岷江上游茂县半干旱河谷灌丛优势种间关系的研究

采用２×２列联表，通过方差分析、Ｘ２检验、Ｏｃｈｉｎｉ关联指数和Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ积矩相关系数，分别对岷江上游茂县半干旱柯谷灌丛的１０个主要优势种的种间关联和种间协变进行了定量分析．研究结果表明：茂县半干旱河谷灌丛的优势种间关系较复杂．多物种间里显著的复合正相关关系，４５个种对中的７个种对具有显著的正关联，其关联程度较高（Ｏｃｈｉａｉ指数为０．６４５～０．８５８），这些关联的种对分别对环境的要求相同；５个种对存在显著的正协变，它们都是非显著关联的种对，表明在某一具体的植被类型中，种间关联与协变并无明显的内在联系．小角柱花（Ｃｅｒａｔｏｓｔｉｇｍａｍｉｎｕｓ）与其它优势种间的关联性最广泛，而刺族花（Ｃｏｎｖｏｌｖｕｌｕｓｔｒａｇａｃａｎｔｈｏｉｄｅｓ）则无显著的关联和协变，是一个相对独立的成分．     

泥石流频发流域失稳性坡面主要植物种间关联性

为揭示生态环境脆弱的泥石流频发流域植被群落结构特征及物种种间关系,在样方调查的基础上,基于2×2联列表,使用方差分析、χ~2检验、Jaccard指数、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,研究失稳性坡面稳定区、失稳区、堆积区的主要植物种间关联性.方差分析检验显示:稳定区与堆积区各45个种对整体上均表现显著负关联,失稳区45个种对整体表现为不显著负关联,趋于独立分布.不同检验结果显示:χ~2检验的稳定区、失稳区、堆积区种对种间显著联结的分别有1对、4对、4对,种间正、负关联的种对数量比例分别为0.55、0.67、0.67.Pearson相关分析检验的稳定区、失稳区、堆积区种对种间显著联结的分别有8对、5对、5对,种间正、负关联的种对数量比例分别为0.36、0.45、0.45.Spearman秩相关分析检验的稳定区、失稳区、堆积区种对种间显著联结的分别有10对、6对、9对,种间正、负关联的种对数量比例分别为0.5、0.55、0.6.各检验结果总体上具有相似性,但相互之间也有差异,在3个分区的各45个种对中,都是负关联种对数大于正关联种对数,大多数物种呈独立性分布且种间关系不显著.上述研究表明失稳性坡面整体上植物群落还不稳定,泥石流频发流域生态脆弱区的物种种间关系易受环境的干扰;因此在植被恢复过程中应根据种间联结关系,合理选择配置物种,以促进群落结构发展与生态环境改善.     

法国垃圾场的处理与复垦

法国垃圾场的处理与复垦ＪａｃｑｕｅｓＲｉｃｏｕｒ，ＡｖｅｎｕｅｄｅＣｏｎｃｙｒ，Ｏｒｌｅａｎｓ－ＬａＳｏｕｒｃｅ，Ｂ．Ｐ．６００９，４５０６０ＯｒｌｅａｎｓＣｅｄｅｘ２，Ｆｒａｎｃｅ地质矿产调查局技术局长，环境工程师，在法国的传统工业区，洛林地区和诺...     

喀斯特山地青冈栎群落优势种的种间关系分析

采用2×2列联表的χ2检验和Spearman秩相关系数分析了喀斯特山地青冈栎（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）群落22个优势种的种间联结性和相关性。结果表明,在所组成的231个种对中,χ2检验中有100个种对为正联结,110个种对为负联结;Spearman秩相关系数检验有114个种对为正相关,117个种对为负相关,正、负联结或相关的种对数相近。正联结或正相关的种对主要体现了种间对生境具有相似的生态适应性和生物学特性,而负联结或负相关关系则主要由于对生境的不同偏好或相异的生物学特性所致。喀斯特山地高度的生境异质性促使优势种间的生态位相互分化,对生境的偏好趋异,负联结或负相关的种对趋于增加,因而喀斯特山地高度的生境异质性对植物种间关系的形成具有重要的影响。研究结果对于指导喀斯特地区进行人工植被恢复和重建具有一定的实践指导意义。     

喀斯特山地青冈栎群落优势种的种间关系分析

采用2×2列联表的χ2检验和Spearman秩相关系数分析了喀斯特山地青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)群落22个优势种的种间联结性和相关性。结果表明,在所组成的231个种对中,χ2检验中有100个种对为正联结,110个种对为负联结;Spearman秩相关系数检验有114个种对为正相关,117个种对为负相关,正、负联结或相关的种对数相近。正联结或正相关的种对主要体现了种间对生境具有相似的生态适应性和生物学特性,而负联结或负相关关系则主要由于对生境的不同偏好或相异的生物学特性所致。喀斯特山地高度的生境异质性促使优势种间的生态位相互分化,对生境的偏好趋异,负联结或负相关的种对趋于增加,因而喀斯特山地高度的生境异质性对植物种间关系的形成具有重要的影响。研究结果对于指导喀斯特地区进行人工植被恢复和重建具有一定的实践指导意义。     

岷江上游祁连山圆柏群落优势种群间的联结性

应用方差分析X^2-测验、点相关系数和Jaccard指数等技术对岷江上游祁连山圆柏群落中12个优势种群的种间联结性进行了研究．结果表明：①12个优势种群在总体上呈显著的负联结，这跟该群落目前所处的演替状态及十扰造成的环境不稳定有密切的关系．②在66个种对中，经X^2-检验联结性达到显著的有4对，即西南樱桃与多叶飞蓬，腋花马先蒿和甘川紫菀，黄总花与银莲花，多叶飞蓬和甘川紫菀．这4个种对显著的联结性跟物种本身的生物学习性有关．③金花小檗、川西锦鸡儿是该群落逆行演替的代表种，由二者之一参与形成的各种对联结性最弱，这两种植物与群落中的其它物种形成较强的联系，还需要一个过程．图1表5参36     

古田山国家自然保护区针阔叶混交林植物物种多样性特征

利用样方法进行野外群落调查.共调查了6个样地,每个样地大小为20m×20 m,研究古田山自然保护区针阔叶混交林植物物种多样性特征.结果表明:古田山针阔混交林的科、属、种组成多样性较高,植物种类丰富.组成复杂.群落的属种多样性>科属多样性>科种多样性.从灌木层、乔木层至草本层物种多样性依次递减,乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性指数明显大于草本层物种多样性指数.     

豫南山区不同群落类型近地表层持水特性

为了分析不同植物群落在不同生长阶段近地表层的持水能力及其差异特征,该文通过选择豫南山区不同群落不同生长阶段的50个典型样地,对近地表层的地上草和枯落物的有关持水能力指标进行测定分析。结果表明：地上草生物量呈随林龄的增大而减少的趋势,与其持水量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P〈0.01）,其拦蓄能力变化趋势为：草丛〉灌丛〉针叶林（20 a）〉针叶林（45 a）〉针阔混交林（20 a）〉针阔混交林（30 a）〉阔叶林（10 a）〉针阔混交林（50 a）〉阔叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（30 a）;枯落物最大持水量、有效拦蓄量与现存量间呈正相关关系,其中最大持水量变化趋势为：灌丛〉阔叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（30 a）〉针阔混交林（30 a）〉针阔混交林（20 a）〉针阔混交林（50 a）〉针叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（10 a）〉针叶林（45 a）〉草丛。该地区不同群落类型近地表层总持水能力变化趋势为：灌丛〉针叶林〉阔叶林〉针阔混交林〉草丛,这说明应当加大对乔木林分林下植被的保护,以利更好的水土保持效果。     

大兴安岭不同森林群落植被多样性对土壤有机碳密度的影响

区域碳循环是全球变化研究中的核心内容,大兴安岭森林生态系统是对全球温度变化最敏感的植被类型之一,其植被多样性对土壤有机碳密度和碳循环具有重要影响,深入理解该区土壤有机碳密度分布特征对于未来区域生态环境的可持续发展具有重要的科学意义。采用野外调查和室内测试分析相结合的手段,研究了大兴安岭4种主要森林类型(针叶混交林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、落叶林)的植被多样性和土壤有机碳密度分布特征,并采用多因素方差分析确定植被类型和土层深度对土壤有机碳密度的交叉影响。结果表明,大兴安岭4种林型Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Mclntosh均匀度指数表现为落叶林针阔混交林阔叶混交林针叶混交林;Simpson优势度指数则表现为针叶混交林阔叶混交林针阔混交林落叶林;Cody指数表现为落叶林针阔混交林针阔混交林针叶混交林;Sorenson指数表现为针叶混交林阔叶混交林针阔混交林落叶林。土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度均呈一致的变化规律,其中以表层土壤最高,随土壤深度的增加逐渐降低;随剖面深度的增加,土壤有机碳密度逐渐降低,以表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳密度最高,针叶混交林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、落叶林土壤有机碳密度分别占土壤剖面总有机碳密度的35.24%、31.61%、31.70%、32.39%。相关性分析表明,4种林型Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Cody指数和Sorenson指数与有机碳含量和有机碳密度呈显著或极显著的正相关;从相关系数绝对值来看,多样性指数与有机碳含量的相关系数高于有机碳密度的相关系数。双因素分析表明,林型对有机碳含量和有机碳密度具有显著的影响(P0.05),林型×深度的交互作用对有机碳含量具有显著的影响(P0.05);林型和林型×深度的交互作用对Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数具有显著的影响(P0.05);林型对Cody指数和Sorenson指数具有显著的影响(P0.05)。综合分析表明,大兴安岭林型和土壤深度对土壤有机碳密度的影响存在一定的交互作用。     

中国两性生殖卤虫形态特征的数值分类研究

对中国两性生殖卤虫１２个品系的１０个品系形态特征进行了聚类分析和主成分分析，并与Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ进行了比较研究．研究结果表明，Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ和中国两性生殖卤虫各品系明显可分为２个类群，证明中国各两性生殖卤虫品系均属于Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ．而Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ不属于Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ．在中国两性生殖卤虫各品系中ＮＬ、ＨＪＱ、ＳＢ可分为另一类群，显示可能存在种下分类阶元．本文所选取的形态特征是稳定的，可做为卤虫品系形态特征数值分类的重要依据．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.