水土流失地区农田可持续利用的评价模型研究

通过水土流失地区不同农业生产方式对土地质量及土壤生产力的影响研究，探讨不同作物及其不同种植方式对农田可持续利用的评价预测模型及土地资源利用的价值核算方法，通过对山西省闻喜县的案例应用验证，表明了在农业可持续发展研究中应用的可行性。     

不同政策情景下农业土地利用效应模拟分析

农业土地利用政策的实施能够很大程度上影响区域农业生产方式和发展路径.构建了一个土地利用政策效应的多准则分析框架,并以上海市淀山湖地区作为案例区,从社会、经济和生态方面建立综合评价指标体系,应用情景分析方法,采用TechnoGIN模型作为评价工具,分别对基础情景、基准情景和3种不同政策干预情景下的农业土地利用效应进行了模拟和评价.结果显示,测土配方施肥政策使农民提高了施肥的钾氮比,同时对提高水稻产量起到了一定的作用,但对氮的总投入量及淋失量的降低作用较为微弱.而精细养分管理技术在使投入的钾氮比更为合理的同时,也降低了氮的总投入量及淋失量,但过多的劳动力投入需求限制了这一技术的推广和普及.适度规模经营政策的主要作用是减少劳动力使用量,为农民提供更多的外出就业机会.该研究的方法框架可为评估和预判不同农业政策的土地利用效应提供理论支撑.     

农业生产措施对土壤碳库的影响

在陆地碳平衡日益成为全球变化科学和生态科学中最为前沿与热点问题的前提下,农业碳平衡问题也受到了强烈的关注,从而促进了农业生产措施对土壤碳库影响的研究。文章综述了农业生产措施对土壤碳库的影响及其效率。从全球不同地区的研究得出,农业措施决定了现阶段农业生态系统是C源还是C汇。目前,影响农田土壤碳库的措施主要有:农业用地面积的扩张;耕地的休耕与利用;农业施肥;耕作方式;作物类型与轮作;秸秆还田。平均不同地区的研究结果,各种措施提高土壤碳积累的效率(CMg·hm-2·a-1)分别为:施用动物肥料0.6(肥料用量10Mg·hm-2·a-1)、施化肥-0.71、耕地转换为草场0.825、改善轮作0.21、实施免耕0.315、秸秆还田0.3。目前研究存在的问题及将来的研究重点应主要集中在:通过改善农业措施提高土壤碳库的可行性;土壤有机碳积累与农业措施间的关系的地区差异性;农业措施提高土壤碳库所产生的环境效益与经济效益。     

关于氮肥利用率的思考

应用作者近10年在华北地区冬小麦／夏玉米中氮肥转化与去向的研究资料，对施氮量、产量、氮肥利用、残留、损失关系进行分析；认为简单的氮肥利用率很难反映不同农业生产水平条件下的氮肥利用状况；要准确反映氮肥利用状况，应综合考虑产量水平、氮肥利用、残留及损失的情况。论证了我国氮肥利用率具有很大的变幅，平常所说的30％-35％只是一个整体概念，不能以此来说明我国氮肥损失量大，对环境的污染严重。在我国农业生产中，必须研究解决既能获得尽可能高的产量，又能最大限度地减轻对环境压力的氮肥施用技术及其理论基础，而不应该一味追求多么高的氮肥利用率。     

农业纤维素剩留物在纵向式生产体系中的作用

本文试图通过对农业纤维素剩留物在小农户生产体系中的应用技术的讨论,以便确定某几种适于该体系应用的多向利用力法。文中提出了在纵向式生产体系中小型家畜饲养农户利用农业纤维素剩留物的几种可行而有效的利用途径。发展小农户对农业纤维素剩留物的充分利用,可以促进纵向式农业生产体系的进一步发展,更有效地利用纤维剩留物和提高农民的生活水平。高效率利用纤维素剩留物的三个特点是:(1)纤维素剩留物的最佳利用方式,总是与多种农事活动连系在一起;(2)有效地利用纤维素剩留物能提高对农业自然资源的利用;(3)一旦纤维素剩留物能得到合理而有效的利用,更多的农事活动就能连结在一起而构成一个纵向式的农业生产体系。     

粉煤灰资源的农业利用

本文根据粉煤灰农业利用的基础及国内外研究现状，阐述了粉煤灰农业利用现状，包括直接施用于农田、利用粉煤灰生产化肥、贮灰场覆土或不覆土造田和填坑造地等。并对粉煤灰农业利用的前景提出了一些看法。     

稳定氢氧同位素在定量区分植物水分利用来源中的应用

全球气候变化下陆地生态系统的适应性是当前科学研究关注的主题之一,了解生态系统如何响应及影响全球气候变化有利于人类对未来生存环境的预测和适应。生态系统中不同来源水分对植物生长相对贡献决的大小一定程度上决定了生态系统对气候变化的响应方式、程度和响应结果,因此跟踪和分析植物利用水分的来源是制定全球气候变化对策的一个重要研究内容。本文介绍了稳定氢氧同位素技术研究历史及其在定量区分植物利用水分的来源研究中的应用原理与具体方法。由于土壤水分在被植物根系吸收及随后沿导管向上传输的过程中,与外界环境不发生水分交换,因此不存在同位素的分馏过程,所以植物茎木质部水分同位素组成能反映出植物利用的来源水分同位素信息。通过比较植物茎木质部水分与植物利用的不同来源水分同位素值,利用二项或三项分隔线性混合模型(two-orthree-compartment linear mixing model),可以估算出植物对不同来源水分的相对使用量。而由于植物叶片水分同位素组成受到周围环境的温度、湿度、降雨和土壤水分的异质性等许多因素的影响,通过比较分析植物茎木质部水分和叶片水分同位素组成的差异可以得到植物周围环境的气候信息。植物利用水分的来源存在显著的季节性差异,并且,不同生活型植物在利用水分来源上存在明显不同。植物根系的分布及根深是决定植物利用水分来源的一个重要的因素,表层和深层根系的相对分布及其活性影响着植物吸收水分的范围。当然,利用线型分隔混合模型定量区分植物利用水分的不同来源,还有许多值得改进的地方,而且,尽管稳定同位素技术在植物科学中的应用正迅速发展起来,但利用稳定氢氧同位素来分析环境因素对植物影响的研究还只是刚刚展开,还有许多方面值得去进一步探索。     

农业生态与土地退化的土壤微形态研究

简要地介绍了土壤微形态研究方法及其在农业生态与土地退化研究中的应用,并回顾了近20a的国际土壤微形态研究的内容与进展.在过去的20a中,土壤微形态学在概念、现象的解释、分析技术'以及应用上都取得了前所未有的进展.特别在样品脱水方法、荧光分析、图象处理及定量分析技术上得到很大的发展.植物根系与土壤微结构的关系,土壤改良对结构的影响等方面研究取得一定的成就.利用土壤微形态研究农业生态系统中的根系与根际的生态过程,作物对水分和养分的吸收过程,人为活动对土壤退化,熟化的微形态指标,以及利用微形态指标评价人为因素在现代土壤过程中的作用等,是土壤微形态研究的最新动态.     

中国主要耕作方式对旱地土壤结构及养分和微生态环境影响的研究综述

耕作方式是影响土壤质量变化及耕地可持续利用的重要外在因素,农业生产和作物高产都离不开适宜的耕作方式,合理的耕作方式不仅可改善土壤结构和理化特性,还可有效促进农田生态系统的良性循环及资源的高效利用,而耕作方式不合理则会导致耕层土壤质量和生态环境的恶化。文章总结评述了不同耕作方式对土壤结构(团聚体、容重、孔隙度和紧实度)、养分特性(氮、磷、钾和有机质)及微生态环境(微生物数量和微生物量碳氮、微生物多样性、土壤酶活性)的影响。综合认为,不同耕作方式对土壤的扰动程度不同,各耕作方式下土壤结构、养分特性及微生态环境存在明显差异,考虑到中国耕地类型、生态区域和种植制度的复杂多样性,单一的耕作方式如免耕、旋耕、翻耕、深松并不能很好适应农业实际生产需求。为改善耕地质量、提高耕地生产力,需结合各生态区土壤特性和种植制度特点选择年内及年际间合理的耕作方式组合(免耕-旋耕、免耕-深耕、深松-旋耕、免耕-免耕、深松-免耕覆盖等)。此外,结合前人的研究,展望了在未来耕作方式对土壤影响的研究中应注重研究的系统性、长期性、区域性和复杂性及阐明了未来农业耕作方式的发展方向和需注重的问题。该文可为耕整地质量的进一步提高、耕地的高效可持续利用及耕作方式的合理选择和改进提供科学依据和理论参考。     

基于层次全息模型的农业土地利用环境风险识别

提出了基于层次全息模型(HHM)框架识别农业土地利用环境风险的方法:通过构建农业土地利用环境风险识别的HHM框架,从多维度描述农业土地利用过程中存在的9大类别风险源,并应用双重标准风险矩阵方法对各类别风险源进行初步筛选、过滤和分级;在此基础上,依据多重准则标准和定量化风险矩阵进一步对各个环境风险因子进行定量评估.以湖南省桃江县为例,应用HHM风险识别方法对该县农地利用的环境风险进行系统识别,结果表明桃江县农地利用的主要环境风险源包括重金属污染、水体富营养化、污水灌溉和工厂排污.     

苏南稻田土壤持续生产力与种植制度关系研究

研究了苏南稻田不同种植制度与土壤持续生产力的关系。维持土壤持续生产力的实质是维持土壤肥力，多熟种植制度养分产出增加，加大了土壤养分的消耗，但有机物质生产增加，有利于有机物质归还和土壤有机质平衡。在多熟种植制度中间套插种绿肥等豆科养地作物和油菜、蔬菜等培肥作物，结合秸秆还田和轮作，将能维持稻田多熟制的土壤持续生产力。     

耕作方式对土壤微生物和土壤肥力的影响

通过2年田间定位试验,对比研究了免耕+秸秆覆盖、旋耕+秸秆覆盖和传统耕作:三种耕作方式对土壤温度、土壤呼吸速率、土壤微生物数量和土壤肥力状况的影响.结果表明:秸秆覆盖对地温的影响存在"双重效应";土壤温度、土壤呼吸速率和土壤微生物量碳三者之间存在凸面关系;秸秆还田后耕作措施对土壤0～10和10～20 cm的微生物数量的影响不同,但均能增加土壤微生物量;土壤微生物能够加快秸秆中的有机碳向土壤有机质的转化速率;土壤微生物量碳可以作为反映土壤生产力状况的重要生物学指标之一.     

Soil bacterial community characteristics of rice-rice-rape crop rotation北大核心CSCD

To investigate the characteristic changes in soil bacterial community under rice-rice-rape rotation in southern China, soil samples from a 30-year crop rotation and continuous cropping system were collected. Clone library and gene sequence analysis were adopted. The PCR amplification was carried out using universal primers of the 16S rDNA gene. The amplified fragments were then used to construct a clone library. The subclones were sequenced and analyzed. The experimental analysis showed that, in July 2015, and October and April 2016, the Shannon Wiener index and richness index of bacteria from the rotation treatment soils were higher than those of the continuous cropping treatment soil. The soil bacterial diversity of the rotation treatment was higher than that of the continuous cropping treatment. The results of BLAST analysis in the GenBank showed that Proteobacteria accounted 55% of total bacteria in the rotation treatment soil, whereas it accounted for 45% of total bacteria in continuous cropping treatment soil. Gemmatimonadetes accounted for 13% of the total bacteria in rotation treatment and 10% in the continuous cropping treatment. The proportion of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes in rotation soil was less than those in the continuous cropping soil. Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant flora in soil. The changes in the predominant bacteria affected the diversity of soil bacteria in rotation and continuous cropping. The sequence analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the soil were Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, which higher than those in the rice-rice continuous cropping treatment. The sequences similar to Chloroflexi were observed in the rice-rice-rape rotation soils, but not in the continuous cropping soils. The results showed that the soil microbial population is conducted by agricultural tillage, and rice-rice-rape rotation increased the soil bacterial abundance compared with that of the rice-rice continuous treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Modelling the productivity of naturalised pasture in the North Island,New Zealand: a decision tree approach

Decision tree, one of the data mining methods, has been widely used as a modelling approach and has shown better predictive ability than traditional approaches (e.g. regression). However, very little is known from the literature about how the decision tree performs in predicting pasture productivity. In this study, decision tree models were developed to investigate and predict the annual and seasonal productivity of naturalised hill-pasture in the North Island, New Zealand, and were compared with regression models with respect to model fit, validation and predictive accuracy. The results indicated that the decision tree models for annual and seasonal pasture productivity all had a smaller average squared error (ASE) and a higher percentage of correctly predicted cases than the corresponding regression models. The decision tree model for annual pasture productivity had an ASE which was only half of that of the regression model, and correctly predicted 90% of the cases in the model validation which was 10.8 percentage points higher than that of the regression model. Furthermore, the decision tree models for annual and seasonal pasture productivity also clearly revealed the relative importance of environmental and management variables in influencing pasture productivity, and the interaction among these variables. Spring rainfall was the most significant factor influencing annual pasture productivity, while hill slope was the most significant factor influencing spring and winter pasture productivity, and annual P fertiliser input and autumn rainfall were the most significant factors influencing summer and autumn pasture productivity. One limitation of using the decision tree to predict pasture productivity was that it did not generate a continuous prediction, and thus could not detect the influence of small changes in environmental and management variables on pasture productivity.     

江苏沿江经济区多元多熟种植方式及效益评价

在江苏沿江经济区设置了２３种多元多熟种植方式进行定位对比试验，从增粮、增收和省工３个方面进行了综合评价。结果表明，稻田以“春玉米－水稻”为基础，旱地以春玉米为中心的粮饲经菜４元结构的省工型种植方式是本区集约高效持续种植制度的发展方向。     

Higher nitrates, P and lower pH in soils under medicinal plants versus crop plants

This report shows a higher soil quality under medicinal plants versus food-crop plants. Long-term continuous cultivation of food crops induces changes of soil properties that can lead to fertility loss and, in turn, decline of food productivity. Effect of cropping on soil changes has been studied mainly for food crops and vegetables worldwide, whereas soil changes in herbal fields are scarcely known. Therefore, we compared here soil nutrients and soil chemical properties of herbal fields, cultivated with Chinese medicinal plants, and food-crop fields. Fields are located at the famous traditional planting base of Chinese medicinal plants in Anguo, China. The results showed that in herbal fields, soil nitrate, available P, soil organic matter (SOM), and electrical conductivity decreased with soil depth, whereas soil pH and soil water content increased with depth. In herbal fields, soil nitrate, available P contents, and soil electrical conductivity were higher than those of food-crop fields at various soil layers. SOM and soil water content were similar in herbal and food-crop fields. Soil pH of herbal fields at 0–20 cm was lower than those of food-crop fields. Findings show overall that soil nutrient accumulation and changes under medicinal plants are higher than food-crop fields.     

The invasive grass Agropyron cristatum doubles belowground productivity but not soil carbon

Root dynamics are among the largest knowledge gaps in determining how terrestrial carbon (C) cycles will respond to environmental change. Increases in productivity accompanying plant invasions and introductions could increase ecosystem C storage, but belowground changes are unknown, even though roots may account for 50-90% of production in temperate ecosystems. We examined whether the introduction of a widespread invasive grass with relatively high shoot production also increased belowground productivity and soil C storage, using a multiyear rhizotron study in 50-year-old stands dominated either by the invasive C3 grass Agropyron cristatum or by largely C4 native grasses. Relative to native vegetation, stands dominated by the invader had doubled root productivity. Soil carbon isotope values showed that the invader had made detectable contributions to soil C. Soil C content, however, was not significantly different between invader-dominated stands (0.42 mg C/g soil) and native vegetation (0.45 mg C/g soil). The discrepancy between enhanced production and lack of soil C changes was attributable to differences in root traits between invader-dominated stands and native vegetation. Relative to native vegetation, roots beneath the invader had 59% more young white tissue, with 80% higher mortality and 19% lower C:N ratios (all P < 0.05). Such patterns have previously been reported for aboveground tissues of invaders, and we show that they are also found belowground. If these root traits occur in other invasive species, then the global phenomenon of increased productivity following biological invasion may not increase soil C storage.     

Evaluation for sustainable land use in coastal areas: A landscape ecological prospect

Evaluation of sustainability is the core of research on sustainable land use. To a certain extent, traditional social, economic and ecological evaluation for sustainable land use can be regarded as an appraisal on the temporal scale without evaluation of spatial patterns. Landscape ecology can help to realize spatial evaluation for sustainable land use. In this paper, we construct landscape ecological indicators for evaluating sustainable coastal land use from the aspects of landscape productivity, threats and stability, to realize a synthetic temporal-spatial evaluation. These cover the five pillars of sustainable land use, i.e. productivity, security, protection, viability and acceptability. The results of applying landscape ecological evaluation to a case study in Wudi County in China show that land use sustainability is somewhat low and there are great regional differences between its 11 villages. We classified the 11 villages into 5 grades: strong sustainable land use, sustainable land use, weak sustainable land use, weak unsustainable land use, and strong unsustainable land use. Each grade has different land use characteristics and differs in the counter-measures required. But the core countermeasures in all the grades are to improve landscape productivity, to reduce human threats and to optimize landscape patterns.     

厌氧条件下土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化——以五氯酚（PCP）为例

研究厌氧条件下土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化方法,对阐明有机氯降解的动力学反应机制具有十分重要的理论意义。文章以厌氧条件下土壤中五氯酚（PCP）降解为例,归纳介绍了两类用于描述土壤中PCP降解动力学过程的模型：一类模型是不考虑微生物生长的基质降解模式,以一级动力学模型最有代表性,但这类模型多数情况下没有或没有完全体现环境因素对PCP降解的抑制作用;另一类模型是考虑微生物生长的基质降解模式,以Monod动力学模型使用最普遍,但这类模型只在微生物生长的指数期适用,对延迟期、稳定期和衰亡期需经扩展才可应用。logistic动力学模型可广泛用于以上两类模型,是可以近似地描述微生物经适应过程和共代谢作用而致有机氯降解的简单模型。文章还总结了有机氯降解非线性模型参数的优化方法,并对其优缺点进行了分析和比较。针对目前土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化研究中存在的问题,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Studying crop sequences with CarrotAge,a HMM-based data mining software

We have developed a knowledge discovery system based on high-order hidden Markov models for analyzing spatio-temporal data bases. This system, named CarrotAge , takes as input an array of discrete data – the rows represent the spatial sites and the columns the time slots – and builds a partition together with its a posteriori probability. CarrotAge has been developed for studying the cropping patterns of a territory. It uses therefore an agricultural drench database, named Ter-Uti , which records every year the land-use category of a set of sites regularly spaced. The results of CarrotAge are interpreted by agronomists and used in research works linking agricultural land use and water management. Moreover, CarrotAge can be used to find out and study crop sequences in large territories, that is a main question for agricultural and environmental research, as discussed in this paper.