水环境中滥用药物的环境学研究进展

滥用药物是一类非医用并被法律明令禁止使用的药物,近年来在世界各地的不同水环境中,包括污水、地表水、地下水甚至饮用水中均有检出,被视为一类新型污染物,逐渐成为环境领域的研究热点之一.本文在总结了国内外滥用药物相关环境学研究进展的基础上,对水环境中滥用药物的生态毒性、污染来源和途径、不同水体中的污染现状、环境行为及风险评估等进行了综述,总结了当前水环境中滥用药物分析检测方法和污水流行病学研究进展,并进一步分析了我国目前在滥用药物研究方面的现状,提出了该领域今后的研究方向和重点.     

新疆库尔勒市平原区地下水有机污染评价

本文采用有机污染现状评价法和环境影响度评价法对新疆库尔勒市平原区22组地下水水样进行评价,并对其影响因素进行了分析.地下水有机污染物检测结果显示,无有机污染物超标项,有6项有机污染物检出,分别为反-1,2-二氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯乙烯和甲苯,检出率最高的指标是甲苯(检出率为27.3%),其余5项检出率均为4.5%.地下水有机污染现状评价结果表明,研究区内甲苯未污染占72.7%、轻度污染占27.3%,其余5项未污染占95.5%、轻度污染占4.5%.地下水环境影响度评价结果表明,研究区地下水体中的有机污染物对人和环境没有明显的潜在危害.库尔勒市平原区地下水中有机污染物检出主要受工业污染源、生活污染源、农业污染源、土地利用类型和包气带岩性的影响.     

太原市某垃圾填埋场渗滤液及周边环境重金属污染及健康风险评估

探讨垃圾渗滤液、填埋场周围土壤和地下水中的重金属污染特征及其对生态环境和人体健康的影响.采集山西省太原市某垃圾填埋场和中转站冬夏季渗滤液、填埋场周边土壤和地下水样本,测定其中重金属含量;分析渗滤液中金属污染的季节性变化;利用健康风险评估模型,估计不同暴露途径下填埋场附近重金属污染对成人和儿童的健康风险.结果表明:(1)夏季填埋场渗滤液(陈年渗滤液)中重金属检出的种类较冬季多.夏季中转站渗滤液(新鲜渗滤液)中检出重金属种类比填埋场中的少,但其金属浓度(除Cr外)较高.(2)土壤重金属平均浓度的顺序为Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>Ni>As>Hg,地下水中重金属平均含量顺序为Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.(3)重金属污染对成人的非致癌总风险在安全阈值内,但对儿童的非致癌总风险接近安全阈值.重金属污染非致癌风险的主要暴露途径为经饮水摄入.有潜在健康风险的重金属主要是As、Pb和Cr.(4)重金属污染对人群的致癌总风险在安全阈值内,主要暴露途径为土壤口食摄入和呼吸吸入.垃圾填埋场和中转站渗滤液中重金属的种类和浓度不同;填埋场附近土壤和地下水中重金属的种类和浓度也有差异.填埋场附近环境的重金属污染对成人和儿童没有健康风险,但有潜在安全隐患.     

城市屋面雨水绿地水平流渗透净化研究

把城区屋面汇集的雨水径流通过绿地或人工土层净化后收集利用或渗透地下，既可涵养地下水，又截留处置了部分雨水，减轻了雨洪负荷和雨水径流对受纳水体的污染，是一种经济有效的雨水利用方案。但为保证雨水渗入地下后不污染土层和地下水源，本文研究了屋面雨水在天然和人工配制的两种土壤中水平流动的净化作用及其规律。为屋面雨水绿地渗透方案的工程实施提供技术依据。     

和田河流域绿洲区地下水“三氮”污染状况及影响因素

以和田河流域绿洲区地下水污染调查数据为基础,对地下水"三氮"的污染状况及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,和田河流域绿洲区地下水"三氮"污染不是很严重,但随时间呈不断加重的趋势.硝酸盐氮是绿洲区地下水中"三氮"的主要存在形态,其含量、检出率和超标率最高,氨氮次之,亚硝酸盐氮最低.地下水中"三氮"含量的空间分布表现出一定的规律性,水平方向上,绿洲南部硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量普遍高于绿洲北部,而氨氮在北部的分布范围比南部广;垂直方向上,浅层潜水中"三氮"的含量高于中深层潜水;与新疆其他地区相比,和田河流域绿洲区地下水中硝酸盐氮含量较高,亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮含量较低.绿洲区地下水中"三氮"的来源主要与居民日常生活和农业生产有关,其存在形态和分布特征主要与水化学环境、包气带岩性和厚度及地下水径流条件等因素有关.     

湘中某矿区地下水重金属污染特征及健康风险评估

以湘中某矿区地下水为研究对象,对矿区14口监测井15项重金属指标开展监测分析。结果表明,矿区地下水中As、Sb、Co、Fe和Mn 5项重金属指标超标,超标率分别为14. 3%、64. 3%、50. 0%、10. 7%和14. 3%;最大超标倍数分别为5. 4、30. 4、0. 9、34. 0和18. 3,地下水中Sb污染最严重。污染评价结果表明研究区地下水在平水期极重污染占比达到78. 5%,丰水期污染相对较轻,极重污染占比为50%。研究区地下水污染健康风险评估确定的主要健康风险指标为As、Sb、Co,主要污染途径为饮用水。由地下水健康风险评估模型得到研究区地下水As致癌风险最大,风险值为1. 08×10-3~2. 89×10-3,远超最大可接受致癌风险限值; As、Sb和Co的最大非致癌危害商分别为1. 48×102、89. 2和69. 0,均超过可接受水平,研究区地下水饮用水途径对当地敏感人群的健康构成危害。     

某基岩裂隙水型危险废物填埋场地下水污染特征分析

为了解某基岩裂隙水型危险废物填埋场的地下水污染特征,探索地下水污染与渗滤液泄漏的关系,在对该场地进行水文地质勘探的基础上,布设监测点位、进行地下水和渗滤液原液采样分析,得到pH、化学需氧量(COD)、悬浮物、氨氮(NH_3-N)、总磷(TP)、铬(Cr)、铬(六价,Cr~(6+))、铅(Pb)等23项指标的含量水平检测数据,对检测数据进行分析;采用标准指数法评价地下水质量现状,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价地下水污染程度,利用SPSS19.0软件进行主成分分析和相关性分析.分析结果表明,地下水质量较差,未达到《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类标准限值要求;50%指标的单因子污染指数大于1,说明已经发生了污染现象;主成分分析结果显示,地下水主要污染指标为氨氮、总磷、大肠菌群数、总锌和氯化物;相关性分析结果显示,多个污染指标间呈显著相关或极显著相关,说明地下水污染主要来源于填埋场渗滤液泄漏.     

地下水及其污染物

地下水是最大的饮用水源,它主要来自进入土壤并蓄存于含水层中的降水。本文描述了含水层类型,以及造成地下水运动的各种力,主要的地下水污染源是废物填埋场或堆放场、坑塘、地下贮罐和化粪池,非点源对此问题也有贡献。采用一种特定的污染处理方法是否合适,取决于污染物的化学性质。作者对若干种方法进行了讨论。     

地下水砷污染形成机制研究进展

地下水砷污染是全球饮用水的主要威胁之一,目前全世界有超过一亿人受砷污染地下水问题的困扰.因此,深入研究地下水砷污染的形成机制,对预测地下水中砷的分布及解决地下水砷污染问题具有重要意义.本文在归纳总结前人相关研究的基础上,综述了关于地下水砷污染形成机制的不同解释及最新研究进展,重点阐述了铁氧化物还原溶解释放砷机制,并详细...     

鄂尔多斯砂质基底排矸场煤矸石淋滤液对地下水的污染研究

通过水文地质调查、采样分析并结合地下水流动系统理论,对鄂尔多斯某一典型砂质基底排矸场煤矸石淋滤液对地下水环境的影响进行研究.结果表明,煤矸石的堆放改变了地下水流动系统的原有特征,矸石场由地下水的排泄区转变为地下水的径流区,矸石场底部煤矸石长期浸泡在地下水中,有毒有害物质大量析出并随地下水的径流向下游扩散.矸石场下游地下水及附近出露的地表水中铬、砷、氟、硝酸根、铜、锌、镍、锰等污染因子远远高出背景值.其中水源地附近地下水中砷浓度为1.013 mg/l,高出背景值148倍,硫酸根浓度为602 mg/l,高出背景值14倍.图4,表1,参8.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.