典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对石灰岩动态溶蚀效果比较

以从西南岩溶地区土壤中筛选出来的典型细菌、真菌和放线菌为材料,进行了微生物对石灰岩的溶蚀动态模拟实验,比较了3种不同种类微生物的溶蚀作用效果.结果表明,各实验体系的pH值、钙离子浓度均发生有规律的变化.3种典型微生物试验组对石灰岩试片的溶蚀效果均较对照组好,其中,真菌的溶蚀效果最显著,石灰岩试片失重最大,达到5.15%,实验体系中钙离子浓度最高达233mg/L.扫描电镜结果亦显示,经3种典型微生物作用后试片表面的微观形貌均发生了较大的变化,其中真菌试验组的试片形貌变化最大,溶蚀效果最好.图4参21     

被动采样法测定环境空气中的二氧化氮

用被动采样方法吸收空气中的ＮＯ２，经实验室和野外实验证明，该方法测得的ＮＯ２浓度对渗透管发生的ＮＯ２浓度的相关系数为０．９９９５。用七个相同的采样器在相同时间、相同地点测得的ＮＯ２浓度的相对标准偏差为３．６％。当ＮＯ２浓度为５０μｇ／ｍ＾３左右时，采样周期可长达一个月。该方法可用于大气环境中１０μｇ／ｍ＾３ＮＯ２日平均浓度的测定。     

气相色谱法检测水产养殖底泥中10种羟基多氯联苯

该研究建立了气相色谱(GC-μECD)检测水产养殖底泥中10种羟基多氯联苯的方法.底泥样品经HCl(6 mol·L~(-1))调节p H值至3.0,以正己烷为提取溶剂,提取液采用固相萃取硅胶柱净化,确定了淋洗液比例及用量等参数,硅胶柱经淋洗后,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯(1∶1,V/V)洗脱,收集洗脱液经氮气吹干后进行硅烷化衍生,气相色谱法检测.研究确定淋洗液为正己烷/乙酸乙酯(98∶2,V/V),用量5 mL;方法检出限4.00μg·kg~(-1),定量限8.00μg·kg~(-1);在4.00、8.00、20.0μg·kg~(-1)的添加水平下,10种羟基多氯联苯的平均回收率为72.4%—94.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.7%—9.9%,并用于太湖水域实际水产养殖底泥中10种羟基多氯联苯检测分析.结论显示,该方法可用于水产养殖底泥中痕量羟基多氯联苯的检测.     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼血清中的精神活性物质

本文建立了一种同时测定鱼血清中19种精神活性物质的分析方法.该方法基于QuEChERS方法对样品进行提取和净化,待测物采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)进行分析,检测的19种精神活性物质均采用同位素内标法定量.该方法的方法检测限(MDL)范围为0.02-0.06 ng.mE-1,基质效应处于76.7...     

高效液相串联质谱法检定活性污泥中N-高丝氨酸内酯

N-高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)是革兰氏阴性菌群体感应系统中最重要的一类信号分子.本研究建立了高效液相串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测活性污泥中7种AHLs的方法.采用乙腈-水为流动相,选择电喷雾源正离子模式,经过梯度洗脱分离,在多反应监测模式下进行测定,分析时间为10 min.本方法在1—1000μg·L~(-1)范围内具有良好的线性关系,仪器检出限为1.0—2.0μg·L~(-1),仪器定量限为2.0—5.0μg·L~(-1),平均加标回收率在80.0%—113.4%之间.采用该方法对某污水处理厂和实验室序批式活性污泥装置(SBR)中活性污泥进行检测,均可检测到不同种类的AHLs,并具有良好的峰型及分离效果,说明方法可满足实际测定要求.     

高效液相色谱多阀多柱技术同时分析水溶性和脂溶性维生素

采用双三元高效液相色谱多阀多柱技术,对同一样品中水溶性维生素和脂溶性维生素不同方法处理得到的样品进行双进样,可同时分析样品中21种维生素.该方法自动化程度高,各组分保留时间的RSD值均小于0.1%,色谱峰面积的RSD值均小于4.5%(VC除外),各维生素的方法检出限可达0.002—0.223μg.mL-1范围,本方法可用于多种样品的维生素检测和分析工作.     

金纳米粒子修饰丝网印刷电极测定化妆品中的汞含量

采用丝网印刷电极,通过电化学沉积法修饰纳米金颗粒,对化妆品中重金属Hg~(2+)进行快速测定.实验结果表明,Hg~(2+)在金纳米粒子修饰电极上可得到灵敏的溶出峰,在优化的实验条件下Hg~(2+)在5—160μg·L~(-1)范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.992,检测限为0.3μg·L~(-1).该方法简便、快速、灵敏度较高、具有较好的选择性和准确性,能满足化妆品中Hg~(2+)含量的检测分析.     

气相色谱法测定水产品中氯丹残留量

以鱼、虾、贝的可食部分作为试验基质,建立了水产品中顺式氯丹、反式氯丹和氧氯丹的气相色谱测定方法.取均质试样1 g,加乙腈超声提取,正己烷反萃,弗罗里硅土-硅胶层析柱净化,使用配有电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定氯丹含量.氯丹质量浓度线性范围为0.200～100μg·L-1(r=0.998 3～0.999 9,n=7,P＜0.001),3种氯丹的定量检测下限均为2.00μg·kg-1(试验基质质量以湿质量计).当加标水平为1～15倍定量限时,6次重复测定的加标回收率为72.2%～104.0%,批次内变异系数为2.81%～8.56%(n=6),批次间变异系数为8.50%(n=3).     

水体中挥发性有机物超声雾化提取法的在线监测

研发出一套水体中VOCs连续在线监测系统,其前处理装置采用超声雾化法对待测物种进行提取和分离,其超低温冷阱捕集-热解析装置与气相色谱-质谱仪联用,实现待测物种的富集、分离与检测.该系统最低时间分辨率为1 h,水样采集量为5 m L,雾化工作5 min,可连续自动完成采集水样、过滤泥沙、超声雾化、富集解析、检测分析及清洗管路等过程.检测水中25种VOCs,其0.2—10μg·L-1的线性相关系数均大于0.9928,大部分VOCs的精密度都小于5%,除氯乙烯和环氧氯丙烷检出限为0.323μg·L-1和0.110μg·L-1,其他物质为1.3×10-3—84.3×10-3μg·L-1,显著低于采用其他提取方法的仪器检出限.对浓度为3.3—7.2μg·L-1质控标样的回收率为81.8%—121%,与商品化吹扫仪配气相色谱-质谱仪测得的数据对比,相关系数为0.77—1.24,相关性较好.     

漫反射光谱法测定环境样品中的微量汞

基于Hg^2＋与KI-CuSO4反应生成橙红色Cu2HgI4,用漫反射光谱直接测定汞沉淀物.探讨了该方法的影响因素及测定条件.方法的线性范围0.1-6.0μg,检测限为0.01μg,用于污水及土壤样品中微量汞的测定回收率达96%-102%.     

The use of slope and visual information in sandhoppers: innateness and plasticity

Mediterranean sandhoppers of the species Talitrus saltator (Montagu) from the Tyrrhenian population of Burano (Grosseto, Italy) were tested by rearing under different conditions in order to enquire into the innateness and modifiability of orientation with respect to substrate slope and landscape features. Tests were conducted from November 1990 to November 1991. The results were as follows: the sandhoppers responsed to slope only by orienting themselves downslope on dry substrate and upward on a wet one. These responses appeared to be innate but modifiable by experience. Visual dishomogeneity (half horizon covered with a black strip), with a horizontal substrate, elicited an innate orientation towards the black shape, again modifiable by experience. When a black strip was positioned around the upper half of the inclined arena, the sandhoppers responded differently, dependent upon their prior experience: wild individuals responded to the visual stimulus, amphipods reared in optical homogeneity did not make a choice and those reared in conditions identical to those of the test arena responded to slope by orienting downwards and away from the balck strip. With a black strip around the lower half of the inclined arena and with a dry substrate identical responses were shown by wild-caught and laboratory-reared sandhoppers, i.e., downslope and towards the black strip.     

林丹短期暴露下的斑马鱼（Brachydanio rerio）组织学变化

以斑马鱼(Brachydaniorerio)为受试生物,初步探讨了林丹对斑马鱼的急性毒性以及不同浓度(0.01μg·L-1、1.0μg·L-1、100.0μg·L-1)的林丹暴露36d后对斑马鱼鳃和肝组织结构变化的影响.结果表明,林丹对斑马鱼96h-LC50为97.98μg·L-1,95%可信限为94.38￣101.72μg·L-1.当林丹浓度为0.01μg·L-1时,斑马鱼的鳃和肝组织结构未发生明显变化,而暴露在1.0μg·L-1和100.0μg·L-1林丹溶液中的斑马鱼的鳃和肝组织结构变化显著.斑马鱼鳃组织变化为:上皮细胞残损、脱落,鳃小片上皮细胞水肿,柱细胞变形.斑马鱼肝组织变化为:部分肝细胞肿大,细胞核萎缩变形或偏离细胞中心,胞质疏松,空泡明显增加,细胞质中可见脂沉积.与1.0μg·L-1林丹暴露相比,暴露在100μg·L-1林丹溶液中的斑马鱼鳃和肝组织结构受到的损害更为严重.     

栘依树抗氧化剂对香烟烟气自由基及人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率的影响

采用电子顺磁共振法研究了栘依树抗氧化剂对香烟烟气自由基含量的影响,并比较了不同自由基含量的香烟烟气冷凝物(CSC)对人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体的损伤情况.在香烟滤嘴中注入50μL0.2%的栘依树抗氧化剂溶液后,香烟烟气中气相、粒相自由基含量分别降低40.2%和28.3%,平均降低39.6%;中高剂量的实验烟(添加栘依树),与对照烟(不加栘依树)相比,人淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换率显著降低(t＞t0．05),其中中剂量烟降低幅度更大；低剂量实验烟与对照烟相比,姐妹染色单体交换率也有降低趋势,但差异不显著(t相似文献   

Chronic exposure effects of copper on growth,metamorphosis and thyroid gland,liver health in Chinese toad,Bufo gargarizans tadpoles

The impact of copper exposure on Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) tadpoles was investigated in this study. First, the 96h LC50 value of copper was 8.697 μM, by means of a 4 d acute toxicity test. Second, we studied the chronic effects of copper on B. gargarizans tadpoles at control, 0.025, 0.1 and 1.0 μM concentration. Survival, body length, body weight, developmental stage, incidence of metamorphic climax, and size at metamorphic climax were determined. In tadpoles developed to metamorphic climax (stage G42), liver and thyroid gland were assessed histologically. Copper at 0.1 and 1.0 μM could inhibit tadpole growth and prolong tadpole metamorphic progress relative to controls. Tadpole size (total length and weight) at stage G42 is also affected in the 0.1 and 1.0 μM treatments. In addition, histological examinations have revealed that 1.0 μM copper could cause significant pathological changes and hepatocytes degeneration in liver. Furthermore, histomorphological measurements indicated that copper at 0.1 and 1.0 μM reduced thyroid gland size, diameter and number of follicle. In conclusion, our study suggests that Cu could damage the liver and thyroid gland, so growth and metamorphosis of B. gargarizans tadpoles were inhibited resulted of disrupting liver metabolism and THs homeostasis.     

Studies on Formation of Liquid and Gaseous Formaldehyde-Induced DNA-Protein Crosslinks in Rat Marrow Cells

甲醛是一种遗传毒物,流行病学研究表明甲醛可能具有诱导白血病的作用,然而甲醛诱导白血病的机制目前还不清楚. 以不同浓度液态和气态甲醛对大鼠骨髓细胞进行染毒,采用KCl-SDS 法检测了骨髓细胞 DNA-蛋白质交联程度,并采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(彗星实验)检测了骨髓细胞 DNA 链断裂程度. 研究结果表明:与对照组相比,低浓度甲醛(液态甲醛浓度为:5μmol·L-1和25μmol·L-1;气态甲醛浓度为:0.5mg·m-3 和 1.0mg·m-3)可以引起 DNA断裂水平显著增高 (p<0.01);而高浓度甲醛 (液态甲醛浓度为:125μmol·L-1 和 625μmol·L-1;气态甲醛浓度为:3.0mg·m-3)则可以引起 DNA-蛋白质交联水平显著增高(p<0.01; p<0.05). 研究结果提示:甲醛染毒可以导致大鼠骨髓细胞DNA的损伤,暗示甲醛诱导白血病具有高度的可能性.     

氯氰菊酯胁迫下鲫鱼肾脏LDH同工酶和血清GOT、SOD活性的变化

为探讨氯氰菊酯对鱼类代谢关键酶活性的影响,以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为受试材料,采用室内人工水族箱培养方法进行毒性实验.在急性毒性实验基础上,设置了2、5、10μg·L-13个浓度组和1个对照组进行染毒,分别测定鲫鱼肾脏乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(LDH)、血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性.结果表明,氯氰菊酯对鲫鱼的96h LC50为20.74μg·L-1.经不同浓度组染毒处理4d后,随着氯氰菊酯浓度的升高,鲫鱼血清GOT活性显著升高(p<0.05);SOD活性则表现为先升高后降低(p<0.05);肾脏LDH同工酶酶谱带型也发生了明显的变化,表现为LDH2、LDH3、LDH4的酶谱带染色浓、谱带较宽.以上结果表明氯氰菊酯对鲫鱼代谢关键酶的活性有一定影响,对鲫鱼的肾脏有一定损伤作用.     

天津市夏季PM2.5中碳组分时空变化特征及来源解析

为研究天津市夏季PM_2.5中碳组分的时空变化特征及来源,于2019年7—8月设立2个点位分昼夜采集天津市PM_2.5样品,并测定了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量。结果表明,城区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(53.4±20.8)μg·m^-3、(8.72±2.56)μg·m^-3和(1.67±0.90)μg·m^-3,郊区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(54.2±24.5)μg·m^-3、(7.54±2.50)μg·m^-3和(1.82±1.06)μg·m^-3;白天PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(47.3±16.1)μg·m^-3、(8.7±2.1)μg·m^-3和(1.5±0.6)μg·m^-3,夜间PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(60.2±26.2)μg·m^-3、(7.5±2.9)μg·m^-3和(2.0±1.2)μg·m^-3。OC浓度表现为城区高于郊区,白天高于夜间;EC及PM_2.5浓度表现为郊区高于城区,夜间高于白天。OC/EC比值分析得,城区(6.04)高于郊区(5.08);白天(6.58)高于夜间(4.54)。城区OC与EC相关性弱于郊区,白天OC与EC相关性弱于夜间。采用EC示踪法与MRS模型对SOC含量进行估算,得到白天与夜间SOC浓度分别为(5.71±1.35)μg·m^-3和(3.81±1.20)μg·m^-3,白天SOC污染比夜间严重。丰度分析与主成分分析的结果表明,天津市夏季城郊区PM_2.5中碳组分均主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放。     

Soil compaction in topsoil replacement during mining reclamation

Current U.S. mining regulations require revegetation in reclaiming surface mines. Excessive soil compaction can be an impediment to successful revegetation in poor soil conditions common to Eastern U.S. coal mine sites. A field study was performed to determine the bulk densities of soils that had been spread by either bulldozers or scrapers at a strip mine site. Moisture-density relationships for the soils were determined from the field samples. These were compared with samples compacted by the Standard Proctor compaction test. The results of the study indicate that the degree of compaction, could be lessened through proper soil handling procedures.     

多氯联苯对孔雀鱼卵黄蛋白原的诱导及检测

为探讨利用孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulata)卵黄蛋白原(Vitellogenin,Vtg)作为生物标志物检测环境雌激素的可行性,采用浸浴法分别使用17β-雌二醇(E2)和多氯联苯(PCBs)对雄性孔雀鱼成鱼进行染毒,30d后测定其性腺系数(GSI)和肝指数(LSI),并将鱼体整体匀浆进行常规聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Native-PAGE)及磷、脂和糖蛋白特异染色分析.结果表明,PCBs对雄性孔雀鱼具有雌激素效应,和E2均可以诱导雄性孔雀鱼体内产生Vtg,但诱导组雄鱼GSI及LSI与对照组比较均无显著性差异(p>0.05).Native-PAGE及磷、脂、糖蛋白特异性分析表明,孔雀鱼Vtg是一种富含磷、脂、糖的蛋白,具有VtgⅠ、VtgⅡ和VtgⅢ等3种形式,其分子量分别为642kDa、541kDa和441kDa.雄性孔雀鱼Vtg可作为环境雌激素监测的有效生物标记物.     

Analytical solution for katabatic flow induced by an isolated cold strip

An analytical model for katabatic flow induced by cold strip of finite width in the cross-slope direction but of infinite extent in the downslope direction is presented. The fluid is assumed to have a constant (eddy) viscosity, and the Coriolis force is neglected. A numerical simulation has been used to verify the model, which is shown to revert to the classical Prandtl model if the strip width goes to infinity. The effects of the strip width and slope angle on the katabatic flow are studied. The buoyancy and downslope velocity reach maximum values at the centre of the strip, and spread outwards in the cross-slope direction. The downslope wind maximum weakens for narrow strips and shallow slopes. In contrast to the Prandtl solution, which shows a counter flow above the wind maximum, our model predicts the counter flow to occur outside the strip. The cross-slope variation in the surface forcing induces cross-slope and slope-normal velocities, which are manifested in vortices at the strip edges. Below the wind maximum, the fluid above the cooling surface descends and moves toward the strip edge where it is detrained from the strip region. Replenishment of fluid into the strip region takes place above the wind maximum.