a passive gas in a street canyon between 4 identical rectangular buildings performed in a wind tunnel. The experimental concentration fluctuations data have been derived from measured high frequency concentrations. The concentration fluctuations model is evaluated by comparing the model's predictions with the observations in the form of scatter plots, quantile-quantile plots, contour plots and statistical indices as the fractional bias, the geometrical mean variance and the factor-of-two percentage. From the above comparisons it is concluded that the overall model performance in the present complex geometry case is satisfactory. The discrepancies between model predictions and observations are attributed to inaccuracies in prescribing the actual wind tunnel boundary conditions to the computational code.     

Modelling the fate of marine turtle hatchlings

The SLIM oceanographic model was used to examine the fate of hatchling flatback turtles (Natator depressus) in the first two weeks of their dispersal starting at Wild Duck Island, a major turtle-nesting site in the central Great Barrier Reef region of Australia. We ran simulations to investigate the effects of spring versus neap tides, hatchling's swimming behaviour during their first three days at sea, and the location of nesting beaches. The model predicted that up to 50% of the turtle hatchlings entering the sea from the windward, southern beach remained after 14 days in shallow, nearshore waters, irrespective of tides and swimming. These waters are turbid and may be inhospitable to hatchlings. In contrast >80% of hatchlings dispersing from the leeward, northern beach were dispersed to deeper water (10-40 m) in a quasi-stationary dispersion core centred around 10 km north of the nesting beach after 14 days and the offshore spread of the turtle plume was enhanced by the hatchling's seaward swimming during the first three days. This was due to the presence of a coastal boundary layer and a stagnation zone around the northern side of island, but not the southern side. The model confirmed that dispersal from eastern Queensland flatback turtle rookeries is restricted to the lagoons and coastal waters, and that water circulation and hatchling's swimming control dispersion. The model explains why more turtles nest on the northern than the southern side. This study highlights the usefulness of oceanographic models to increase knowledge about a cryptic life stage of marine turtles.     

Prediction of the upper tail of concentration distributions of a continuous point source release in urban environments

The peak values observed in a measured concentration time series of a dispersing gaseous pollutant released continuously from a point source in urban environments, and the hazard level associated with them, demonstrate the necessity of predicting the upper tail of concentration distributions. For the prediction of concentration distributions statistical models are preferably employed which provide information about the probability of occurrence. In this paper a concentration database pertaining to a field experiment is used for the selection of the statistical distribution. The inverses of the gamma cumulative distribution function (cdf) for 75th–99th percentiles of concentration are found to be more consistent with the experimental data than those of the log-normal distribution. The experimental values have been derived from measured high frequency time series by sorting first the concentrations and then finding the concentration which corresponds to each probability. Then the concentration mean and variance that are predicted with Computational Fluid Dynamics-Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methodology are used to construct the gamma distribution. The proposed model (“RANS-gamma”) is included in the framework of a computational code (ADREA-HF) suitable for simulating the dispersion of airborne pollutants over complex geometries. The methodology is validated by comparing the inverses of the model cdfs with the observed ones from two wind tunnel experiments. The evaluation is performed in the form of validation metrics such as the fractional bias, the normalized mean square error and the factor-of-two percentage. From the above comparisons it is concluded that the overall model performance for the present cases is satisfactory.     

Evaluation of CFD Simulation using RANS Turbulence Models for Building Effects on Pollutant Dispersion

CFD evaluations were performed to examine the applicability of the RANS methods in simulating pollutant dispersion near, within and over three typical building configurations: (1) an isolated building, (2) a building array and (3) an urban intersection. The CFD results are compared with values obtained from wind tunnel tests. In some situations major differences between the wind tunnel tests and the CFD results were observed. The main source of difference between the CFD and wind tunnel results was inadequate modelling of local flow patterns using the RANS turbulence models. Also inappropriate evaluation of high intermittent turbulent mixing in the RANS approach may lead to either over-prediction or under-prediction of the concentration level, by up to a factor of 10, depending on the case investigated.     

Large eddy simulation of dispersion around an isolated cubic building: evaluation of localized dynamic k_\mathrm{SGS}-equation sub-grid scale model

In the present study, the prediction accuracy of a dynamic one-equation sub-grid scale model for the large eddy simulation of dispersion around an isolated cubic building is investigated. For this purpose, the localized dynamic $k_\mathrm{SGS} $ -equation model (LDKM) is employed and the results are compared with the available experimental data and two other classic sub-grid scale models, namely, standard Smagorinsky–Lilly model (SSLM) and dynamic Smagorinsky–Lilly model (DSLM). It is shown that the three SGS models give results in good agreement with experiment. However, near the ground level of the leeward wall, dimensionless time-averaged concentration, $\langle K\rangle $ , profile is not quite similar to the experimental data. It is also demonstrated that the LDKM predicts the values of $\langle K\rangle $ on the roof, leeward and side walls more acceptably than the SSLM and DSLM. Whereas, the streamwise elongation of time-averaged structures of the plume shape is more over-estimated with the LDKM than with the other two SGS models. In terms of numerical difficulty, the LDKM is found to be stable and computationally reasonable. In addition, it does not suffer from a flow dependent constant such as the Smagorinsky coefficient employed in the SSLM model.     

On thermally forced flows in urban street canyons

During sunny days with periods of low synoptic wind, buoyancy forces can play a critical role on the air flow, and thus on the dispersion of pollutants in the built urban environments. Earlier studies provide evidence that when a surface inside an urban street canyon is at a higher temperature than that of local ambient air, buoyancy forces can modify the mechanically-induced circulation within the canyons (i.e., gaps between buildings). The aspect ratio of the urban canyon is a critical factor in the manifestation of the buoyancy parameter. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed on urban street canyons with six different aspect ratios, focusing on the special case where the leeward wall is at a greater temperature than local ambient air. A non-dimensional measure of the influence of buoyancy is used to predict demarcations between the flow regimes. Simulations are performed under a range of buoyancy conditions, including beyond those of previous studies. Observations from a field experiment and a wind tunnel experiment are used to validate the results.     

Seasonal breeding aggregations in low-density populations of the bathyal echinoid Stylocidaris lineata

Reproduction of bathyal cidaroid sea urchins was studied between 1985 and 1991 with the aid of a manned submersible in the northern Bahamas. During May 1988 and February 1990, discrete, single-species aggregations of Stylocidaris lineata containing 2 to 6 individuals were observed between 510 and 640 m depths. Reproductive conditions of isolated and aggregated individuals were determined histologically. In February, all individuals, regardless of their spatial distribution, contained developing gametes. During the May spawning season, most isolated individuals contained spent gonads with only relict gametes, whereas individuals in discrete aggregations mostly contained ripe gonads with mature or nearly-mature gametes. Aggregations were not observed during the autumn months, when gonads were spent or immature. These data suggest that bathyal cidaroids aggregate for reproduction. An in situ survey during May indicated that pairs of S. lineata are more common than larger clumps, but no more so than predicted by chance. Homosexual and heterosexual pairs occur at the relative frequencies predicted on the basis of sex ratio. We evaluated the need for reproductive aggregation by applying Denny's (1988) model that predicts downstream sperm concentration in a turbulent boundary layer. Flow parameters were measured with dye injected from the submersible, sperm-release rate was estimated in the laboratory, and the relationship between fertilization success and sperm concentration was determined in a laboratory dilution-experiment. The model predicted that, on smooth sandy bottoms at bathyal depths, sperm concentration should remain high enough to fertilize at least some eggs several meters directly downstream from a spawning male. Aggregation may facilitate spawning synchrony, increase gamete encounter probabilities, or cause gametes to be retained at high concentrations near the adults long enough for fertilization to occur.     

Impact of vehicular exhaust on ambient air quality of Rohtak city, India

In the present study, ambient air quality of Rohtak city (Haryana) was monitored by High Volume Sampler. The selected parameters to judge the quality of air were Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide NO), Ozone (O3) and Suspended particulate matters (SPM) which give a fair idea of pollution load carried by the air. The monitoring data were collected from six sites randomly selected in Rohtak city. Sulphur dioxide was found below the permissible limits of National Ambient Avo Quality Standards (NAAQS) at all the sites. Higher concentration of SO2 was observed during winter in comparison to summer and monsoon seasons. Nitrogen dioxide concentration was found to be above the prescribed standards of NAAOS at four sites in winter season. Ozone concentration was found below the prescribed standards (NAAOS), but its concentration was higher in summer season as compared to winter. Suspended particulate matter concentration was observed above the safety limits at all the sites in all three seasons.     

基于PLS1的哈尔滨市PM2.5与空气污染物相关性分析

以往对PM2.5的研究多集中在气象因子或单一空气污染物对PM2.5质量浓度变化的影响,未考虑多种空气污染物对PM2.5质量浓度的协同作用。通过哈尔滨市环保局发布的2014年1月份（共31 d）市区内主要空气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、O3、PM2.5的质量浓度数据,运用相关性分析、PLS1和通径分析方法,研究哈尔滨市区内主要空气污染物对PM2.5质量浓度变化的直接影响、通过其他空气污染物的间接影响及污染物之间的协同作用。结果表明,SO2、NO2、PM10、CO 与 PM2.5质量浓度显著性相关,O3与 PM2.5质量浓度相关性不显著,SO2、NO2、PM10、CO 之间存在严重的复相关性。依据相关性分析结果,建立了SO2、NO2、PM10、CO对PM2.5质量浓度的PSL1模型,模型的拟合优度r2为0.852,模型拟合良好。对所建立的模型进行通径分析,结果显示,SO2、NO2、PM10、CO对PM2.5质量浓度变化的直接作用分别为0.005、-0.142、-0.140、1.191,CO对PM2.5质量浓度变化的直接影响作用最大。SO2、NO2、PM10通过CO对PM2.5质量浓度变化的间接作用分别为0.706、1.011、1.118均大于它们对PM2.5质量浓度变化的直接作用。SO2、NO2、PM10、CO对PM2.5质量浓度变化的总决定系数为85.9%。CO是主要空气污染物中影响PM2.5质量浓度变化的主要因素,降低冬季煤炭供暖期CO的排放量,有利于提高空气环境质量,降低对人体的健康危害。