臭氧作用对污水厂剩余污泥中碳、氮、磷的影响

污水处理量的增加产生了更多的剩余污泥,导致污泥处理处置费占污水厂运行费的比例在不断增加[1].污泥减量化是该领域近年的研究重点[2],国内外采用臭氧对污泥进行减量的研究较成熟[3-4].但是污泥破解液中碳、氮和磷的释放是否会对污水厂的出水产生影响,将关系到臭氧减量化技术能否应用在污水厂的实际运行中.     

轻质陶粒滤料生态滤床的挂膜与启动研究

以自行设计的反应器作为生态滤床的基础,采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,采用轻质陶粒作为生态滤床的滤料,对其进行挂膜.在整个挂膜过程中,温度控制在中温条件下,进水pH值控制在7左右,水力停留时间为24 h,进水方式为连续进水,并根据需要对曝气量进行调节.在挂膜过程中对进、出水的COD、NH_3-N、TP、Cl~-和pH进行检测,并刮取少量轻质陶粒上的生物膜制成镜检切片后用多媒体显微镜对生物膜的形态进行观察.研究结果表明,在中温条件下采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,以轻质陶粒为滤料的生态滤床在15 d内挂膜成功;且随着进水污染负荷的提高,其去除率也逐渐提高,其中COD的去除率最后稳定在95%左右,NH3-N的去除率稳定在85%左右,TP的去除率在挂膜后期达到了80%以上;Cl~-作为微生物所需的微量元素在微生物生长高峰期为50%,稳定期保持在20%左右;进水pH保持在7左右,出水pH略高于进水,在8左右;从第13 d和第15 d的切片可观察到轮虫这种象征生物膜成熟的微生物的出现,此外还有大量的丝状菌和菌胶团.     

北京市污水厂污泥中的内分泌干扰效应物质

采用重组基因酵母法检测了北京市16个污水处理厂污泥的雌激素、雄激素和孕激素效应.结果表明,各污水厂污泥中均可检测到雌激素受体诱导效应,范围在0.587～6.76ngEEQ·g-(1dw)之间.各水厂污泥均未检测出雄激素诱导效应和孕激素诱导效应,大部分污水厂污泥样品表现出较明显的雄激素抑制效应和较强的孕激素抑制效应.与国外相比,北京市污水厂污泥中的雌激素活性值相对较低.堆肥处理不能有效去除雌激素类物质和孕激素抑制物质,但对雄激素抑制物质的去除明显.     

污泥中活性铝的溶出及形态分布

利用KCl,NH4Ac,HCl,NaOH四种化学浸提液将污水厂初沉污泥中的活性铝溶出，根据不同的溶出机理，得到铝的委员长中化学形态，进行定量测定，得到污泥中活性铝的形态分布，为污泥的合理利用提供一些信息。     

污泥制备活性炭的活化剂及活化机制研究进展

为探讨不同活化剂对污泥活性炭结构的影响,介绍了污泥制备活性炭过程中所用物理活化剂、化学活化剂和化学物理活化剂的研究现状,分别探讨了它们的活化机制和性能.从传统活性炭制备工艺的角度,提出了污泥活性炭的研究趋势和应用前景.分析认为利用剩余污泥制备活性炭,并将其用于污水厂恶臭气体的去除是避免造成二次污染、使之资源化利用的重要...     

寒冷地区城市污水处理厂污泥膨胀及其控制

结合大庆乘风庄污水厂运行 5年来两次污泥膨胀的实例 ,对活性污泥系统发生污泥膨胀的主要原因进行了分析 ,提出在寒冷地区活性污泥系统中 ,除低氧、低负荷外 ,低温也是造成膨胀的原因之一。对此提出采用减小曝气池污泥浓度或单池连续运行以提高负荷和鼓风机进风口空气加热提高曝气池水温的方法 ,可使膨胀得到有效控制。     

生石灰与微波协同作用对污泥脱水的影响

采用生石厌与微波协同作用,对广州市猎德污水厂浓缩污泥脱水的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明,单独投加生石灰,加入量为40 g·L-1时,污泥比阻由原来的4.72×1013m·kg-1降至1.9×1013m·kg-1,降低了约96%;单独使用微波调理污泥,在800W功率微波下辐射100s,可使污泥比阻由原来的4.72×101...     

SBAR反应器生物膜生长特性

采用载体吸附法的自固定化方式培养出活性良好的颗粒污泥———悬浮载体生物膜颗粒,并建立了生物膜物化特性和生化特性的系统分析方法。试验装置采用SBAR反应器,投加人工配水,裸载体为陶粒(湿视密度1 310 kg/m3、平均粒径0.55 mm)。试验运行了110 d,反应器内最大污泥浓度12.4 g/L,最大附着污泥浓度9.52 g/L。     

南方14种污泥中六溴环十二烷的浓度水平与组成特征

六溴环十二烷(Hexabromocyclododecane,HBCD)具有环境持久性、生物富集和潜在毒性,目前已被斯德哥尔摩公约组织列入"持久性有机污染物"禁用清单中。通过采集珠江三角洲地区14家污水厂的污泥样品,利用液相-双质谱研究了该区域污泥中HBCD的污染水平和异构体组成特征。研究结果表明,珠江三角洲地区污泥中HBCD的平均质量分数为8.4ng·g-1干重,质量分数范围在1.1~29.3 ng·g-1干重之间,且其含量水平与污水厂的处理工艺、污泥的总有机质含量等无显著相关性;与国内外其它研究区域相比,珠江三角洲地区污泥中HBCD的含量水平与上海、北京等其他典型城市相当,但显著低于爱尔兰、荷兰、英国等欧洲地区;不同厂家的污泥中HBCD的异构体组成模式各不相同。总共14个污泥样品中,有13个样品的HBCD异构体组成与商用技术产品有显著差异,其分布模式与珠江三角洲地区其他环境介质的研究结果较为一致,表明了环境样品中HBCD的异构体组成已经发生改变。结合珠江三角洲地区其他环境介质的研究结果,推断研究区域内污泥中HBCD异构体组成模式的变化主要来源于光降解和热转化等非生物转化过程,但仍需通过深入开展模拟实验来进一步验证。     

生物滴滤塔处理低浓度苯乙烯有机废气填料的选择及运行功效

由于苯乙烯本身所具有的毒性及恶臭气味,成了近几年受人们格外关注的污染物质。采用培养驯化的污泥菌种对1~#陶粒、2~#陶粒、塑料小球和沸石4种填料进行生物挂膜,通过比较1~#陶粒体积去除负荷和相对去除负荷,筛选出能优越的1~#陶粒作为滤塔填料处理处理苯乙烯废气,结果表明在进气量Q=0．6m~3/h,循环喷液量L =90L/min,进气负荷小于180g/(m~3·h),去除负荷可达到163g/(m~3·h),苯乙烯处理效率达到90%以上。     

城市污水对斑马鱼胚胎的影响

采用静态法,在实验室控制条件下,观察处理前后的城市污水对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应,并探讨其对斑马鱼胚胎可能的毒性机理。结果表明,兰州市安宁区M污水处理厂处理前的污水、处理后接触池出水和接触池出水入黄河排污口水对胚胎均有较高的毒性,其72 h EC50在21.384%～108.492%之间;对处理胚胎孵化成的仔鱼毒性也很明显。上述几种污水均降低斑马鱼胚胎的孵化率,增加胚胎及其孵化仔鱼的畸形。     

广州市某A2/O工艺城镇污水处理厂出水对大型溞的生殖毒性作用

城镇污水处理厂废水中存在大量生物毒性物质,但该废水对动物的生殖能力影响研究还十分缺乏。利用大型溞暴露实验,检测广州市某采用A~2/O工艺的城镇污水处理厂出水的急性毒性和生殖毒性。48 h急性毒性实验表明,所有水样均未表现出急性毒性效应。慢性生殖毒性(14 d)测试结果表明:(1)从进水到缺氧池出水均能显著提高第一胎产溞数量;(2)进水和沉砂池出水显著增加受试期总产溞数量;(3)从厌氧池到出水工艺段受试溞的第一胎产溞时间均推后;(4)好氧池出水的毒性显著降低,但仍然对大型溞具有生殖毒性。研究表明,好氧池(A~2/O)工艺能够显著去除具有大型溞生殖毒性的物质,但污水处理厂废水的生殖毒性仍需要引起关注。     

城市污泥不同处理处置方式的成本和效益分析--以北京市为例

以北京市为例,估算不同电价及运输距离下填埋、焚烧及堆肥等方式的城市污泥处理处置成本,在此基础上讨论各种处理处置方案的前景,展望北京市污泥处理处置出路。污泥填埋在一定时期内还将是主要处理处置方式,但所占比例将逐渐下降;堆肥是经济上较为可行的处理处置方式,适合大力推广;随着经济实力与技术水平提高,焚烧法可以适用于个别特殊地点。同时,分析了政府补贴对污泥处理处置效益的影响。     

海水利用后排水对城市污水处理厂生物处理的影响

对沿海城市海水利用后，含海水污水对城市污水处理厂生物处理系统可能造成的影响进行了研究、试验，结果表明。当海水比例不超过35％时，不会对生物处理系统造成严重冲击，处理出水能够达标排放。     

污泥处置环境影响论述

污泥是污水处理厂中最主要的固体废物，其处置是整个污水处理工程中最重要的环节之一，妥善处置能有效地防止污水处理工程可能产生的二次污染。以天津市汉沽营城污水处理厂为例，针对污水处理过程中产生的污泥进行成分类比分析，对其拟采取的处理处置措施所带来的环境影响进行论述。     

Multi-index integrated assessment and analysis of town-sewage treatment priorities in China

Water quality is one of the most serious problems of environment and national sustainable development strategy now facing China. After hard work over the last several decades, urban-sewage treatment in China is now relatively well developed. It now affords mainly higher levels of sewage collection and treatment, as well as pollution-load control. The characteristic rapid urbanization now occurring in China is still increasing and developing dramatically, and involves large numbers of people. However, in towns, sewage treatment infrastructure is inadequate, and a high percentage of the sewage generated there is not effectively collected and treated. The sewage and pollution load of such towns have become the most important reason for environmental water problems in China. To understand the priorities of sewage treatment in such towns, and their spatial distribution in China, we conducted two nationwide investigations of water use and sewage discharge in towns. Based on the integrated analytic hierarchy process (AHP), assessment indices and a framework of town-sewage treatment priorities in China were constructed. Then, we assessed and analyzed the priorities of towns regarding three aspects of sewage treatment: environmental stress, economic capability, and infrastructure. The results showed that the southeast coastal areas and north China had higher demand for sewage treatment than other areas. The demand in eastern and western areas had obvious differences in spatial distribution, but had nearly no differences within those areas. The towns having the greatest demand for high-priority sewage treatment were concentrated in regions with high economic capability and intense water resource utilization.     

Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass for stabilizing heavy metals and reducing biochar toxicity: A review

The huge amounts of sewage sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants induce major environmental and economical issues, calling for advanced disposal methods. Traditional methods for sewage sludge disposal increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. Moreover, biochar created from sewage sludge often cannot be used directly in soil applications due to elevated levels of heavy metals and other toxic compounds, which alter soil biota and earthworms. This has limited the application of sewage sludge-derived biochar as a fertilizer. Here, we review biomass and sewage sludge co-pyrolysis with a focus on the stabilization of heavy metals and toxicity reduction of the sludge-derived biochar. We observed that co-pyrolyzing sewage sludge with biomass materials reduced heavy metal concentrations and decreased the environmental risk of sludge-derived biochar by up to 93%. Biochar produced from sewage sludge and biomass co-pyrolysis could enhance the reproduction stimulation of soil biota by 20‒98%. Heavy metals immobilization and transformation are controlled by the co-feed material mixing ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere.

     

Decentralized wastewater treatment technologies and management in Chinese villages

Problems treating sewage in rural areas in China have attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, only 6% of rural areas had spray drainage and wastewater treatment systems by the end of 2010. It is necessary to assess the technologies currently used so that sewage treatment in rural areas can be developed appropriately, to provide reliable and affordable waste- water treatment, in these areas. We evaluated the sewage treatment technologies currently used in rural areas by conducting case studies on 62 facilities that had each been operating for at least one year. Our study was carried out between 2009 and 2011, and the aim was to assess the situation during that period and assess any problems involved in decentralized sewage treatment in villages. We found that decentralized sewage treatment is the most popular wastewater treatment method in villages, and that the most common primary treatment technology used in rural areas is the septic tank. Our investigation highlights the need to establish standards for assessing effluent quality, including a range of target pollutants. Our results also show that effluents should be reused to meet the local environmental requirements in different areas, especially in ecologically sensitive areas.     

污泥发酵产物应用于草坪基质的伴生杂草辨识与溯源

通过在工程化草坪生产基地设置污泥发酵产物施川处理,对在草坪应用的杂草问题进行了深入分析。结果表明．污泥发酵物料的掺人增加伴生杂草总量2．92～6．67倍。主要伴生杂草种类为牛筋草（Eleusine indica（Linn）Gaertn）,与对照相比,污泥发酵物处理的牛筋草密度增加O．84～1．67倍;种籽主要来自于污泥物料。适当增加施用深度和预喷施除草刹可昆著降低伴生杂草密度约50％。     

The transformation of PAHs in the sewage sludge incineration treatment

The release of pollutants from sewage sludge in the treatment process is a worldwide tricky problem in the field of sludge treatment. In this paper, the release and reaction between monomers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sewage sludge incineration treatment were studied based on simulated experiments. The result indicates that the transformation may occurre between monomers of PAHs during their release in the treatment. Over 90% of total PAHs in sewage sludge are released at the the temperature of 300°C–750°C. The possible transformation of Naphthalene to indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene was related to the temperature of the treatment system. Here, we showed that the output rate of transformation reactions for indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene is 94% at 300°C. These findings, by identifying corresponding treatment conditions as well as techniques, can help to understand the reactions and control real outputs of PAHs in the treatment process.