提取方法对土壤可溶性有机碳测定结果的影响

为验证浸提条件对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浸提量的影响,选择具有代表性的3种土地利用方式的土壤进行实验,研究土样处理方式、提取时间、水土比、提取剂种类和振荡次数等提取条件对DOC浸提量的影响。结果表明:土样处理方式影响DOC浸提量的大小顺序为:风干过2 mm筛鲜样过1 mm筛过2 mm筛过5 mm筛不过筛,风干过2 mm筛的DOC提取量是鲜样不过筛的2.4倍,且各处理之间DOC浸提量差异性达显著水平(P0.05);DOC的浸提量随振荡时间变化不是特别明显,振荡4 h后基本达到平衡;土壤DOC浸提量随水土比的增加而增大,呈显著的线性关系;浸提剂种类对土壤DOC浸提量影响显著,4种提取剂提取出来的DOC量的大小顺序为:DOC(80℃,H_2O)DOC(25℃,0.5 mol·L~(-1) NaHCO_3)DOC(25℃,0.5 mol·L~(-1) K_2SO_4)DOC(25℃,H_2O);单次提取量随提取次数增加而降低,累积提取量随浸提次数增加而升高,且累积提取的DOC量与浸提次数呈极显著正相关。建议采用过2 mm筛的土壤鲜样,提取剂用25℃去离子水,水土比采用5∶1,连续振荡4 h后一次过滤测定土壤DOC含量。本研究有助于增强不同研究结果之间DOC数据的可比性,也有利于推动土壤DOC测定标准的完善。     

土壤有效Cd浸提剂对Cd的浸提机制

研究比较了六种浸提剂(1mol/l NH_4OAc,1mol/l NH_4NO_3,0.005mol/l DTPA-TEA,0.1mol/l HCl,0.1mol/l CaCl_2,0.1mol/l NaNO_3)在不同土壤条件下对土壤Cd的浸提规律。从浸提剂的特性及pH缓冲能力等角度讨论了其对土壤Cd的浸提机制。结合盆栽试验中植株吸Cd量的相关分析表明,不同浸提剂均有其适合的土壤条件反映Cd的生物有效性,但相对地,0.1mol/l CaCl_2可能是适应性最广的土壤有效Cd浸提剂。     

广东主要水稻土有效磷钾联合提取剂的选择研究

用Mehlich 3(M_3)、Olsen、Bray 1、Bray 2和醋酸铵(AA)对广东主要水稻土的有效磷、钾进行测定比较。结果表明,M_3-P在pH4.5—7.5的土壤上与Bray1-P显著相关,在pH7.5—8.5的土壤上则与Olsen-P的关系显著。在54种不同土壤上,M_3和AA提取的有效钾量基本相等。经过六年来大面积的应用,取得了良好的效果,表明M_3提取剂适宜作为广东主要水稻土的有效磷、钾联合提取剂。     

珠江三角洲稻田土壤砷及其向水稻籽粒迁移特征

采集珠江三角洲区域水稻(Oryze sativa L.)植株的根系、秸秆、稻谷和对应的耕层土壤(0～15锄)样品,分析土壤和水稻植株中砷含量,初步研究土壤砷与土壤基本理化性质的关系及砷在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移规律.结果表明,土壤砷含量在1.83～18.14 mg·kg~(-1)之间,土壤砷与土壤有机质、砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与土壤粉粒含量呈显著正相关.糙米中的砷含量在0.21～0.43mg·kg~(-1)之间,均未超过国家食品卫生标准(0.7mg·kg~(-1)),砷在水稻植株中的分布规律为根>秸秆>颖壳>糙米.糙米砷含量与秸秆砷含量呈极显著正相关,与秸秆中P/As、Si/As摩尔比呈极显著负相关,因此,降低秸秆中As的积累、增加秸秆中P、Si的积累可降低水稻籽粒中的砷含量.     

不同方法对南方几种土壤阳离子交换性质的测定比较

分別采用1mol L~(-1) NH_4OAC淋洗法,0.1mol L~(-1)BaCl_2捕掳交换法,6.667×10~(-3)mol L~(-1)Co(NH_3)_6Cl_3提取法以及电荷测定法测定了南方几种不同性质的土壤的阳离子交换性质。结果表明,酸性土壤的阳离子交换量具有不定性,NH_4OAC法的结果很高,而其它方法的结果显著偏低,但方法间仍存在显著差异。不过,各法对微酸性、中性土壤的测定结果无显著差异。与NH_4OAC法相比,BaCl_2法得到较多的Ca,而Co法则交换出较少的K。各法的浸提液pH间虽存在差异,但彼此间有良好的统计相关性。Co法测定的CEC值与交换性阳离子总和较为吻合,其浸提液pH与pH_(KCl)、pH_(CaCl_2)有良好的线性关系。看来,不同方法对酸性土壤阳离子交换量的测定差异主要来自測定过程中介质pH条件及离子强度不同所浸出的交换性酸的多寡。本文认为,Co(NH_2)_6Cl_3法可以作为这些土壤阳离子交换性质测定的例行方法。     

蔬菜地土壤有效态重金属提取方法的比较

实地采集土壤进行盆栽试验,研究用5种提取剂提取的土壤有效态重金属含量与大白菜吸收量间的关系。结果表明,采用化学提取方法测得的可提取态重金属含量比重金属总量更能有效预测大白菜吸收的重金属量,并以CaC l2和NH4OAc 2种提取剂最为有效。将土壤重金属总量与pH值2项指标结合起来考虑可较好地预测大白菜对土壤重金属的吸收。     

土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应影响

本文通过盆栽试验研究土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应的影响,并探讨了有效态铜、镉的提取剂。结果表明,2.5％醋酸可作为酸性水稻土有效态铜、镉的提取剂,土壤含镉5mg/kg对铜的水稻产量效应未有影响,但糙米含镉量超标。     

水稻根表胶膜的浸提及其元素测定方法

选择柠檬酸钠作为络合剂,比较了碳酸氢钠、乙酸钠二种缓冲体系下,盐酸羟胺、抗坏血酸和1/2盐酸羟胺 1/2抗坏血酸组合对水稻根表铁、锰的浸提能力.结果表明,水稻根表铁、锰浸提量与还原剂种类和缓冲体系的pH值有关.在六种浸提剂中,抗坏血酸-柠檬酸钠-乙酸钠(ACA)浸提水稻根表铁、锰的浸提量最大,为57307mg·kg-1和1689mg·kg-1,相当于DCB浸提水稻根表铁、锰浸提量的99%和109%.ICP测定浸提液中铁、锰、磷、硫等的变异系数也低于DCB浸提的同类元素.因此,推荐ACA-ICP作为水稻根胶膜浸提与元素测定方法.     

硒对水稻镉含量及其在亚细胞中的分布的影响

通过元素含量测定与亚细胞分离的方法,分析水稻镉在不同器官、组织之间的差异分布特征,从微观水平上阐释硒增强水稻镉耐受能力的机理,阐明硒降低稻米镉累积量的作用机理。研究结果显示,(1)随着硒浓度的增加,植株各营养器官干物重均增加。在2、4、8和16 mg·kg~(-1) Cd质量分数处理时,1.2 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理的糙米干物质量比Se空白处理分别增加了6.81%、7.73%、14.24%和49.62%。(2)当土壤镉质量分数在2~16 mg·kg~(-1)时,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米中镉含量随土壤镉浓度的增高而显著增加。未施硒时,4、8和16 mg·kg~(-1) Cd处理糙米中镉质量分数分别为0.23、0.37和0.57 mg·kg~(-1),均超过我国国家食品安全标准中稻米镉的限量(0.20 mg·kg~(-1))。(3)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量和镉积累量均显著下降,4、8 mg·kg~(-1) Cd处理组中,糙米的镉含量均低于0.20 mg·kg~(-1),且1.2 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理优于0.4和0.8 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理。(4)镉在水稻各器官中的分配比例为:根系茎叶糙米精米。随着硒浓度的增加,镉在精米中的分配比例下降。结论:硒能够通过调整镉在水稻不同器官中的分配比例,降低稻米中的镉含量;而硒元素对镉毒害的抑制作用,可能是通过细胞对镉的区室化分隔而实现的。     

皖南茶区土壤硒含量及其与茶叶中硒的关系

采集皖南泾县茶区7个主要茶园和安徽茶树良种场土壤和茶叶样品,分析土壤-茶叶间硒分配与分布的特点以及茶叶中硒含量与土壤和茶树品种的关系。结果表明,皖南泾县茶区土壤硒平均含量为( 0. 413±0. 146 )mg·kg-1,高于我国土壤表层硒平均含量背景值,在我国自然茶园中属正常偏高水平。硒在土壤剖面的分布受生物富集性、土壤pH值、土壤有机质含量等因素的影响。春茶含硒量高于秋茶,春茶含硒量为0. 096 ~0. 216mg·kg-1,多数属中等含硒水平。茶叶含硒量是土壤含硒量、茶叶采摘季节、茶树品种等因素共同影响的结果。因此通过选育硒富集力强的良种茶树、合理配施硒肥、调节土壤pH值及养分状况以及适时采摘茶叶等措施,可以实现富硒绿茶生产。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.