两种复合人工湿地系统对东莞运河污水的净化效果

复合人工湿地系统是将不同类型的人工湿地相组合,充分发挥各类型湿地特长,实现优势瓦补的一种更有效的污水净化系统.研究采用复合垂直流-水平潜流人工湿地和复合垂直下行流人工湿地两种复合人工湿地系统对东莞运河的河道污水进行处理,分别监测了两套不同复合人工湿地系统第一、二级湿地单元的出水情况,研究了不同时间段和一定的水力负荷下复合人工湿地系统对河道污水的净化效果.结果表明,两种复合人工湿地系统的二级湿地单元出水各指标明显优于一级湿地单元,复合垂直流-水平潜流湿地对东莞运河污水COD、BOD_5和TP的平均去除率分别达到70.52%、69.21%和55.56%;复合垂直下行流湿地系统对TP的净化尤其突出,平均去除率达到72.62%,二级出水的质量浓度在0.10～0.60 mg·L~(-1)之间,对COD和BOD_5的平均去除率分别为64.74%和60.63%.两种复合系统的出水浓度均达到<城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)中的一级标准.由此可见,两种复合人工湿地系统对各污染物去除效果明显优于单一的湿地系统,且更具稳定性和耐冲击能力.     

人工湿地植物量及其对净化效果影响的研究

人工湿地污水处理系统中,植物对污水净化效果起着非常重要的作用,而植物量是植物生长的关键参数之一。为了明确植物量对污水处理效果的影响,在2002—2008年期间,详细测定了芦苇(Ph.australis Trin)、再力花(Thalia dealbata)、荻(M.sacchariflorus)和美人蕉(Canna indica)4种典型湿地植物不同年度的生物量、不同生长阶段的生物量、生物量年产率,以及同期湿地COD、BOD5、TN和TP等的去除率。结果表明:湿地植物在栽植成活、稳定生长以后,至少要再经过1个以上的生长周期才能完全适应湿地环境,达到生物量的最大值,其中芦苇根系和茎叶生物量显著高于其他植物;同种植物的植物量与COD、BOD5、TN去除率呈显著正相关,与TP相关性不强;植物量随生长周期的变化对湿地净化能力的影响显著,确定合理收割期有利于湿地的稳定运行;不同种类植物生物量年产率与各种污染物的去除率均显著相关,芦苇、再力花和美人蕉均具有较高的生物量年产率,污染物去除能力较好。在试验范围内,芦苇湿地的运行稳定性最好,再力花湿地具有最强的脱氮能力,美人蕉湿地能快速形成规模、实现稳定运行,这些为构建不同特点和不同需要的湿地提供了重要参考。     

人工湿地脱氮途径及其影响因素分析

简述了人工湿地脱氮模型。各种形态的氮在人工湿地系统中可以通过氨的挥发、植物吸收、介质沉淀吸附以及微生物硝化/反硝化作用等过程被去除。讨论了各脱氮途径对人工湿地脱氮的贡献,在大多数人工湿地的pH条件下,湿地地面氨挥发可以忽略,湿地植物叶片氨挥发量尚不清楚。湿地介质的直接吸附是短期的。植物在湿地脱氮过程中起了重要作用,但一般认为植物直接吸收和存储只占湿地脱氮的一小部分,一般低于30%。微生物的硝化/反硝化作用,是人工湿地脱氮的最主要的形式。讨论了影响人工湿地硝化作用的主要因素:溶解氧,pH和温度。大多数人工湿地的pH适合硝化作用,溶解氧和温度对湿地硝化作用的影响最大。温度不仅影响微生物的硝化作用,而且可以间接地影响植物的生长从而影响人工湿地的脱氮性能。     

梯级河滩湿地模型对受污染河水氮磷和CODCr的净化效果

在贾鲁河畔构建3组并联的梯级河滩湿地模型,引种9种不同类型的湿地植物进行筛选试验,将湿地模型串联运行比较研究3种不同植物配置的梯级湿地对受污染河水的净化效果,在此基础上设定12h和24h等两组不同水力滞留时间,研究延长滞留时间对水质净化效果的影响。试验结果表明：对氮磷和有机物的去除效果挺水植物明显好于沉水植物,其中茭草（Zizania caduciflora）、荆三棱（Scirpus fluviatilis）和狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia）去除效果最好;沉水植物和挺水植物对氨氮的去除表现好于浮叶植物;延长水力滞留时间对改善水质净化效果明显,滞留时间由12h延长到24h后,TN、TP、氨氮和CODCr去除率分别提高10.2%、21.7%、30.2%和12.9%,对氨氮的净化效果改善最为明显;挺水植物＋沉水植物＋浮叶植物组合较单纯挺水植物组合在对氨氮和TN去除效果方面表现出较明显的优势,主要是由于不同类型湿地植物所营造的好氧、厌氧环境提高了对氨氮和TN去除效果。研究结果证明在湿地植被组建中,根据进水水质,应灵活选择植物种类,进行合理的植物配置,可提高湿地的净化效果。     

几种植物在生长过程中对人工湿地污水处理效果的影响

不同的植物及植物的不同生长阶段对人工湿地系统污水处理效果都有影响。对几种华南地区常见的湿地植物在其不同生长阶段处理污水的效果进行了研究,采用了不种植物的沙滤系统作对照。结果表明:(1)植物生长过程中,植物高度能反映污水处理效果总体上的变化;(2)在植物的生长过程中,各人工湿地系统污水处理能力总体上持续增强,各水质指标pH、DO、TN、NH3-N、NO3-N、TP和CODCr等均呈下降趋势,其中TP和CODCr呈逐步下降,pH、DO、TN、NH3-N、NO3-N则呈现锯齿形波动,但总体上仍是下降过程;(3)植物系统氮处理能力好于无植物沙滤系统,而对磷TP和CODCr的去除则恰好相反;(4)不同植物对人工湿地污水的处理效果影响不明显。研究结果对探讨人工湿地污水处理规律和植物在人工湿地中的作用提供了新的科学依据,并为指导人工湿地工程的运行提供了参考。     

表面流人工湿地处理生活污水的研究

通过小试装置研究了表面流人工湿地对人工模拟生活污水的处理效果及相关运行参数。实验结果表明，表面流人工湿地系统对污水中的CODcr、TN、TP均有较好的综合净化能力，对各种污染物指标的去除率可分别达到CODcr 75％、TN75％、TP73％，其中CODcr和TN达到一级排放标准分别需3d和4d的表观停留时间，TP要达到二级排放标准则需6d的表观停留时间。而且，湿地植物对TN和TP的去除有比较明显的促进作用。     

几种植物对潜流型湖滨湿地中氮磷的处理效果比较

湖滨带是连接湖泊水域生态系统与陆地生态系统的一个功能过渡区,是湖泊的最后一道保护屏障。在河流的入湖口建造湖滨湿地,可有效净化入湖水中携带的部分有机污染物、营养盐等。湿地净化污染物的机理极为复杂,其中植被起着重要的作用。选择适当的植物是构建湿地系统的关键。以云南省抚仙湖北岸的湖滨湿地——马料河潜流型湿地为研究对象,探讨了美人蕉(Cannaindica),菖蒲(AcoruscalamusLinn),伞竹(Cyperusalternifolius),香蒲(Typhaelatifolia)四种不同植被系统的潜流型湖滨湿地去除污水中营养盐的效果,为抚仙湖湖滨带人工湿地的合理优化选择植物提供一定的依据。结果表明,四种植被系统的潜流湿地对总氮和总磷均有一定的去除效果。但是由于湿地长期运行而疏于管理,植物没有定期收割翻新,四种植物的氮磷去除率差别不太大,去除效果均不太佳。其中,美人蕉对总氮和总磷的去除效果较好,其去除率分别是30.4%,19.13%,其次为香蒲和伞竹,效果较差的是菖蒲。并且实验表明,暴雨对四种植物湿地氮的去除效果有很大的影响。连续几天的暴雨情况下,四种植物系统氮的去除率都很低。     

芦苇人工湿地对农村生活污水磷素的去除及途径

构建了芦苇(Phragmites australis)水平潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水中的磷素,考察了湿地除磷效果以及地上植物吸磷量。结果表明,人工湿地对磷素的去除随水力停留时间的延长而增加,停留时间大于5.3 d时,芦苇湿地除磷效率可以高于88%。湿地进水TP负荷与磷去除速率之间有较好的线性关系(R2>0.91)。湿地植物在11月份收割时,地上生物量为1.65 kg.m-2,芦苇地上部分吸收磷量为3.68 g.m-2.a-1。分析了湿地除磷途径,在试验条件下,湿地填料的吸附和沉淀等作用是水平潜流人工湿地除磷的主要途径,植物吸收仅占湿地总磷去除量的9.1%,但是湿地水生植物是人工湿地重要组成部分,可以通过影响湿地的其他条件间接影响湿地除磷效果。试验证明,人工湿地是适用于农村地区的优良的污水处理技术。     

Pollutant removal by an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland treating simulated river water by reoxygenation

The effects and mechanism of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration removal by an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland were studied in the wetland system during one inlet–outlet operating period, in two typical stages (each stage is connective 24 h, sampled once every 4 h). The concentration of ammonia decreased along the flow direction in the system, while levels of nitrate (NO₃^?-N) increased. In one operating period, total nitrogen (TN) concentration fell with rising operation time due to evacuative reoxygenation. The TN and NH₃-N removal rates in the system were 26.6% and 97.5%, respectively. COD decreased rapidly in the early stages and more gradually in the direction of water flow of the wetland system. Average total phosphorus (TP) removal rate was 20.71%. TN and NO₃^?-N levels in water of the wetland had a tendency to decline gradually with increasing operation time. Ammonia concentrations displayed only a small variation with operation time. The results also indicated that the wetland was able to maintain its temperature. The oxygen content differed during the various operating stages and exerted a marked influence on COD, TP, and TN removal.     

单种和多种群落湿地对污水的净化效果和植物生长生物量研究

对单种和多种植物人工湿地对污水的净化效果和植物生长生物量进行了研究.结果表明,两种湿地对有机物CODcr的净化效果差异不明显,但多种群落湿地对TP的净化效果优于单种群落湿地,而单种群落湿地对TN的净化效果又强于多种群落湿地.风车草在单种群落里生长旺盛,而在多种群落里生长稍差,单种群落的群落覆盖度明显高于多种群落的群落覆盖度;单种群落地上部分生物量为2395.6g/m2,比多种群落的地上部分生物量多1倍强,而多种群落的地下部分生物量为688.0g/m2,比单种群落的地下部分生物量多80%强;植物根系主要分布在0～5cm表层,该层根系生物量占根系总生物量的60%强.图1表2参12     

人工湿地系统对含沼液畜禽废水净化效果试验研究

为了考察人工湿地处理含沼液畜禽废水的可行性,采用水平潜流人工湿地对含沼液畜禽废水进行处理实验。试验结果表明：在进水流量1.5 m3.d-1,水平潜流人工湿地系统对含沼液畜禽废水具有较好的处理效果。废水中COD、TP、TN和NH4＋-N浊度平均去除率分别为59.21%、53.80%、55.09%和55.57%.另外,通过对人工湿地沿程的污染物变化试验分析表明,人工湿地系统对污染物的降解是沿人工湿地水流方向逐渐降低的。     

Impact of hydraulic loading on removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from vertical-flow wetland

The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal on lab-simulated vertical wetland systems, each containing eight dominant species, under continuous- and intermittent-flow feeding modes, were determined. The main results were: (1) PAHs removal effect was greater in intermittent-flow system than in continuous-flow system, with the exception of the floating plant Hydrilla verticillata wetland. This may be due to pollutants remaining stable for longer duration under intermittent-flow mode, which is conducive to microbial, plant, and water absorption of PAHs, as well as to microbial decomposition and absorption by plant roots; (2) absorption and degradation rates of PAHs varied among wetland body plants in different periods with removal efficiencies of 30%–70% observed following the first and fifth cycles, and under high-performance degradation conditions; (3) mean removal rates of PAHs by hydrophytes under continuous-flow mode were as follows: H. verticillata (34.4%), Arundo donax (Gramineae) (33.2%), Phragmites australis (28.7%), Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (Convolvulaceae) (28.5%), Zizania aquatic (27.6%), Calla palustris (Araceae) (27.2%), Acorus calamus (26.8%), and Hardy canna (17.9%); (4) average rates of PAHs removal by hydrophyte under intermittent-flow mode were as follows: A. donax (40.5%), Z. aquatic (37.9%), A. calamus (37.0%), P. australis (36.9%), Hardy canna (34.6%), C. palustris (33.9%), I. aquatica (31.2%), and H. verticillata (29.3%).     

Impact of photosynthesis and transpiration on nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands

To determine the impact of photosynthesis and transpiration on nitrogen removal in wetlands, an artificial wetland planted with reeds was constructed to treat highly concentrated domestic wastewater. Under different meteorological and hydraulic conditions, the daily changes of photosynthesis and transpiration of reeds, as well as nitrogen removal efficiency were measured. It was found that net photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area was maintained on a high level (average 19.0 μmol CO₂/(m²·s)) from 10:00 to 14:00 in July 2004 and reached a peak of 21.1 μmol CO₂/(m²·s) when Photon Flux Density was high during the day. Meanwhile, TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency rose to 79.6% and 89.6%, respectively—the maximum values observed in the test. Correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated a positive correlation among photon flux density, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between stomatal conductance and TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency. Results suggest that the photosynthesis and transpiration of wetland plants have a great impact on nitrogen removal efficiency of wetlands, which can be enhanced by an increase in the photosynthesis and transpiration rate. In addition, the efficiency of water usage by reeds and nitrogen removal efficiency could be affected by the water level in wetlands; a higher level boosts nitrogen removal efficiency.     

多层次多物种配置人工湿地处理生活污水研究

将多层次、多物种配置的植物床的生活污水处理效果与传统植物配置方式的污水处理效果进行了比较,研究了多层次、多植物种配置在人工湿地系统中污水处理的有效性和可行性。研究中,对CODCr、BOD5、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除率,传统植物配置的植物床分别达到了69.0%、71.6%、78.5%、33.6%和36.7%,多层次配置的植物床分别达到了65.7%、64.6%、84.5%、20.2%和18.3%。结果表明,多层次、多植物配置的植物床能有效去除污水中的污染物。另外,在人工湿地中进行多层次、多物种配置时,有必要结合植物筛选工作,以确保配置更有效。     

潜流人工湿地中有机污染物降解机理研究综述

人工湿地是一种完整的生态系统,它是利用系统中发生的物理、化学和生物等多重协同作用实现对污水的净化功能.开展潜流人工湿地中废水处理的机理、湿地内部有机污染物的迁移转化、湿地工艺设计及其水力学、动力学参数的研究,对环境废水中有机污染物的去除及生态安全具有重要意义.文章主要从化学、生物、设计参数等方面论述了人工湿地废水处理中有机污染物的降解及其机理研究进展.化学因素主要包括溶解性有机质(DOM)对有机污染物的迁移转化、氧化还原环境(Redox)及废水中电子受体的存在对有机质的分解状况、不同溶解氧(DO)水平为厌氧、好氧细菌对有机物的生物降解及湿地内反应动力学模型建立等因素对废水中有机污染物降解的作用及影响;生物因素主要涉及植物和微生物的作用,湿地中的生物降解是有机污染物的主要去除方式;在工艺参数方面,主要就水流特性、孔隙度、停留时间(HRT)、水力负荷(HLR)和水位等因素对湿地中有机污染物去除的影响进行了探讨.     

人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果与动态特征

通过对荣成人工湿地污水处理系统1999年1月至2004年12月间监测数据进行分析,确定系统的处理效果及有机污染物去除效果的动态特征。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、COD、BOD5均有很好的去除效果,出水质量浓度分别为27.6±6.6、90.0±12.5和22.7±4.3 mg.L-1,去除率分别为73.9%、63.8%和72.5%。大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.7%和99.6%。对NH4 -N和TP去除效果较差,出水质量浓度分别为11.2±2.7和2.03±0.29 mg.L-1,去除率分别为45.1%和30.2%。BOD5、COD的去除效果和季节变化有一定关系,每年的4—7月BOD5去除效果最佳,1月和12月去除效果最差。COD的去除效果每年6月和7月最高,1月和12月最低。分析BOD5、COD和SS去除效果的年际变化发现,BOD5和COD年平均去除率从1999年到2004年有增加的趋势。     

Removal,distribution and plant uptake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in a simulated constructed wetland system

• PFOS was removed by soil adsorption and plant uptake in the VFCW. • Uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius. • PFOS in wastewater can inhibit the removal of nutrients. • Dosing with PFOS changed the soil microbial community in the VFCW. A vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was used to treat simulated domestic sewage containing perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The removal rate of PFOS in the domestic sewage was 93%–98%, through soil adsorption and plant uptake, suggesting that VFCWs can remove PFOS efficiently from wastewater. The removal of PFOS in the VFCW was dependent on soil adsorption and plant uptake; moreover, the percentage of soil adsorption was 61%–89%, and was higher than that of the plants uptake (5%–31%). The absorption capacity of Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) (1186.71 mg/kg) was higher than that of Cyperus alternifolius (C. alternifolius) (162.77 mg/kg) under 10 mg/L PFOS, and the transfer factor of PFOS in E. crassipes and C. alternifolius was 0.04 and 0.58, respectively, indicating that PFOS is not easily translocated to leaves from roots of wetland plants; moreover, uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius because the biomass of E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius and the roots of E. crassipes can take up PFOS directly from wastewater while C. alternifolius needs to do so via its roots in the soil. The concentration of 10 mg/L PFOS had an obvious inhibitory effect on the removal rate of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen in the VFCW, which decreased by 15%, 10%, 10% and 12%, respectively. Dosing with PFOS in the wastewater reduced the bacterial richness but increased the diversity in soil because PFOS stimulated the growth of PFOS-tolerant strains.     

湖滨带复合型人工湿地氮磷的去除效果

湖滨带是连接湖泊水域生态系统与陆地生态系统的一个功能过渡区,是湖泊的最后一道保护屏障。在河流的入湖口建造湖滨湿地,可有效净化入湖径流中携带的部分有机污染物、营养盐等。以云南抚仙湖北岸的湖滨湿地—马料河复合人工湿地为研究对象,探讨了湿地不同功能区去除氮磷的效果。研究表明,沉淀池除氮效果最不明显,在该区内有机氮可能发生矿化作用而转变为氨氮。有植物系统的潜流和表流区除氮效果较为明显,潜流区对氨氮、硝氮和总氮的平均去除率分别达18.0%、19.7%和22.6%;表流区对三者的平均去除率分别达50.4%、35.9%和43.5%。沉淀池对磷有一定的截留作用,且在进水污染物质量浓度较高时表现明显,平均截留率为14.9%。潜流和表流区除磷效果不明显,可能是因为湿地运行了两年多,土壤吸附交换达到平衡,影响了表流区的除磷效果。潜流区除磷效果受降雨影响较大,雨季时,总磷的平均截留率为12.1%,主要是不溶性磷的吸附和沉积;雨季末期,湿地流量较小,水体流动性差,系统内处于厌氧状态,出现磷释放现象。     

人工湿地的磷去除机理

人类生产和生活所产生的磷负荷导致了全中国范围湖泊的富营养化,控制此磷负荷的廉价而有效的具有非常广阔的应用前景技术是人工湿地技术。人工湿地中的磷的存在形态主要有有机磷(生物态和非生物态的)、磷酸、可溶性磷酸盐和不溶性磷酸盐。文章总结了人工湿地中的磷去除机理,在防渗人工湿地系统中,主要的磷去除机理包括化学作用(如沉淀作用和吸附作用);生物作用(如植物吸收作用和微生物吸收与积累作用)和物理作用(如沉积作用)。在未防渗的人工湿地系统中,湿地系统和周围水体(如地下水)的交换量对湿地的磷去除有重要的影响。通常情况下,物理作用和化学作用是人工湿地中最主要的磷去除途径。人工湿地中微生物对磷的去除作用的大小和其所处环境中的氧状态密切相关,植物吸收对磷的去除作用的大小和收割频率与时期、进水负荷、植物物种和气候条件等有关。     

Treatment of metal-chloride-enriched wastewater by simulated constructed wetlands

The ability of surface flow and subsurface flow simulated wetlands to remove heavy metals from a NaCI-enriched wastewater was examined, employing bulrush (Scirpus validus) and cattail (Typha angustifolia) plants, and two organically amended substrates (mixtures of mushroom compost and leaf litter,with topsoil) with a limestone liner. A simulated wastewater solution containing Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn as chloride salts was added to the wetlands at a rate of 0.3 l h^–1. During 12 weeks of surface flow, Fe was retained most efficiently (74%), and Mn the least (24%). Most metal retention occurred in residual forms, primarily in the upper 5 cm of the substrate. A subsequent 10 week subsurface flow treatment exhibited greater removal efficiencies for all metals, probably due to increased contact with the highly buffered lower substrate. During both treatments, bioaccumulation occurred in plants, but accounted for a very small portion of the total metal removal. Plant species did not significantly influence wetland performance with respect to metal retention. Substrate type did not affect removal efficiency for most metals, but did influence the forms of the metals retained in the wetland.To whom correspondence should be addressed.