活性污泥丝状膨胀早期预警的研究进展

活性污泥法是目前处理污水的一种有效方法,在应用过程中,频频发生的污泥膨胀现象成为影响污水处理效率的难题,对污泥膨胀进行早期预警调控研究,已成为该领域关注的热点问题.本文阐述了丝状菌引起的污泥膨胀预警研究的进展情况,从污泥常规指标测定、形态观察和分子生态学3个方面对丝状污泥膨胀的预警方法进行了综述,对各种方法的优点与不足展开讨论,并在此基础上归纳出一些改进的措施,展望了丝状污泥膨胀预警的应用前景.     

浮动填料活性污泥法应用

本文介绍了浮协填料活性污泥系统的开发背景与应用实践。试验表明应用浮动填料可大幅度提高曝气池中的活性污泥浓度并增加硝化菌的固着量，因而使该系统对ＣＯＤ、氨氮和总氮的去除能力均优于普通活性污泥系统。添加浮动填料可简易地改造现有的性污泥法处理系统，以适应更严格的排放标准。可增加原系统的容积负荷，有良好的发展前景。     

投加硝化菌的活性污泥工艺硝化效率特性

研究了在活性污泥工艺中用投加硝化菌的方法提高硝化效率的特性，试验用富氮废水生成硝化污泥，并将其剩余硝化污泥投加于处理初沉市政污水的活性污泥工艺试验装置，研究结果表明，投加硝化菌能降低常规活性污泥工艺硝化的泥龄要求、改善硝化效果以及减少为低温稳定运行而增加的硝化反应器容积。     

污泥转移序批式间歇活性污泥法(SBR)工艺除磷特性

污泥转移序批式间歇活性污泥法(SBR)工艺是由连续运行的生物选择器和数个并联的SBR主反应器构成的,通过污泥回流的方式提高了SBR反应阶段的活性污泥量并削减了沉淀阶段的污泥总量,从而强化其除污能力,并提高其容积利用率.新工艺处理城市生活污水的试验结果表明,污泥转移量对系统除磷影响显著;当污泥转移量为0、15%和30%时系统出水总磷的平均去除率分别为16.5%、74%和93%;生物选择器中厌氧释磷量与污泥中PHB(聚-β-羟基丁酸)含量呈现良好的正相关性.在适宜的运行模式下,SBR充水比45%、污泥龄10 d、污泥转移量30%,系统对总磷的平均去除率能达到93%以上,出水总磷浓度可控制在0.30 mg.L-1以下,且其它出水各项水质指标均能达到国家排放标准的要求.     

丝状细菌污泥膨胀的FISH探针研究进展

在活性污泥法处理污水的工艺中,丝状细菌的过度繁殖常引起大量的泡沫并引发污泥膨胀.该现象的发生导致二沉池的污泥不能有效地沉淀,并大量流出,影响了污水处理厂的正常操作.本文综述了引起污泥膨胀发生的7大类潜在丝状细菌及其相关生理生态学特性;列举了国内外现有的潜在丝状细菌的FISH探针及其相关的杂交条件.目前,在活性污泥丝状细菌的分类鉴定、胞外酶、细胞表面特性和相关生态生理学特性方面,荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术均起到重要的作用,而国内相关的研究很少.设计特异性的FISH探针,并以此进行定量荧光原位杂交,将是国内污泥膨胀问题未来研究的重点方向之一.表7参57     

SBR/混凝协同工艺处理城市污水的效果

将无机混凝剂直接投加到SBR反应器中,组成SBR/混凝协同工艺对城市污水进行处理研究.考察了混凝剂的投加量、混凝剂的种类、投药时间等因素对污水处理效果的影响,探讨了新型复合混凝剂(PISC)对污泥膨胀的抑制作用.实验结果表明,与普通的序列间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)相比,当采用新型复合混凝剂与SBR组成的协同工艺处理城市污水时,在适宜的条件下,不仅污水中的CODCr、TP和sS的去除率可分别提高13.5%、47.6%和11.5%,水力停留时间缩短1/3左右,而且该协同工艺可明显抑制污泥膨胀,并改善高膨胀活性污泥的沉降浓缩性能.     

磁粉活性污泥法工艺技术研究

磁粉活性污泥法（ＦＰＡＳ）是在活性污泥中投加适量磁性粉末的生物处理工艺。通过与普通活性污泥法平行试验比较,去除ＣＯＤｃｒ和氨氮的效率及承受毒物的浓度都不同程度优于普通活性污泥法;明显改善活性污泥絮体结构和沉降性能,克服污泥膨胀;大幅度提高曝气池中活性污泥浓度,从而增大单位容积的处理能力;使设备小型化,节省投资。     

活性污泥动力学模型的建立及在完全混合式污泥系统中的应用

首先建立了微生物衰减系数和污泥浓度、底物浓度的函数关系式,带入Lawrence-McCarty第一方程式得到了Logistic方程形式的微生物生长方程式.在分析污泥泥龄和污泥停留时间关系基础上,引入Monod方程建立了活性污泥动力学模型,推导证明了Lawrence-McCarty方程式是模型静态条件下的表达形式.用建立的活性污泥动力学模型对完全混合式污泥系统进行了模拟,并分析了水力停留时间Hydraulic retention time(HRT)和污泥停留时间Sludge retention time(SRT)对完全混合式污泥系统的影响,表明模型能很好地对活性污泥系统的动态过程进行模拟.根据模型编程画出了污泥系统相关变量关于HRT和SRT变化的三维曲面图,通过编程将复杂模型看作一定输入输出的函数,使得模型更易于应用和推广.     

低温生物膜和活性污泥的生物活性比较

通过 (5± 1)℃下生物膜系统 (BF)和活性污泥系统 (AS)处理生活污水长达 8个多月的运行 ,对比研究了两系统的生物活性 .结果表明 ,活性污泥不仅生物活性较高 ,而且具有更有利的传质条件 .在水力停留时间HRT =8h的条件下 ,生物膜和活性污泥胞外分泌物中的还原糖含量分别为 1.75 %及 1.9% ,挥发性污泥组分 (VSS)中的ATP含量分别为 1.0 8mg/ g及 1.4 3mg/g ;电镜检测结果表明 ,生物膜结构致密 ,而活性污泥疏松多孔有利于物质传递 .图 5表 2参 14     

投加甲烷鬃菌对厌氧颗粒污泥培养的影响

通过在中温条件下向EGSB(Expanded Granular Sludge Bed,膨胀颗粒污泥床)反应器中加入竹节状甲烷鬃菌6Ac,研究其对颗粒污泥形成的影响以及形成的颗粒污泥性质和反应器运行的情况.在(35±1)℃下,利用实验室相同规模的反应器,对照组(R1)接种厌氧絮状污泥,R2组接种厌氧絮状污泥的同时加入甲烷鬃菌,培养颗粒污泥.结果显示:当有机负荷(以COD计)逐步提高到11.1 kg m-3 d-1时,R2的COD去除率达到85.9%,高于R1的75.0%.运行到第46天(d 46)时两个反应器均可观测到颗粒污泥,R2中污泥粒径大于0.1 mm的颗粒污泥已经达到62.3%,d 28-46时,0.1-0.3mm颗粒的比例从10.0%增加到49.8%,对照组R1只从10%增加到33.3%,仍主要以絮状污泥为主.研究表明,颗粒污泥培养过程中投加甲烷鬃菌有利于促进颗粒污泥的形成、增殖与稳定,改善其沉降性能,提高有机物的去除效果,加快EGSB的启动.     

Control of sludge settleability and nitrogen removal under low dissolved oxygen condition

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) is an energy-saving condition in activated sludge process. To investigate the possible application of limited filamentous bulking (LFB) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), two lab-scale SBRs were used to treat synthetic domestic wastewater and real municipal wastewater, respectively. The results showed that prolonging low DO aeration duration and setting pre-anoxic (anaerobic) phase were effective strategies to induce and inhibit filamentous sludge bulking, respectively. According to the sludge settleability, LFB could be maintained steadily by adjusting operation patterns. Filamentous bacteria content and sludge volume index (SVI) were likely correlated. SVI fluctuated dramatically within a few cycles when around 200 mL·g^-1, where altering operation pattern could change sludge settleability in spite of the unstable status of activated sludge system. Energy consumption by aeration reduced under low DO LFB condition, whereas the nitrification performance deteriorated. However, short-cut nitrification and simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) were prone to take place under such conditions. When the cycle time kept constant, the anoxic (anaerobic) to aerobic time ratio was determining factor to the SND efficiency. Similarity keeping aerobic time as constant, the variation trends of SND efficiency and specific SND rate were uniform. SBR is a promising reactor to apply the LFB process in practice.     

Effect of mercury-contaminated wastewater on activated sludge suspended solids size distribution

The primal purpose of this research project is to examine the size distribution of the Suspended Solids (SS) of an activated sludge pilot plant, under different operational conditions and during the introduction of wastewater contaminated with mercury of different concentrations (10–100 µg/L Hg(NO₃)₂). While the experiment was being conducted, the most important parameters of the pilot plant (COD, TOC, MLSS, SS, NH₄, PO₄, total number of bacteria – coccoids and rods, pH, DO, T etc.) were measured; this fact led to the inference of conclusions that connect the distribution of the size of the SS with those parameters. The main conclusions of this research work are: (a) the important interaction of the removal ability of the organic loading of the plant and the size distribution of the SS at the aeration tank and the outlet of the plant and (b) the input of the mercury-contaminated wastewater at the plant affects the size distribution of the SS at the aeration tank. The second conclusion probably indicates a possible way that microorganisms of the aeration tank react to the introduction of mercury.     

干扰素生产废水处理试验及生物相分析

采用水解酸化与生物接触氧化组合工艺对干扰素生产废水进行试验研究,并考察其处理效果,观察生物接触氧化工艺中生物相。结果表明：该组合工艺对出水COD的去除率大于90%,出水COD低于40 mg/L,且运行稳定后生物接触氧化槽中污泥浓度较低。对生物相的显微镜观察可知生物接触氧化槽中生物相种类以藻类为主。     

Verhalten von Nanosilber in Kläranlagen und dessen Einfluss auf die Nitrifikationsleistung in Belebtschlamm

Background, aim and scope The application of nanosilver is increasing. Knowledge on the fate and behavior of nanosilver in wastewater and wastewater treatment plants is scarce. Studies under real world conditions are completely lacking. We studied (1) the impact of nanosilver on the nitrification of sewage sludge, (2) quantified the mass flow of nanosilver in a pilot-plant, and (3) verified the mass balance in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant where nanosilver is introduced to the municipal plant by an indirect discharger. Materials and Methods The addition of four different nanosilver additives on ammonia oxidation in activated sludge has been studied in batch-reactors at two concentrations (1, 100?mg/L Ag) with two exposure times (2?h, 6?days). The pilot-plant treating 70 population equivalents of domestic wastewater is operated with a 12?day sludge age. Nanosilver was applied to the activated sludge tank within two sludge ages. The silver concentrations were measured in sludge and effluent samples during dosing and the following two sludge ages. The adsorption and speciation of silver particles has been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Influent, effluent and sludge were sampled on a full-scale plant (60?000 equivalent inhabitants) and analyzed for silver. Results Silver nitrate, metallic nanosilver, nano-scaled silver chloride and microcomposite silver did not show any effect on ammonia oxidation after the addition of 1?mg/L Ag to the activated sludge (corresponding to 250?mg Ag per kg solids). In contrast, 100?mg/L Ag inhibited the nitrification process by 100?% after the addition of silver nitrate and 20–30?% after addition of colloidal polymer-coated nanosilver. A complete mass balance of the pilot-plant, a steady-state system with known fluxes, demonstrates significant enrichment of silver in the sewage sludge (96?%) after the addition of silver chloride to the plant and small losses of silver into the secondary effluent (4?%). The mass fluxes are similar to metallic colloidal nanosilver investigated under the same conditions. The mass balance has been consistently confirmed by the full-scale study in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The silver fluxes correspond to the fluxes of the suspended solids in sludge and effluent. Overall, it is estimated that from public wastewater treatment plants about 4–40?mg/a Ag per inhabitant equivalent are discharged annually to the receiving water. The analysis by SEM-EDX demonstrates adsorption and incorporation of nanosilver on biological flocs. This method yields first insight into complex building and transformation of silver associated with sulfide after adding metallic nanosilver and silver chloride to wastewater. Discussion Silver ions released from nanosilver react immediately with large amounts of chloride present in wastewater to form silver chloride. Silver ions may react with organic ligands or sulfide groups additionally. Consequently, even silver nitrate added with 1?mg/L Ag (250?mg Ag/kg TS) to activated sludge did not inhibit nitrification activity. Very high amounts of nanosilver, i.?e. 100?mg/L Ag, overburdened the system and equilibrium condition between silver ion release and ligands was not reached. The mass balance reflects the excellent attachment of nanosilver to activated sludge and biological flocs. Therefore, the main elimination process of nanosilver is attachment to the activated sludge. The elimination of nanosilver is high compared to organic and inorganic micro pollutants omnipresent in wastewater. Any further reduction of suspended solids in the effluent water will reduce the silver load. Conclusions Generally, in wastewater nanosilver occurs bonded to activated sludge flocs and therefore the elimination of nanosilver is efficient under operation conditions typical for wastewater treatment plants. The major fraction of nanosilver is removed from the system by the excess sludge withdrawal. Nonetheless, the efficiency may be further improved by a tertiary filtration step. All analyses of influent, effluent and sludge confirmed that silver exists as silver sulfide. Due to a negligible water solubility of this silver species, silver ions are not subsequently released. Recommendations and perspectives Nanosilver research should be driven to the identification of transformation processes in real environmental matrices and the influence of coatings on the adsorption behavior. There is no need for action to take special measures for nanosilver removal in the area of municipal wastewater treatment plants compared to ubiquitous hazardous organic pollutants may present in wastewater. Nevertheless, source control measures following the precautionary principle should be performed.     

制革废水处理系统各级出水的生态毒性评价

采用生态毒理学常用的大型溞（Daphnia magna）和活性污泥（activated sludge）作为试验系统,对制革废水处理系统各个环节出水进行毒性试验,以评价其处理效果。按照OECD标准试验方法,选取本实验室繁殖的大型溞（溞龄小于24 h）,和采自以处理生活污水为主的污水处理厂活性污泥,分别使用重铬酸钾和3,5-二氯酚作为参比物验证大型溞和活性污泥的毒性敏感性。以大型溞活动抑制和活性污泥呼吸抑制作为毒性终点,利用48 h静态试验和3 h曝气试验分别评价水样对于大型溞活动和活性污泥呼吸作用的急性毒性效应。统计各试验组大型溞的活动情况和活性污泥的呼吸速率,分别将其与空白对照组进行比较,计算大型溞的活动抑制率和活性污泥的呼吸抑制率,采用Bliss法统计制革废水处理系统各个环节出水对大型溞和活性污泥的半数抑制浓度（EC50）。结果表明：制革废水依次经过厌氧脱硫反应器、脱色厌氧反应器、微曝气反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器的生物处理系统处理,其出水对大型溞和活性污泥的急性毒性已大为降低。进水、厌氧脱硫反应器出水、脱色厌氧反应器出水、微曝气反应器出水和厌氧氨氧化反应器出水对大型溞活动抑制试验的48 h-EC50分别为41.3%、32.2%、48.0%、91.2%和无抑制作用;活性污泥呼吸抑制试验3 h-EC50则分别为178.2%、101.5%、689.7%、184.6%和无抑制作用。总体上毒性呈现逐渐降低的趋势,而且大型溞比活性污泥更为灵敏。大型溞和活性污泥的生态毒性结果与化学分析的结果相互补充,可为制革废水处理提供预警和效果评价提供科学依据。     

Current status of municipal wastewater treatment plants in North-east China: implications for reforming and upgrading

● The performance and costs of 20 municipal WWTPs were analyzed. ● Effluent COD and NH₄⁺-N effluent exceed the limits more frequently in winter. ● Nitrification and refractory pollutant removal are limited at low temperatures. ● To meet the national standards, electricity cost must increase by > 42% in winter. ● Anammox, granular sludge, and aerobic denitrification are promising technologies. Climate affects the natural landscape, the economic productivity of societies, and the lifestyles of its inhabitants. It also influences municipal wastewater treatment. Biological processes are widely employed in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the prolonged cold conditions brought by the winter months each year pose obstacles to meeting the national standards in relatively cold regions. Therefore, both a systematic analysis of existing technical bottlenecks as well as promising novel technologies are urgently needed for these cold regions. Taking North-east China as a case, this review studied and analyzed the main challenges affecting 20 municipal WWTPs. Moreover, we outlined the currently employed strategies and research issues pertaining to low temperature conditions. Low temperatures have been found to reduce the metabolism of microbes by 58% or more, thereby leading to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH₄⁺-N levels that have frequently exceeded the national standard during the winter months. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix tends to lead to activated sludge bulking issues. Widely employed strategies to combat these issues include increasing the aeration intensity, reflux volume, and flocculant addition; however, these strategies increase electricity consumption by > 42% in the winter months. Internationally, the processes of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), granular sludge, and aerobic denitrification have become the focus of research for overcoming low temperature. These have inspired us to review and propose directions for the further development of novel technologies suitable for cold regions, thereby overcoming the issues inherent in traditional processes that have failed to meet the presently reformed WWTP requirements.     

污泥臭氧化减量技术的影响因子

采用臭氧作为剩余污泥的细胞裂解剂,并与生物接触氧化工艺相结合进行污泥减量的实验研究,臭氧化后的污泥上清液回流入曝气池与污水合并处理。结果表明:在臭氧投量为0.05kgO3/kgMLSS,臭氧化污泥量为进水量的5%条件下,生物接触氧化系统对SCOD和NH4-N的平均去除率分别为87.06%和84.80%,出水水质同对比实验相当;同时获得了0.054(gMLSS/去除1gSCOD)的剩余污泥产率,与对比实验相比降低了78.4%。     

Biological removal of selenate in saline wastewater by activated sludge under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions

Removal of selenate in saline wastewater by activated sludge was examined. Sequencing batch reactor was operated under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions. Above 97% removal of soluble selenium (Se) was achieved continuously. Major Se removal mechanism varied depending on the length of aeration period. Various Se-reducing bacteria likely contributed to coordinately to Se removal. Selenium (Se)-containing industrial wastewater is often coupled with notable salinity. However, limited studies have examined biological treatment of Se-containing wastewater under high salinity conditions. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with activated sludge was applied to treat selenate in synthetic saline wastewater (3% w/v NaCl) supplemented with lactate as the carbon source. Start-up of the SBR was performed with addition of 1–5 mM of selenate under oxygen-limiting conditions, which succeeded in removing more than 99% of the soluble Se. Then, the treatment of 1 mM Se with cycle duration of 3 days was carried out under alternating anoxic/oxic conditions by adding aeration period after oxygen-limiting period. Although the SBR maintained soluble Se removal of above 97%, considerable amount of solid Se remained in the effluent as suspended solids and total Se removal fluctuated between about 40 and 80%. Surprisingly, the mass balance calculation found a considerable decrease of Se accumulated in the SBR when the aeration period was prolonged to 7 h, indicating very efficient Se biovolatilization. Furthermore, microbial community analysis suggested that various Se-reducing bacteria coordinately contributed to the removal of Se in the SBR and main contributors varied depending on the operational conditions. This study will offer implications for practical biological treatment of selenium in saline wastewater.     

Simple model of sludge thickening process in secondary settlers

In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a secondary settler acts as a clarifier, sludge thickener, and sludge storage tank during peak flows and therefore plays an important role in the performance of the activated sludge process. Sludge thickening occurs in the lower portions of secondary clarifiers during their operation. In this study, by detecting the hindered zone from the complete thickening process of activated sludge, a simple model for the sludge thickening velocity, u _s = aX ^b (a = 0.9925SSVI _3.5, b = 3.541ln(SSVI _3.5)+12.973), describing the potential and performance of activated sludge thickening in the hindered zone was developed. However, sludge thickening in the compression zone was not studied because sludge in the compression zone showed limited thickening. This empirical model was developed using batch settling data obtained from four WWTPs and validated using measured data from a fifth WWTP to better study sludge thickening. To explore different sludge settling and thickening mechanisms, the curves of sludge thickening and sludge settling were compared. Finally, it was found that several factors including temperature, stirring, initial depth, and polymer conditioning can lead to highly concentrated return sludge and biomass in a biologic reactor.