景观格局对植物多样性影响研究进展

景观格局对植物多样性有重要影响,植物多样性包括α、β、γ多样性。从景观斑块面积、形状、配置方式、景观类型和尺度效应等方面对植物多样性进行了综述。景观斑块面积能对物种产生质量效应,除部分热带植物外,大部分植物在一定范围内,其物种丰富度与斑块面积呈正相关关系,随着斑块面积的增加,斑块内部种比边缘种数量增加快;但是随着景观破碎化严重,小斑块为物种提供主要栖息地,所以对小斑块的研究和保护具有重要意义。形状复杂的景观斑块能够保持较高的植物多样性,不同植物类群的多样性指数存在差异。景观斑块复杂的边缘,植物物种多样性较高,多为适应性强的边缘种。景观异质性与物种丰富度、β多样性呈显著正相关。景观多样性以及景观斑块之间的连通性与植物多样性呈正相关关系。不同景观类型的合理配置,特别是生态交错区,有利于保持植物多样性。研究发现隔离度对物种丰富度和多样性具有消极影响,主要是由质量效应和邻近效应产生的影响,因为这可以为更多的物种提供更广阔的栖息地,并且有利于种子的传播,从而提高植物的生存率。文章还总结了全球主要的土地利用类型对植物多样性的影响,包括农业用地、草地、森林,多种土地利用类型相结合有助于提高植物多样性,尤其是群落交错区的存在。景观格局与植物多样性的关系存在空间尺度效应,空间尺度效应对植物多样性的研究可以从空间的幅度和粒度中的小尺度、中尺度、大尺度对物种的影响进行研究。景观格局指数高度浓缩了景观格局信息,是反映景观结构和配置等方面特征的简单量化指标,目前应用广泛。未来可从优化景观格局、尺度阈值及影响机制方面做进一步研究。     

挠力河流域丹顶鹤繁殖期生境景观连接度分析

将景观连接度分析引入三江平原挠力河流域丹顶鹤繁殖期生境的研究中,确定食物、水、隐蔽所、干扰为丹顶鹤生境选择的主要影响因子,建立繁殖期丹顶鹤的生境适宜性指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型,对HSI模型值(Ih,s)进行景观制图并纠正,以此为基础,根据丹顶鹤的领域性和繁殖期最小需求面积,利用缓冲区分析,得到丹顶鹤生境景观连接度可视图,划定景观连接度区域.结果显示:(1)丹顶鹤生境破碎化严重.丹顶鹤适宜生境中的小斑块(面积小于0.1 km2)数量较多,占71.88%,且多呈岛状分布.(2)人类活动是丹顶鹤生境面积缩减及破碎化的主要原因.丹顶鹤的适宜生境面积仅占流域总面积的5.35%.(3)景观连接度、景观斑块间的渗透性是丹顶鹤对适宜生境利用程度降低的重要影响因素.由于景观连接度的影响,丹顶鹤可利用生境面积进一步缩小,仅占适宜生境面积的78.37%.(4)具有一定水平景观连接度的区域沿河流两侧呈条带状分布.     

森林景观格局研究中的尺度效应

以TM影像和野外调查为数据源,以3S技术为研究手段,从研究区域不同的取样尺度入手,分析了尺度变化对区域景观格局研究的影响.结果表明,研究区景观斑块的数量、最大斑块面积与取样面积之间关系密切.取样面积对景观格局的影响分析显示,在取样面积为研究区面积的70%时,景观多样性最高,平均多样性指数为1.854.当取样面积小于总面积的69%时,景观优势度指数呈增加的趋势.图4表2参16     

快速城市化进程中城市扩张对景观格局分异特征的影响

在中国快速城市化背景下,大部分研究仅是单一的利用景观指数分析城市景观格局,往往只侧重于对景观斑块或格局的几何特征进行简单分析和描述,忽略了城市扩张与城乡景观格局动态变化过程之间的内部联系,研究城市扩张与城乡景观格局动态变化过程之间的内部联系对揭示城市化规律有着重要意义。文章以江苏省昆山市（县）范围为研究对象,基于全市1985—2008年间多期TM影像图,在采用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的技术方法获取昆山市景观格局动态变化以及相关景观生态学指数分析的基础上,探讨城市扩张对城乡景观格局的影响。结果表明：23年间自然景观类型的面积基本保持不变;人工景观面积显著增涨了4倍。斑块密度、景观斑块数量破碎度指数受人工景观类型影响基本呈上升趋势;斑块密度、景观破碎度、最大斑块、边缘密度等指数与建设用地增长之间存在明显相关性,表明城市扩张是城乡景观格局特征变化的重要驱动力。     

基于本底格局的鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观破碎化评价

在3S技术支持下构建了鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观本底格局,并以本底格局为参照,分别对1989年和2005年鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观破碎化过程进行了监测评价.结果表明:湿地本底格局可作为强度开发环境下湿地景观格局破碎化评价的参照依据.与本底格局相比,鸭绿江口湿地景观格局呈持续破碎化趋势,1989年和2005年湿地景观整体自然度分别为89.373%和86.691%.在不同自然湿地景观类型中,芦苇沼泽、滩涂和潮沟面积萎缩幅度较大,2005年其自然度分别为69.94%、71.49%和78.42%;各湿地类型的斑块密度都出现了不同程度的增大,其中芦苇沼泽和滩涂增大最明显,2005年斑块相对密度分别达18.507和6.879;滩涂斑块形状趋于复杂,2005年斑块相对形状指数为1.085,其他湿地类型斑块形状则持续简化;各时期不同自然湿地类型斑块聚集度指数均较高,反映出鸭绿江口各湿地类型多呈聚集分布的空间格局.     

黄河三角洲自然湿地景观连接度动态变化及其驱动因素分析

景观连接度用来度量景观空间单元之间的连续程度,它同具体的生态过程相结合可有效表征景观的功能特性。已有景观连接度的研究往往缺乏长时间序列动态变化的分析,且从不同区域尺度开展的研究也较少。同时,关于影响景观连接度变化的驱动因素还未有明确解释。因此,文章基于1991—2013年6期遥感影像数据,利用基于图论的指数方法测度景观连接度,对黄河三角洲整体以及自然保护区一千二管理站和黄河口管理站、垦利农业生态区、河口农业生态区和胜利油田区5个区域内自然湿地景观连接度的时空变化格局进行分析,并探讨影响自然湿地景观连通格局的主要驱动因素。结果表明,1991—2013年黄河三角洲自然湿地面积减少了548.75 km~2,景观连接度整体较低且呈现下降趋势,最大可能连接度指数不足0.1。期间,垦利农业生态区、河口农业生态区和胜利油田区的自然湿地面积减少严重,景观连接度下降明显。到2013年,这3个区域的自然湿地景观连接度全部下降至0.01以下。而一千二管理站和黄河口管理站内自然湿地的面积与景观连接度却有所增加,其中,一千二管理站自然湿地的景观连接度均在0.5以上,黄河口管理站自然湿地的可能连接度也从0.203增加到0.360。人类活动对黄河三角洲湿地景观格局的演变产生了重要影响。耕地、人工湿地以及油田、道路等建设用地是黄河三角洲湿地景观连接度变化的主要驱动因素,而自然保护区的设立和有效的管理措施是区内湿地景观连接度增加的主要原因。在此基础上建议扩大保护区范围,增加踏脚石斑块,保持水系连通以提高景观连接度。     

中亚热带红壤丘陵区农业流域景观格局对水文过程的影响

景观格局是影响流域水文过程和水分循环要素分配的重要因素,研究景观格局对流域水文过程的影响可以为流域水资源管理和合理利用提供科学依据。以湖南省长沙县金井流域为例,利用2010—2014年实测水文、气象资料和土地利用遥感图,基于Pearson相关分析和多元线性逐步回归模型,分析流域景观格局对水文过程(河川径流与基流)的影响。结果表明:(1)流域河川径流流量季节性波动剧烈,而基流流量的季节性变化相对较小;(2)流域景观格局显著影响水文过程,平枯水期河川基流量与香农多样性指数(SHDI)、斑块密度(PD)和边界密度(ED)呈显著正相关,与蔓延度指数(CONTAG)、最大拼块面积所占景观面积比例(LPI)、聚集指数(AI)和斑块凝聚度(COHESION)呈显著负相关(P0.05);(3)全年和平枯水期流域河川径流系数和基流量可以用流域内土地利用方式面积比例和景观格局指数预测,对流域景观的合理规划有利于中亚带红壤丘陵区农业流域水资源的科学管理和合理利用。     

内蒙古皇甫川五分地沟小流域土地覆盖空间格局特征及其持续性分析

基于1979、1987和2002年3个时期的土地覆盖类型图,从斑块面积、形状、空间关系3方面着手,利用斑块面积百分比、面积变异系数、分维数3个景观格局指数对内蒙古皇甫川五分地沟小流域的土地覆盖格局及变化特征进行研究;并以流域为尺度,测算土地覆盖破碎度、多样性指数、分维数、合理性指数4个指标随时间变化的持续性。结果表明:研究区土地覆盖现状呈现各类型相对较均衡的镶嵌状分布格局,土地覆盖类型较稳定,斑块形状较简单,受人类干扰较大。土地覆盖特征指数的持续性分析结果与对应的指标分析结果相吻合。     

江苏省原生滨海湿地景观多样性及其粒度效应研究

土地覆盖是生态系统的重要组成部分,其具有明显的空间尺度(包括空间粒度和幅度)属性,而尺度问题是景观空间研究的关键环节之一。为了探究江苏省原生滨海湿地景观多样性及其粒度效应,在GIS和RS技术支持下,以江苏省原生滨海湿地2017年高精度遥感影像为基础,编制了景观类型图,选取一系列经典景观指数,在类型和整体景观的水平上,探讨江苏省原生滨海湿地景观多样性及其粒度效应,为选择适宜粒度进行土地覆盖的景观指数计算和尺度转换提供理论依据。结果表明,不同土地利用景观斑块密度、蔓延度指数、凝聚度指数、平均形状指数、面积加权分维数指数、丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数、均匀度指数基本表现为林地最大,灌木地其次,未利用地、建设用地和水域最小;分离度指数耕地和未利用地最大,草地和水域其次,建设用地最小。在1—60 m粒度范围内,粒度增加对优势景观有加强作用,随着粒度逐渐增大,景观中的优势覆盖类型面积比率增大,其他景观覆盖类型面积逐渐减少。随粒度不断增加,在类型水平上,不同土地类型的景观特征指数变化曲线主要呈现3种类型:(1)随着粒度的不断变大,面积加权分维数、如斑块密度、平均形状指数、凝聚度指数呈现单调递减的趋势,各指数均表现为林地最大;(2)随粒度变化,面积百分比呈现稳定状态;(3)在粒度变化过程中,分离度指数及有效网格大小变化曲线差异性较大。平均形状指数、聚集度指数、分离度指数和凝聚度指数变化幅度并不大,受空间格局特征的影响不大。各类景观指数的分维数在1—60 m粒度内,具有明显的随粒度增加而减小的趋势,说明这些景观的形态结构在这一粒度范围内具有自相似性。相关性分析定量反映了所选景观指数受粒度变化影响的相关性程度,不同景观特征与粒度的相关性存在较大差异。     

北京市三维景观格局的局地气象环境影响初探

探明城市三维景观格局对气象条件影响的规律性,可为城市规划与可持续发展提供科学依据与决策支持。以北京为例,利用北京市2011年大比例尺测绘数据,构建能够在小区尺度上表达景观结构及空间特征、同时可以在一定程度上反映出局地能量、辐射或动力学差异的三维景观格局指数;利用北京市2011年区域自动气象站观测数据,通过在不同空间尺度上开展三维景观格局指数与温度、湿度和风速3个表征局地气象条件的主要因子的相关性分析,研究城市三维景观格局对局地气象条件的影响。结果显示:在500、1 000和2 000 m范围内,景观容积密度(LVD)、景观高度密度(LHD)和天空开阔度(SVF)指数与区域大气环境温度和风速均显著相关;在1 000 m和2 000 m范围内,景观容积密度(LVD)、景观高度密度(LHD)和景观起伏度(LHR)与区域大气环境湿度显著相关。北京城市三维景观格局对大气环境的影响效应非常显著。城市三维空间密度(LVD)越大、高度密度(LHD)越大、景观起伏度(LHR)越大的地方,区域温度越高、湿度越低、风速越低;天空开阔度越低的地方,区域温度越高、风速越低。利用三维景观格局指数评估景观格局对区域气象环境的影响具有可行性,但要注意景观格局指数在空间尺度上的适用性。同时,本文构建的三维景观格局指数可作为地表统计参数来量化表达地表非均匀性特征,为大气数值模式中地表参数化方案提供了一种有效选择。     

Landscape network congruency at the ecoregion scale: can we expect corridor ‘umbrellas’?

Conservation planners are faced with numerous choices regarding ‘what to connect’ when modeling landscape networks on an ecoregion scale. A simplifying assumption is often that coarse-scale corridors may provide overlapping or ‘umbrella’ effects for multiple conservation scenarios. To examine this, we assessed differences in connectivity models arising from four different conservation scenarios for the transboundary Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion (330,000 km²). Models resulted in networks comprised of varying levels of connectedness, suggesting the presence of local connectivity at several sub-ecoregion scales, but diminished ecoregion-scale connectivity. Our results also indicate that selecting ‘what to connect’ at the ecoregion scale strongly influences the location and extent of modeled corridors. Further, our evidence suggests that landscape networks derived for one scenario are not likely to produce far-reaching corridor umbrellas or highly coincident landscape networks for alternative conservation scenarios with varying goals. As a result, alternative landscape networks should not be considered functionally equivalent.     

Predicting modes of spatial change from state-and-transition models

State-and-transition models (STMs) can represent many different types of landscape change, from simple gradient-driven transitions to complex, (pseudo-) random patterns. While previous applications of STMs have focused on individual states and transitions, this study addresses broader-scale modes of spatial change based on the entire network of states and transitions. STMs are treated as mathematical graphs, and several metrics from algebraic graph theory are applied—spectral radius, algebraic connectivity, and the S-metric. These indicate, respectively, the amplification of environmental change by state transitions, the relative rate of propagation of state changes through the landscape, and the degree of system structural constraints on the spatial propagation of state transitions. The analysis is illustrated by application to the Gualalupe/San Antonio River delta, Texas, with soil types as representations of system states. Concepts of change in deltaic environments are typically based on successional patterns in response to forcings such as sea level change or river inflows. However, results indicate more complex modes of change associated with amplification of changes in system states, relatively rapid spatial propagation of state transitions, and some structural constraints within the system. The implications are that complex, spatially variable state transitions are likely, constrained by local (within-delta) environmental gradients and initial conditions. As in most applications, the STM used in this study is a representation of observed state transitions. While the usual predictive application of STMs is identification of local state changes associated with, e.g., management strategies, the methods presented here show how STMs can be used at a broader scale to identify landscape scale modes of spatial change.     

Integrating Landscape and Metapopulation Modeling Approaches: Viability of the Sharp-Tailed Grouse in a Dynamic Landscape

Abstract:  The lack of management experience at the landscape scale and the limited feasibility of experiments at this scale have increased the use of scenario modeling to analyze the effects of different management actions on focal species. However, current modeling approaches are poorly suited for the analysis of viability in dynamic landscapes. Demographic (e.g., metapopulation) models of species living in these landscapes do not incorporate the variability in spatial patterns of early successional habitats, and landscape models have not been linked to population viability models. We link a landscape model to a metapopulation model and demonstrate the use of this model by analyzing the effect of forest management options on the viability of the Sharp-tailed Grouse (  Tympanuchus phasianellus ) in the Pine Barrens region of northwestern Wisconsin (U.S.A.). This approach allows viability analysis based on landscape dynamics brought about by processes such as succession, disturbances, and silviculture. The landscape component of the model (LANDIS) predicts forest landscape dynamics in the form of a time series of raster maps. We combined these maps into a time series of patch structures, which formed the dynamic spatial structure of the metapopulation component (RAMAS). Our results showed that the viability of Sharp-tailed Grouse was sensitive to landscape dynamics and demographic variables such as fecundity and mortality. Ignoring the landscape dynamics gave overly optimistic results, and results based only on landscape dynamics (ignoring demography) lead to a different ranking of the management options than the ranking based on the more realistic model incorporating both landscape and demographic dynamics. Thus, models of species in dynamic landscapes must consider habitat and population dynamics simultaneously.     

Boundaries and Corridors as a Continuum of Ecological Flow Control: Lessons from Rivers and Streams

Abstract: Landscape boundaries and corridors are areas of small spatial extent relative to their large effects on ecological flows. The trend in ecological literature is to treat corridors and boundaries as separate phenomena on the landscape. This approach, however, misses a fundamental aspect they have in common: their strong influence on ecological flows. Corridors and boundaries exist at opposite ends of a permeability gradient, differing in their effects on rates and direction of flow. The position of landscape structures along this permeability gradient depends on attributes of both the flow and of the structure itself. We discuss boundaries and corridors in terms of mover specificity, scale, and effects on different levels of ecological organization, using rivers and streams to illustrate our points. We predict which structures will act as boundaries or corridors and at what spatial and temporal scales they are likely to be relevant. Considering the function of landscape structures across the boundary-corridor continuum will provide researchers and managers with a more complete, holistic viewpoint and will allow better strategies to attain conservation goals.     

Spatial location dominates over host plant genotype in structuring an herbivore community

Recent work has shown a potential role for both host plant genotype and spatial context in structuring insect communities. In this study, we use three separate data sets on herbivorous insects on oak (Quercus robur) to estimate the relative effects of host plant genotype (G), location (E), and the G x E interaction on herbivore community structure: a common garden experiment replicated at the landscape scale (approximately 5 km2); two common gardens separated at the regional scale (approximately 10 000 km2); and survey data on wild trees in various spatial settings. Our experiments and survey reveal that, at the landscape scale, the insect community is strongly affected by the spatial setting, with 32% of the variation in species richness explained by spatial connectivity. In contrast, G and G x E play minor roles in structuring the insect community. Results remained similar when extending the spatial scale of the study from the more local (landscape) level to the regional level. We conclude that in our study system, spatial processes play a major role in structuring these insect communities at both the landscape and regional scales, whereas host plant genotype seems of secondary importance.     

Ecological Networks as Conceptual Frameworks or Operational Tools in Conservation

Abstract:  The establishment of ecological networks (ENs) has been proposed as an ideal way to counteract the increasing fragmentation of natural ecosystems and as a necessary complement to the establishment of protected areas for biodiversity conservation. This conservation tool, which comprises core areas, corridors, and buffer areas, has attracted the attention of several national and European institutions. It is thought that ENs can connect habitat patches and thus enable species to move across unsuitable areas. In Europe, however, ENs are proposed as an oversimplification of complex ecological concepts, and we maintain that they are of limited use for biodiversity conservation for several reasons. The ENs are species specific and operate on species-dependent scales. In addition, the information needed for their implementation is only available for a handful of species. To overcome these limitations, ENs have been proposed on a landscape scale (and for selected "focal" species), but there is no indication that the structural composition of core areas, corridors, and buffer areas could ensure the functional connectivity and improve the viability of more than a few species. The theory behind ENs fails to provide sufficient practical information on how to build them (e.g., width, shape, structure, content). In fact, no EN so far has been validated in practice (ensuring connectivity and increasing overall biodiversity conservation), and there are no signs that validation will be possible in the near future. In view of these limitations, it is difficult to justify spending economic and political resources on building systems that are at best working hypotheses that cannot be evaluated on a practical level.     

基于道路网络特征的建设用地扩张及其对林地景观的影响——以深圳市为例

道路作为景观廊道,与建设用地景观、林地景观之间存在着复杂的生态学联系。在道路网络迅猛扩展的同时,深圳市建设用地迅速扩张,并对林地景观产生了一定影响。基于土地利用变更调查数据,对1996-2008年快速城市化地区深圳市道路密度与建设用地扩张强度、道路密度与建设用地-林地边界动态的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,建设用地规模与道路密度、建设用地扩张强度与道路拓展强度呈相关关系,道路网络对城市的社会经济发展有着重要的支撑能力。另一方面,研究期间深圳市林地退化严重,与建设用地接触的单个林地斑块的平均边界长度（林建边界长度）增加,建设用地-林地边界呈现出复杂化的趋势。林建边界长度与道路密度成相关关系,道路密度小于2.5 km.km-2时,道路密度越大,林建边界长度越大,建设用地景观和林地景观的生态学作用越剧烈。     

Use of Empirically Derived Source-Destination Models to Map Regional Conservation Corridors

Abstract:  The ability of populations to be connected across large landscapes via dispersal is critical to long-term viability for many species. One means to mitigate population isolation is the protection of movement corridors among habitat patches. Nevertheless, the utility of small, narrow, linear features as habitat corridors has been hotly debated. Here, we argue that analysis of movement across continuously resistant landscapes allows a shift to a broader consideration of how landscape patterns influence connectivity at scales relevant to conservation. We further argue that this change in scale and definition of the connectivity problem improves one's ability to find solutions and may help resolve long-standing disputes regarding scale and definition of movement corridors and their importance to population connectivity. We used a new method that combines empirically derived landscape-resistance maps and least-cost path analysis between multiple source and destination locations to assess habitat isolation and identify corridors and barriers to organism movement. Specifically, we used a genetically based landscape resistance model for American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) to identify major movement corridors and barriers to population connectivity between Yellowstone National Park and the Canadian border. Even though western Montana and northern Idaho contain abundant public lands and the largest wilderness areas in the contiguous United States, moving from the Canadian border to Yellowstone Park along those paths indicated by modeled gene flow required bears to cross at least 6 potential barriers. Our methods are generic and can be applied to virtually any species for which reliable maps of landscape resistance can be developed.     

Tests of landscape influence: nest predation and brood parasitism in fragmented ecosystems

The effects of landscape fragmentation on nest predation and brood parasitism, the two primary causes of avian reproductive failure, have been difficult to generalize across landscapes, yet few studies have clearly considered the context and spatial scale of fragmentation. Working in two river systems fragmented by agricultural and rural-housing development, we tracked nesting success and brood parasitism in > 2500 bird nests in 38 patches of deciduous riparian woodland. Patches on both river systems were embedded in one of two local contexts (buffered from agriculture by coniferous forest, or adjacent to agriculture), but the abundance of agriculture and human habitation within 1 km of each patch was highly variable. We examined evidence for three models of landscape effects on nest predation based on (1) the relative importance of generalist agricultural nest predators, (2) predators associated with the natural habitats typically removed by agricultural development, or (3) an additive combination of these two predator communities. We found strong support for an additive predation model in which landscape features affect nest predation differently at different spatial scales. Riparian habitat with forest buffers had higher nest predation rates than sites adjacent to agriculture, but nest predation also increased with increasing agriculture in the larger landscape surrounding each site. These results suggest that predators living in remnant woodland buffers, as well as generalist nest predators associated with agriculture, affect nest predation rates, but they appear to respond at different spatial scales. Brood parasitism, in contrast, was unrelated to agricultural abundance on the landscape, but showed a strong nonlinear relationship with farm and house density, indicating a critical point at which increased human habitat causes increased brood parasitism. Accurate predictions regarding landscape effects on nest predation and brood parasitism will require an increased appreciation of the multiple scales at which landscape components influence predator and parasite behavior.     

Independent effects of fragmentation on forest songbirds: an organism-based approach.

The degree to which spatial patterns influence the dynamics and distribution of populations is a central question in ecology. This question is even more pressing in the context of rapid habitat loss and fragmentation, which threaten global biodiversity. However, the relative influence of habitat loss and landscape fragmentation, the spatial patterning of remaining habitat, remains unclear. If landscape pattern affects population size, managers may be able to design landscapes that mitigate habitat loss. We present the results of a mensurative experiment designed to test four habitat loss vs. fragmentation hypotheses. Unlike previous studies, we measured landscape structure using quantitative, spatially explicit habitat distribution models previously developed for two species: Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca) and Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla). We used a stratified sampling design that reduced the confounding of habitat amount and fragmentation variables. Occurrence and reoccurrence of both species were strongly influenced by characteristics at scales greater than the individual territory, indicating little support for the random-sample hypothesis. However, the type and spatial extent of landscape influence differed. Both occurrence and reoccurrence of Blackburnian Warblers were influenced by the amount of poor-quality matrix at 300- and 2000-m spatial extents. The occurrence and reoccurrence of Ovenbirds depended on a landscape pattern variable, patch size, but only in cases when patches were isolated. These results support the hypothesis that landscape pattern is important for some species only when the amount of suitable habitat is low. Although theoretical models have predicted such an interaction between landscape fragmentation and composition, to our knowledge this is the first study to report empirical evidence of such nonlinear fragmentation effects. Defining landscapes quantitatively from an organism-based perspective may increase power to detect fragmentation effects, particularly in forest mosaics where boundaries between patches and matrix are ambiguous. Our results indicate that manipulating landscape pattern may reduce negative impacts of habitat loss for Ovenbird, but not Blackburnian Warbler. We emphasize that most variance in the occurrence of both species was explained by local scale or landscape composition variables rather than variables reflecting landscape pattern.