家蚕斑纹限性品种SC1的RAPD差异DNA片段的克隆及其酶切？…

利用ＲＡＰＤ技术对家蚕根性普斑品种ＳＣ１的雌雄体分别进行ＰＣＲ扩增。通过１２０种引物的筛选,得到１个雌体特异的ＲＡＰＤ ＤＮＡ片段。将该片段克隆到ｐＵＣ１９质粒,并进行了限制性内切酶图谱分析。     

用简并引物扩增与克隆D.radiodurans超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶基因片段

依据超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ） 和过氧化氢酶（Ｃａｔ） 的保守性氨基酸序列,设计简并引物,自Ｄ．ｒａｄｉｏｄｕｒａｎｓ 基因组ＤＮＡ扩增并克隆了ＳＯＤ和Ｃａｔ 基因片段．ＳＯＤ 和Ｃａｔ 基因片段分别长４５３ ｂｐ 和６７３ ｂｐ,各编码１５１和２２４ 个氨基酸,氨基酸序列与不同生物来源的ＳＯＤ或Ｃａｔ 具有高度同源性     

用简并引物扩增与克隆D.radiodurans超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化 …

依据超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（Ｃａｌ）的保守性氨基酸序列,设计简并引物,自Ｄ．ｒａｄｉｏｄｕｒａｎｓ基因组ＤＮＡ扩增并克隆了ＳＯＤ和Ｃａｔ基因片 Ｃａｔ基因片段分别长４５３ｂｐ和６７３ｂｐ,各编码１５１和２２４个氨基酸,氨基酸序列与不同生物来源的ＳＯＤ或Ｃａｔ具有高度同源性。     

盐胁迫下耐盐与盐敏感水稻的RAPD和POD同工酶检测

对耐盐、一般耐盐和盐敏感３种水稻材料进行了ＲＡＰＤ和同工酶检测，结果发现：３３个引物（Ｎ－１－Ｎ－１２，Ｓ４５０－Ｓ４７０）中，２７个引物具有拉增产物，拉增片段大小分布在０．２－３．４ｋｂ之间，说明在一定程度上反映了３种对盐具有不同耐盐性水稻在基因组ＤＮＡ分子水平上的差异，以Ｓ４５０为引物，在强耐盐的７７９中扩增出１个１．１ｋｂ的特异ＤＮＡ片段（Ｓ４５０１１００），而在对盐敏感的早花２号中，以Ｎ－     

朱■的随机扩增多态DNA分析与种内亲缘关系研究

利用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ技术对朱（Ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉａｎｉｐｐｏｎ）８个个体进行了随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ分析．用２０个１０ｂｐ的随机引物对每只朱的基因组ＤＮＡ进行扩增,共得到１６８个扩增片段,其中共有片段为１０２个．根据聚类分析所得到的树状图确定了８只朱的亲缘关系,这为进一步构建全部朱个体的谱系关系图打下了基础,有利于制定更有效的朱保护计划     

大豆栽培种和野生种豆类胰岛素的基因分析

以栽培大豆和野生大豆的基因组ＤＮＡ为材料,利用ＰＣＲ技术扩增并克隆了豆类胰岛素基因,分析了两者的ＤＮＡ序列．结果表明,测定的ＤＮＡ序列分别为８４１ｂｐ和９０３ｂｐ,有４个核苷酸差异;在信号肽编码区域内各存在一个内含子,大小分别为３６８和３７０个核苷酸;在ＯＲＦ范围内,与前人报导的ｃＤＮＡ序列分别有１个和２个位点的核苷酸差异,从而导致相应位点的氨基酸发生变化．Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交表明,栽培大豆和野生大豆的豆类胰岛素基因分别以单拷贝和多拷贝形式存在于基因组中     

RAPD标记鉴别中华绒螯蟹种群的初步研究

用２００个随机引物对中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）辽河种群、长江种群和瓯江种群进行了ＲＡＰＤ遗传标记鉴别研究,其中引物ＨＸ０１和ＨＸ０２检测到瓯江种群和辽河种群所有样品共有的ＨＸ０１０．４和ＨＸ０２０．７扩增片段,Ｍｒ分别为０．４ｋｂ和０．７ｋｂ．这两个扩增片段在模板ＤＮＡ浓度作上下５０％的改变、或在镁离子和引物浓度分别作上下２５％的改变时仍稳定出现,而长江种群样品的ＰＣＲ反应中无这两个扩增片段出现,因而可作为长江种群的鉴别标记．用上述标记检查一些人工养殖的河蟹,发现一些苗种场的蟹苗种质严重混杂．未发现可以区分瓯江种群和辽河种群的标记     

干扰烟草GA 20-氧化酶siRNA植物表达载体的构建及矮化烟草的产生

根据烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)GA 20-氧化酶基因序列,设计2对分别含有特定酶切位点的特异引物,以烟草基因组DNA为模板,扩增目的基因(约250 bp)片段.将正、反向目的片段分别插入中间载体的内含子两侧.再经BamH I和Sac I双酶切回收约700 bp的目的片段,插入到双元载体质粒p2355中,成功构建了含GA 20-氧化酶基因片段的反向重复序列植物表达载体p23700,其转录产物能形成发夹RNA(hpRNA),产生小分子干扰RNA,干扰目的基因的表达.将p23700质粒导入根癌农杆菌EHA105中并转化烟草叶片细胞,经选择分化培养,获得表型矮化的转基因烟草.图4参14     

抗砷载体的构建及在氧化亚铁硫杆菌中的表达

利用ＤＮＡ体外重组技术，将抗砷质粒ｐＵＭ３经ＨｉｎｄⅢ酶切后得到的４．３ｋｂ抗砷片段克隆到有广泛寄主的ＩｎｃＱ质粒ｐＪＲＤ２１５的ＨｉｎｄⅢ位点上，构建了一个新的抗砷质粒ｐＳＤＸ３。砷抗性研究表明，在大肠杆菌中，ｐＳＤＸ３的抗砷水平与ｐＵＭ３相近。将ｐＳＤＸ３通过接合的方式引入氧化亚铁硫杆菌Ｔｆ－５９中并得到了表达，与对照相比，含质粒ｐＳＤＸ３的Ｔｆ－５９抗砷水平有了很大的提高。     

EoNPV的限制性酶切图谱及polyhedrin基因和egt基因的定位

用８种限制性内切酶酶解茶尺蠖Ｅｃｔｒｏｐｉｓｏｂｌｉｑｕａ核型多角体病毒（ＥｏＮＰＶ）基因组ＤＮＡ,获得大于０．８８ｋｂ的片段数分别为７、３８、１９、１７、１６、９、３２和１４．由此统计,基因组平均大小大于１１８．５ｋｂ,即Ｍｒ约大于７８．６×１０６．用ＢｍＮＰＶ的多角体蛋白（ｐｈ）基因和ＡｃＭＮＰＶ的ｅｇｔ基因为探针,应用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交方法,将ＥｏＮＰＶ的ｐｈ基因定位于ＢａｍＨＩＡ、ＣｌａＩＤ、ＥｃｏＲＩＭ、ＥｃｏＲＶＬ、ＨｉｎｄⅢＦ、ＰｓｔＩＡ、ＳａｌＩＨ和ＸｈｏＩＢ片段上,将ｅｇｔ基因定位于ＢａｍＨＩＡ、ＣｌａＩｌ、ＥｃｏＲＩＫ、ＥｃｏＲＶＡ、ＨｉｎｄⅢＨ、ＰｓｔＩＡ、ＳａｌＩＢ、ＸｈｏＩＩ片段上．通过克隆和酶切鉴定ＥｃｏＲＩＭ和ＥｃｏＲＶＬ片段,测定ｐｈ基因部分序列,并以ＥｃｏＲＩＭ为探针对基因组酶切印迹进行杂交,制作了ＥｏＮＰＶｐｈ基因和ｅｇｔ基因区的酶切图谱,推定ｅｇｔ基因保守区位于ｐｈ基因上游约４．５５ｋｂ处．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.