增强UVB辐射对彩色马铃薯相关生理生化特性的影响

云南省特有紫色马铃薯品种转心乌Solanum tuberosum L.和对照品种大西洋Solanum tuberosum L.种植于大田条件下,以自然太阳光照射、人工增强辐射剂量2W·m-2、人工增强辐射剂量4W·m-2三个水平的紫外线B辐射的剂量进行80d照射处理,研究紫外线B辐射对马铃薯叶片内叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、脯氨酸含量、类黄酮含量、丙二醛含量的影响和对细胞质膜的伤害程度.研究结果表明:增强的LIVB辐射由于抑制了叶绿素的合成,致使其含量随着处理时间的持续而不断降低;而短期内增加较低剂量的UVB辐射会诱导类胡萝卜素含量增加,但是随着处理时间的延续却不断降低;由于植株的适应性反应,持续的UVB辐射诱导致使脯氨酸含量和类黄酮含量不断增加;随着所清理活性氧数量的不断累积,其主要产物之一丙二醛的含量也在不断累积,而且UVB辐射对叶片内细胞质膜的不断伤害致使膜透性不断增加.在相同处理条件下云南转心乌叶片内脯氨酸和类黄酮的含量及增加速率明显高于大西洋,丙二醛的积累则少于大西洋.并且转心乌叶片的细胞质膜所受伤害程度亦较大西洋轻.研究结果说明,脯氨酸含量、类黄酮含量、丙二醛含量以及细胞质膜伤害率具有品种间差异,紫色的云南转心乌较大西洋在一定程度上更容易适应LrVB辐射增强的生态环境.     

MeJA对苋菜悬浮细胞类黄酮和类胡萝卜素累积及其代谢相关基因表达的影响

茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对植物生长及次生代谢产物的合成具有重要的调控作用.为了解MeJA对苋菜细胞中类黄酮和类胡萝卜素合成的影响,以苋菜悬浮细胞为材料,检测不同浓度MeJA和添加时间处理对类黄酮和类胡萝卜素累积的影响,结合实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析类黄酮和类胡萝卜素合成相关基因表达与其累积的关系.结果显示,200μmol/L MeJA处理下,苋菜悬浮细胞干重、类黄酮和类胡萝卜素产量均达到最大,在悬浮细胞培养的第4天添加200μmol/L时类黄酮和类胡萝卜素的含量和产量达到最大;与对照(MeJA 0μmol/L)相比,不同浓度MeJA处理下,PAL、F3H、CHI、CHS基因表达量均极显著上调,与类黄酮含量具有正相关性,PDS、PSY和ZDS基因也极显著上调表达,与类胡萝卜素含量具有正相关性;随着MeJA添加时间的延迟,PAL、F3H、CHS和CHI基因的表达模式与类黄酮含量无明显相关性,PDS和PSY表达模式基本一致,且与类胡萝卜素含量的变化趋势保持一致,ZDS基因则出现下调表达.本研究表明MeJA浓度和添加时间对苋菜悬浮细胞中类黄酮和类胡萝卜合成起着重要调控作用,可为进一步探讨MeJA诱导苋菜悬浮细胞类黄酮和类胡萝卜素合成机制奠定基础.(图8表1参28)     

3种抗生素对羊角月牙藻次生代谢的影响

研究乳糖酸红霉素、盐酸环丙沙星和磺胺甲噁唑3种抗生素对羊角月牙藻体内缩酚酸、类黄酮等次生代谢产物含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的影响.结果显示,3种抗生素会对羊角月牙藻次生代谢产生强烈影响.乳糖酸红霉素可造成苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性下降,并使各类次生代谢产物含量降低,其中对类黄酮的影响最大;而盐酸环丙沙星和磺胺甲噁唑则会使苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性及各类代谢产物含量上升,其中盐酸环丙沙星对缩酚酸、黄酮及黄烷醇的影响要强于磺胺甲噁唑,而花青素则对磺胺甲噁唑更为敏感.此外,绿原酸的含量在乳糖酸红霉素处理后低于缩酚酸的总体水平,而在盐酸环丙沙星和磺胺甲噁唑处理后的变化则正好相反.结果表明,乳糖酸红霉素对羊角月牙藻次生代谢具有显著的抑制作用,而盐酸环丙沙星与磺胺甲噁唑则表现出较明显的促进效应,且不同次生代谢产物响应的敏感程度随不同种类抗生素而有所不同.     

紫外辐射对灯盏花附生、内生细菌数量的影响及机理

采用大田研究方法,模拟5.0kJ·m~(-2)紫外辐射(UV-B,280～315nm)增强对灯盏花Erigeronbreviscapus附生、内生细菌数量、优势种群以及类黄酮、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的影响.UV-B辐射极显著减少灯盏花苗期叶和花期根与叶附生细菌数量(p<0.01),显著减少灯盏花果熟期根与叶附生细菌数量(p<0.05).极显著减少灯盏花苗期根与叶和花期叶与茎及果熟期茎内生细菌的数量,果熟期根内生细菌数量显著增加.灯盏花附生细菌优势种群为芽孢杆菌Bacillus和欧文氏菌Erwinia,内生细菌优势种群为芽孢杆菌;UV-B辐射可导致灯盏花附生和内生细菌优势种群数目减少.UV-B辐射还会使灯盏花生理指标发生变化,直接导致灯盏花附生细菌数量的减少,可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量与附生细菌数量呈显著正相关(p<0.05).UV-B辐射增加灯盏花各部位类黄酮含量,间接影响灯盏花内生细菌数量,根类黄酮含量与内生细菌数量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01).     

UV-B辐射与酸雨胁迫对生菜生理特性及品质的影响

酸雨和紫外辐射的增强是全球环境问题之一,也是目前研究的热点。以生菜(lactuca)为实验材料,在大田条件下,研究了UV-B(280~320nm)辐射与模拟酸雨(AR)的胁迫对生菜生理特性和品质的影响。实验结果表明:UV-B辐射的增加降低了生菜植株的蒸腾速率、叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a b的质量分数,且下降幅度随紫外辐射的增强而增大。UV-B辐射的增加提高了生菜叶片中类黄酮的含量,其增加幅度随紫外辐射的增强而增大。酸雨对生菜的蒸腾速率、叶绿素的质量分数也均有不同程度的影响,酸雨对类黄酮含量的影响不大.品质研究结果表明,随着UV-B辐射的增加,叶片中的水的质量分数持续降低,而抗坏血酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的质量分数均先增加后减小,说明存在一个使品质发生突变的阈值范围.酸雨使得生菜中抗坏血酸的质量分数增加,并且增加幅度随pH值的减小而增大;随着酸雨酸度增强,植株中水质量分数持续降低;酸雨使生菜中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的质量分数先减小后增加。在UV-B和酸雨的共同作用下,只有对类黄酮的影响具有明显的协同作用,其他指标表现不明显,但是可以看出复合作用下指标含量下降幅度明显大于单一因子的胁迫,并且下降幅度受UV-B辐射强度和酸雨pH的影响。     

闽侯野生蕉LDOX基因的克隆及表达特性

为探讨闽侯野生蕉无色花青素双加氧酶基因(MiLDOX)的序列和表达特性,利用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)克隆MiLDOX基因cDNA序列,并对其进行系列生物信息学和不同组织器官中的表达特性分析.结果显示,MiLDOX基因包含1 083 bp完整的开放阅读框,可编码分子量(Mr)为40.73×10~3、包含360个氨基酸的蛋白质. MiLDOX基因属于α-酮戊二酸依赖性双加酶基因家族,其编码蛋白为不含信号肽和跨膜结构的亲水性蛋白,理论等电点为5.71.MiLDOX二级结构中不规则卷曲和α-螺旋占比较大.亚细胞定位预测结果显示MiLDOX可能定位于细胞质中.系统进化树显示MiLDOX与小果野蕉MaLDOX和阿比西尼亚红脉蕉EvLDOX亲缘关系最近.实时荧光定量PCR结果显示MiLDOX在闽侯野生蕉不同组织部位都有表达,在雄花中的表达量最高,且与类黄酮和花色素苷含量呈显著正相关.此外,通过研究MiLDOX基因在不同转色阶段果皮中的表达情况,发现它的表达随着果皮色素积累逐步升高.本研究表明MiLDOX基因可能分别参与闽侯野生蕉类黄酮和花色素苷的积累,并在果皮转色等过程发挥着重要作用.(图9表1参37)     

油菜素内酯诱导黄瓜幼苗抗灰霉病研究

采用根际注射结合叶面喷施的方法,研究了油菜素内酯(Brassinolide,BR)对黄瓜灰霉病的诱抗作用及其生理机制.结果表明,BR降低了黄瓜幼苗的病情指数,最高幅度达28.4%,提高了苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,增加了木质素和类黄酮含量,促进了灰霉病菌侵染下黄瓜幼苗的生长发育,壮苗指数最高增加了23.4%.说明BR能诱导黄瓜幼苗对灰霉病的抗性,且最佳处理浓度为0.05mg/L.图3表1参28     

增强UV—B辐射对丹参产量和品质的影响

增强UV-B辐射可使植物体内次生物质代谢发生变化,但其变化强度和方向是否有利于作物经济产量增加仍有待于进一步研究.文章在田间条件下研究日辐射4 d(T1)和8 h(T2)对药用植物-丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.)生长、发育和次生代谢物质的影响,并就增强UV-B辐射是否能提高丹参药用有效成分进行了初步探讨.与自然光照射相比,处理T1和T2丹参收获后地上部干物质量分别下降25%和38%,地下部干物质量分别降低19%和57%.与自然光照射相比,增强UV-B辐射处理明显增加丹参叶片类黄酮物质含量,收获期丹参根部水溶性有效成分含量-迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B分别增加6%和3%5%,脂溶性有效成分含量-丹参酮I、隐丹参酮和丹参酮IIA分别降低8%,17%和4%8%.增强UV-B辐射对丹参的生长、发育和次生代谢物质产量的影响随着丹参生育进程的发展而有所缓解,说明丹参对增强UV-B辐射具有较强的自我调节和恢复能力.综上所述,增强UV-B辐射可明显的影响丹参的生长、降低生物学产量,改变体内次生代谢物质变化,其对药用有效成分有选择性的诱导决定了增强UV-B辐射可部分改变丹参的药用价值.     

攀援型和矮生型四棱豆苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和黄酮含量的研究

以攀援和矮生型四棱豆为研究对象,对不同部位苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和总黄酮含量进行比较,结果表明：除嫩豆荚外,矮生型四棱豆不同部位的PAL活性均高于攀援型,其总黄酮含量亦高于攀援型。攀援型和矮生型四棱豆PAL活性均为种子最高,嫩豆荚最低;两者总黄酮含量均为叶最高,储藏器官块根最低。攀援型和矮生型的PAL活性和总黄酮含量之间均呈显著正相关。矮生型四棱豆不同部位的组织或器官PAL活性受外源因子影响小,类黄酮合成能力高于攀援型,具有更高的抗逆性。     

果实抗病防御应答参与SO_2对‘红提’葡萄的采后保鲜

以本地产‘红提’葡萄果实为实验材料,运用SO_2两段释放处理结合冷藏的商业贮藏保鲜技术,研究保鲜剂SO_2对鲜食葡萄果实采后抵御病菌感染的作用机制.结果发现:使用SO_2保鲜剂可使‘红提’葡萄的贮藏期延长,在60 d贮藏期内SO_2处理组葡萄果实好果率明显高于对照组.贮藏期间,葡萄果皮中次生代谢途径的关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性升高,次生代谢产物总酚、类黄酮和木质素含量升高,其中SO_2处理组各指标的增幅明显高于对照组;多酚氧化酶活性在SO_2处理组和对照组中均降低,但SO_2组酶活性高于对照组,表明SO_2保鲜剂能够增强‘红提’葡萄果实次生代谢途径,促进次生代谢产物积累,提高细胞抗氧化能力和细胞壁结构防御能力.SO_2处理组葡萄果皮中几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均显著高于同期对照组,说明SO_2处理能增强果实的抗病防御应答,提高果实抗病防御能力.本研究表明SO_2能介导‘红提’葡萄采后贮藏期间抗病防御应答,促进果实保鲜,延长果实采后贮藏期.     

Antimicrobial activities of flavonoids against bamboo-destroying fungi and molds

It is well-known that Poria vaporaria (Pers.:Fr.) Cooke, Paecilomyces variotii Bainier and Aspergillus niger are fungi and molds which destroy bamboo. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of antibacterial activity of 16 flavonoids in preventing the actions of these three bamboo-destroying fungi and molds (Poria vaporaria (Pers.:Fr.) Cooke, Paecilomyces variotii Bainier and Aspergillus niger). The results showed that baicalein(1) exerted the highest inhibitory effect on Poria vaporaria (Pers.:Fr.) Cooke and Paecilomyces variotii Bainier indicating that baicalein(1) may be considered as a potential agent to develop as natural bactericide to preserve natural bamboo.     

外源Bt杀虫蛋白和棉花抗虫黄酮类化合物的互作关系

利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术比较了不同生长时期围t基因棉花及其对照受体亲本不同器官中主要抗虫黄酮类物质含量的差异。显著性分析发现，外源Bt杀虫蛋白表达对棉花原有的芸香苷，槲皮素和异槲皮苷等抗虫黄酮类化合物不存在不利的影响，以芸香苷作为黄酮类物质代表物，在饲料中进行了棉铃虫幼虫对芸香苷和Bt杀虫蛋白的复合剂量反应试验，结果表明，芸香苷对棉铃虫幼虫的毒杀作用达到极显著水平，同时随着芸香苷浓度的提高，Bt杀虫毒蛋白对棉铃虫幼虫的杀虫效果得到增强。芸香苷对Bt杀虫毒蛋白有极显著增效作用。     

Restoration of flavonols and isoflavonoids in Ugni molinae subjected to a reciprocal transplant experiment in a domestication framework

Plant domestication can modify flavonoid concentration, generating a decrease in plants subjected to cultivation, but when cultivated plants are transferred to their original wild area, flavonoids can be recovered. In this framework, a native shrub from Chile, Ugni molinae, has been domesticated due to their high phenolic composition. We hypothesised that plant domestication results in a decrease of flavonoid in cultivated plants, and that when they are exposed to a reciprocal transplant experiment, the flavonoid content can be recovered. Hence, a reciprocal transplant experiment for analysing the flavonoids of cultivated plants transferred to their original wild environments was carried out. Methanolic leaf extracts from two cultivated ecotypes and their respectively wild ancestors were collected for flavonoid analysis. Four flavonols and two isoflavonoids were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography. Results showed differences in flavonoids concentrations between wild (290?µg/g) and cultivated (160?µg/g) plants. Furthermore, when wild plants were transferred to cultivated areas, a reduction in flavonoids of 80?µg/g was observed. Moreover, rutin was the most abundant compound (36.09%) detected by chromatography in Mehuín wild plants. Our results showed that cultivated plants transferred to their respective wild environment presented a capacity of recover myricetin, daidzin and genistin content.     

Flavonoids of 17 species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in Iran

Euphorbia is one of the largest genus in Euphorbiaceae with more than 2000 species in the world and about 100 species in Iran. Flavonoids characters of 17 collected Euphorbia species from different parts of Markazi Province, Iran area were studied. Aqueous-ethanolic extracts of leaves were examined to practice flavonoid detection, isolation, and identification by 2-Dimensional Paper Chromatography (2-DPC), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and available standard flavonoids. Voucher specimens of each sample were prepared for reference as herbarium vouchers. Studies of leaf flavonoids showed some phytochemical characters such as total number of flavonoids, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, flavone, and dihydroflavonol glycoside are valuable for chemotaxonomy and their usage.     

Effects of increased content of leaf surface flavonoids on the performance of mountain birch feeding sawflies vary for early and late season species

Summary. The effects of artificially added flavonoid aglycones to birch leaf surfaces on the larval performance of six species of leaf-chewing sawflies were investigated. Significantly negative effects of increased contents of both total flavonoid and individually fed flavonoid compounds were found for the larval performance of certain mid to late and late, but not early season, sawfly species. Species-specific variations in the quantity of faecal flavonoid glycosides, which were examined to investigate whether effective glycosylation of foliar flavonoid aglycones in larvae correlated with varying tolerance to these compounds, also yielded significant species-specific differences between early and late season species. The results suggest seasonal adaptations in host plant use by sawflies feeding on mountain birch, such that phenologically earlier species are better adapted to coping with leaf surface flavonoid aglycones, which occur in the highest concentrations in young leaves.     

Determination of fluoride and its effects on flavonoids in some legumes

The effects of fluoride (Fl) emission, from an aluminum (Al) reduction plant in Iran, on the concentration of Fl in six legume species were studied. In addition, the influence of Fl on leaf flavonoids was investigated. Determination of Fl in collected plants (Alhagi camelorum Fisch., Cercis siliquastrum L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Medicago sativa L., Robinia peseudoacacia L., and Sophora alopecuroides L.) from the factory area was performed using a Fl ion-selective electrode. Identification of flavonoids in the samples was obtained by two-dimensional paper chromatography (2-D PC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Controls were obtained from plants located 10 km distance from the factory. Results showed high Fl concentration in all polluted samples. Phytochemical changes in polluted leaves were observed with appearance or disappearance of some flavonoids.     

青钱柳的化学成分

青钱柳 (ＣｙｃｌｏｃａｒｙａｐａｌｉｕｒｕｓＢａｔａｌ.)为胡桃科 (Ｊｕｇｌａｎｄａｃｅａｅ)青钱柳属植物 ,是我国特有的单种属植物 ,生于山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林中及沟谷水旁 ,该植物在民间用于清热消肿、止痛等[1] .但其化学成分的研究还未见报道 ,为了寻找活性成分 ,我们对该植物根部的化学成分进行了提取分离和结构鉴定 .1　实验部分1.1　材料及仪器植物样品采自重庆市南川金佛山 ,凭证标本由重庆药物种植研究所刘正宇副研究员鉴定 .熔点用ＸＲＣ 1型显微熔点仪测定 ,温度计未校正 .ＮＭＲ用ＢｒｕｋｅｒＡＣ 30 0Ｐ型核磁共振仪…     

Applying assessments of adaptive capacity to inform natural-resource management in a changing climate

Adaptive capacity (AC)—the ability of a species to cope with or accommodate climate change—is a critical determinant of species vulnerability. Using information on species’ AC in conservation planning is key to ensuring successful outcomes. We identified connections between a list of species’ attributes (e.g., traits, population metrics, and behaviors) that were recently proposed for assessing species’ AC and management actions that may enhance AC for species at risk of extinction. Management actions were identified based on evidence from the literature, a review of actions used in other climate adaptation guidance, and our collective experience in diverse fields of global-change ecology and climate adaptation. Selected management actions support the general AC pathways of persist in place or shift in space, in response to contemporary climate change. Some actions, such as genetic manipulations, can be used to directly alter the ability of species to cope with climate change, whereas other actions can indirectly enhance AC by addressing ecological or anthropogenic constraints on the expression of a species’ innate abilities to adapt. Ours is the first synthesis of potential management actions directly linked to AC. Focusing on AC attributes helps improve understanding of how and why aspects of climate are affecting organisms, as well as the mechanisms by which management interventions affect a species’ AC and climate change vulnerability. Adaptive-capacity-informed climate adaptation is needed to build connections among the causes of vulnerability, AC, and proposed management actions that can facilitate AC and reduce vulnerability in support of evolving conservation paradigms.     

Effects of threat management interactions on conservation priorities

Decisions need to be made about which biodiversity management actions are undertaken to mitigate threats and about where these actions are implemented. However, management actions can interact; that is, the cost, benefit, and feasibility of one action can change when another action is undertaken. There is little guidance on how to explicitly and efficiently prioritize management for multiple threats, including deciding where to act. Integrated management could focus on one management action to abate a dominant threat or on a strategy comprising multiple actions to abate multiple threats. Furthermore management could be undertaken at sites that are in close proximity to reduce costs. We used cost‐effectiveness analysis to prioritize investments in fire management, controlling invasive predators, and reducing grazing pressure in a bio‐diverse region of southeastern Queensland, Australia. We compared outcomes of 5 management approaches based on different assumptions about interactions and quantified how investment needed, benefits expected, and the locations prioritized for implementation differed when interactions were taken into account. Managing for interactions altered decisions about where to invest and in which actions to invest and had the potential to deliver increased investment efficiency. Differences in high priority locations and actions were greatest between the approaches when we made different assumptions about how management actions deliver benefits through threat abatement: either all threats must be managed to conserve species or only one management action may be required. Threatened species management that does not consider interactions between actions may result in misplaced investments or misguided expectations of the effort required to mitigate threats to species.     

Environmentally friendly bleaching of cotton using laccases

A new strain of Trametes hirsuta was found to oxidize various cotton flavonoids. Here we show that laccases of this organism were responsible for oxidation of the flavonoids morin, luteolin, rutin and quercetin. Out of two laccases produced by T. hirsuta (60.7 and 51.0 kDa) the more prominent 60.7 kDa laccase was purified and showed K _m and k _cat values of 75.5, 20.9 and 49.4 μM and 72.5, 96.3 and 32.7 s⁻¹, hours on ABTS, syringaldazide and DMP, respectively. Pretreatment of cotton with the T. hirsuta laccase resulted in a whiteness increase of 8.5%.