单级好氧和限氧污水处理系统中总氮损失的微生物学机理

近年来,单级好氧和限氧污水处理系统中总氮损失的现象引起了人们的普遍关注,本文对这种现象的微生物学机理及研究现状进行了阐述,主要是儿类细菌的单独脱氮或者它们之间的协同脱氮,包括自养(亚)硝化菌单独脱氮、好氧反硝化菌单独脱氮、(亚)硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的协同脱氮以及(亚)硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的协同脱氮.与传统的硝化-反硝化脱氮工艺相比,这些脱氮新途径具有不可比拟的优越性,对于强化污水生物脱氮具有重要意义.图8参53     

生物电化学脱氮技术研究进展北大核心CSCD

生物电化学系统（BES）因兼有污染物去除与能量回收等优点,近年来已成为环境污染治理领域的关注热点. 对生物电化学技术在脱氮方面的基本原理、含氮污染物的转化途径进行综述,主要的生物脱氮过程包括阴极反硝化、阳极氨氧化以及阴极同步硝化反硝化等,而非生物脱氮过程包括NH3/NH4^＋的跨膜转移、氨气逃逸等. 总结已报道的BES中主要脱氮微生物及其脱氮机制,BES中多数反硝化菌属于变形菌门（Proteobacteria）;硝化细菌主要是亚硝化菌属（Nitrosomonas）和硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）;在同步硝化反硝化过程中,电极上的硝化、反硝化菌有明显的分层现象. 最后阐述了生物电化学脱氮技术在生活污水、渗滤液、地下水处理等领域的最新应用研究,通过改变反应器构型以及运行模式等条件构建不同BES处理各类污水,以达到去除污染物同时回收电能或资源的目的. 基于目前BES的优势,认为减少脱氮中间产物（NO2^- -N、N2O）的积累及扩大BES规模对电能输出和污染物去除效果的影响将是未来的研究方向. （图3 表2 参66）     

垃圾渗滤液生物脱氮新途径

介绍了垃圾渗滤液的传统脱氮技术，对短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化的研究作了综述和讨论，并分析了这些新技术的特点以及在垃圾渗滤液脱氮方面的研究和应用前景，指出了厌氧氨氧化是垃圾渗滤液生物脱氮可能的有效方法。     

好氧反硝化菌及其在生物处理与修复中的应用研究进展

好氧反硝化菌因其生长特性与同步异养硝化好氧反硝化功能,为环境生物脱氮提供了崭新的技术思路.综述了已分离获得的好氧反硝化菌类群及其生长特性,重点阐述了好氧反硝化菌生物脱氮性能、影响因素与好氧反硝化机理,探讨了好氧反硝化在环境生物修复领域的应用.已有研究表明,好氧反硝化菌在环境生物脱氮方面具有明显的技术优势,但有关好氧反硝化反应机理、影响因素等仍待解析,以期为好氧反硝化菌固定化、活性持留以及受污染环境水体修复等研究提供理论依据.     

废水处理中的非传统脱氮途径

根据实验室小型SBR试验的结果，证实存在其它不同于传统的硝化和反硝化的脱氮途径。结合近几年来在生物脱氮理论方面新的研究进展，指出研究非传统脱氮途径的必要性和重要性，其中很有必要的一项工作是需对硝化、反硝化和脱氮过程作出明确的定义。     

传统生物脱氮反硝化过程的生化机理及动力学

传统生物脱氮是指以硝酸盐为电子受体的一系列生物还原反应过程,该过程是在硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶、一氧化氮还原酶和一氧化二氮还原酶的作用下完成的.反硝化的生化机理及动力学是生物脱氮技术的理论基础.为促进反硝化生物脱氮技术的进一步发展,理解反硝化一系列复杂的生化反应过程及其电子传递、能量转化模式是十分必要而有意义的.本文通过对反硝化生化反应过程相关机理的论述,系统归纳了一个涉及多种酶及多种中间产物并伴随着电子(能量)传递的复杂反硝化生化反应过程,详细总结分析了反硝化过程电子通过电子传递链从电子供体(NADH)传递到终端电子受体的传递模式,以及借助于Peter提出的化学渗透假说建立的能量产生方式.同时建议采用积分法和微分法来确定反硝化动力参数Vmax,NO3,μDmax,KS,No3-.     

同时硝化反硝化的理论和实践

对同时硝化反硝化从物理学、微生物学和生物化学的角度做了理论分析，并对亚硝酸盐氮的同时硝化反硝化过程的影响因素进行了探讨，提出了今后的研究方向。     

DO对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学

研究生物接触氧化法中DO对同步硝化反硝化系统脱氮效率的影响。研究结果表明:在溶解氧(DO)为1.0～3.0mg/L范围内,随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低,总脱氮去除率提高,保持较好脱氮率的最佳DO为2mg/L左右,并分析了其原因;同时探讨了DO为2mg/L时的动力学方程。     

工厂化循环水海水养殖尾水反硝化研究

工厂化海水养殖尾水的大量排放不仅危害受纳水体环境,而且威胁人类健康.基于工厂化循环水养殖尾水高氧、低碳、高硝酸盐氮的特征,建立反硝化生物脱氮滤池,重点探究其碳源补充量和脱氮性能.结果表明,反硝化所需COD/N略高,否则硝酸盐氮去除率低,且亚硝酸盐氮出现积累.当COD/N为5:1时,硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除率均在80％以上....     

D0对同步硝化反硝化影响及动力学

研究生物接触氧化法中DO对同步硝化反硝化系统脱氮效率的影响。研究结果表明：在溶解氧(DO)为1．0—3．0mg/L几范围内，随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低，总脱氮去除率提高，保持较好脱氮率的最佳DO为2mg/L左右，并分析了其原因；同时探讨了DO为2mg/L时的动力学方程。     

N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor for biological N and P removal from wastewater

Nitrous oxide （N2O） is a greenhouse gas that can be released during biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor （SBR） for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater was investigated, and the aims were to examine which process, nitrification or denitrification, would contribute more to N2Oemission and to study the effects of heterotrophic activities on N2O emission during nitrification. The results showed that N2O emission was mainly attributed to nitrification rather than to denitrification. N2O emission during denitrification mainly occurred with stored organic carbon as the electron donor. During nitrification, NaO emission was increased with increasing initial ammonium or nitrite concentrations. The ratio of N2O emission to the removed ammonium nitrogen （N2O- N/NH4-N） was 2.5% in the SBR system with high heterotrophic activities, while this ratio was in the range from 0.14% to 1.06% in batch nitrification experiments with limited heterotrophic activities.     

溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响

文章研究溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化效率的影响。研究结果表明：在一定DO范围内，随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低，总氮去除率呈上升趋势，即好氧反硝化效率随溶解氧浓度的降低而提高；在一定MLSS范围内，反应器内混合液污泥浓度越高，出水总氮越低，反硝化现象越明显。     

河岸渗滤作用脱氮机理及其特点的试验

开展河岸渗滤作用脱氮功能研究对保证饮用水水质安全有重要意义。本文采用室内试验、现场试验及理论分析的方法,研究了河岸渗滤作用脱氮机理及特点。结果表明,河岸渗滤作用脱氮的主要动力是硝化与反硝化作用。河岸渗滤作用过程中先发生硝化作用,后发生反硝化作用,界面位于河床沉积层内,两者速率的匹配与提高,以及增加系统的尺度,可提高河岸渗滤作用的脱氮能力与效率。     

新型生物脱氮技术的工艺研究

以上流式厌氧污泥床反应器（ Ｕ Ａ Ｓ Ｂ） 作为厌氧氨氧化（ａｎａｍ ｍｏｘ） 反应器,用无机盐培养液完成了反应器的启动,并稳态运行ａｎａｍ ｍｏｘ 反应器．采用生物膜反应器作为生物硝化反应器,以无机盐培养液完成反应器的启动．将硝化反应器和ａｎａｍｍｏｘ 反应器组合在一起构成新型生物脱氮系统,以硝化反应器的出水作为ａｎａｍｍｏｘ反应器的进水,同时补充相应数量的 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ．整个系统的总氮容积去除率可达１ ５７７ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ ｄ － １ ．该新型生物脱氮系统能同时去除 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ 和 Ｎ Ｏ Ｘ－ Ｎ,并且对高浓度的 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ 去除具有较大的潜力．     

Enhanced nitrogen removal and microbial analysis in partially saturated constructed wetland for treating anaerobically digested swine wastewater

Anaerobically digested swine wastewater was treated by a novel constructed wetland. Tidal operation was better for total nitrogen removal than intermittent flow. Mechanism of nitrogen removal by biozeolite-based constructed wetland was discussed. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were determined in zeolite layer. Nitrogen removal of wastewater containing high-strength ammonium by the constructed wetlands (CWs) has been paid much attention. In this study, the ability of a partially saturated CW to treat anaerobically-digested decentralized swine wastewater under varying operating parameters from summer to winter was investigated. The partially saturated CW achieved better NH₄⁺-N and TN removal by tidal flow than intermittent flow. With surface loading rates of 0.108, 0.027, and 0.029 kg/(m²·d) for COD, NH₄⁺-N, and TN, the partially saturated CW by tidal operation achieved corresponding removal efficiencies of 85.94%, 61.20%, and 57.41%, respectively, even at 10°C. When the rapid-adsorption of NH₄⁺-N and the bioregeneration of zeolites reached dynamically stable, the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the aerobic zeolite layer was observed and accounted for 58.82% of the total denitrification of CW. The results of Illumina high-throughput sequencing also indicated that nitrifiers (Nitrospira and Rhizomicrobium) and denitrifiers (Rhodanobacter and Thauera) simultaneously existed in the zeolite layer. The dominant existence of versatile organic degraders and nitrifiers/denitrifiers in the zeolite layer was related to the removal of most COD and nitrogen in this zone. The contribution of the possible nitrogen removal pathways in the CW was as follows: nitrification-denitrification (86.55%)>substrate adsorption (11.70%)>plant uptake (1.15%)>microbial assimilation (0.60%).     

Characteristics of pollutants behavior in a stormwater constructed wetland during dry days

A stormwater wetland treating non-point source pollution (NPS) from a 64 ha agricultural watershed was monitored over a period of five months. The results indicated that pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were increased in the wetland due to the algal growth. The highest total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was observed in the aeration pond due to the resuspension of solids, decreased in the wetland. The respective decreases in total nitrogen (TN) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 15.9% and 28.7% on passing through the wetland. The nitrate and ammonia were increased by 45.4% and decreased by 79.9%, respectively. These variations provided strong evidence for the existence of nitrification. The total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate had respective reductions of 52.3% and 58.2% over the wetland. The total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were also decreased. Generally, the TN, TP and phosphate removal efficiencies were positive. These positive removal efficiencies were mainly due to microbial activities, uptake by plants, and chemical precipitation at high pH. Negative removal efficiencies can be caused by continuous rainfall activities, with short antecedent dry days (ADDs) and unstable hydraulic conditions, some other biogeochemical transformations and algal growth also being important parameters.     

农田土壤硝化-反硝化作用与N_2O的排放

在北京潮土上研究了冬小麦夏玉米轮作体系下土壤硝化反硝化作用以及N2O排放情况。结果表明,小麦生育期土壤温度及含水量较低,无论是反硝化损失氮量还是土壤的N2O生成排放量均不高。土壤的N2O生成排放量与反硝化氮量相当或低于反硝化氮量。玉米生育期土壤温度升高以及孔隙含水量有较大的改善,反硝化损失氮量、N2O生成排放量有明显上升。通常情况下土壤反硝化损失氮量与N2O排放氮量基本处于同一水平。在玉米十叶期追肥后的较短时间内,N2O总排放量明显高于反硝化损失氮量,说明至少在这一阶段中,硝化作用在北方旱地土壤N2O的排放中发挥了主要作用。在评价北方旱地农田土壤氮素硝化反硝化损失中,硝化作用的氮素损失是不可忽视的重要方面。     

提高常规净水工艺除氮能力的试验

介绍了一种微污染源水中去除氨氮的小型动态试验的结果，以凹凸棒粘土为启动期的生物载体替代生物陶粘或软性填料，采用脱氮反应池串联或并联于常规净水工艺两种工艺流程，取得了类似其他生物氧化法的除氮效果，并且具有无明显生物培养期及启动快的特点，考了影响因素和含氮化合物在净化过程中的举动。     

二级SBR法处理高浓度氨氮化工废水研究

用直接活性污泥法完成了各反应器的污泥驯化启动。二级ＳＢＲ工艺主要由硝化ＳＢＲ和反硝化ＳＢＲ反应器构成，其中硝化ＳＢＲ反应器采用悬浮生长法和固定生物膜法两种工艺作对比试验。结果表明，后者较前者具有更大的ＮＨ３－Ｎ容积负荷，最大可达７６６．５４ｍｇＬ＾－１ｄ＾－１；而且能节省碱的消耗量１１．０％～３８．７％和反硝化所需碳源量为３０％～４０％。在ｔＨＲ为２４ｈ的条件下，二级ＳＢＲ法能处理ρＩｎ（ＮＨ３－