氧化亚铜光催化降解对硝基苯酚

采用生物效应灯模拟自然光源 ,研究氯化亚铜水解法制备的超细颗粒Cu2 O对对硝基苯酚的光催化降解作用 .结果表明 ,1 1 2mg·l- 1 ,2 2 4mg·l- 1 和 44 8mg·l- 1 对硝基苯酚 1 0h的降解率均达到 90 % ,降解反应符合一级反应动力学 ,且 7次重复使用试验显示 ,催化剂的使用寿命比硼氢化钠法制备的催化剂明显延长 ,降解的主要中间产物为对苯醌与对苯二酚 .     

光电协同催化降解2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚

以2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚作为模型物,以TiO2为催化剂,低压汞灯作为光源,采用外循环悬浮态多相光催化反应体系,考察紫外光与电场协同催化降解的影响因素,实验结果表明,2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚初始浓度为0.0125mmol·l-1,TiO2用量250mg·l-1,循环流量20L·h-1,pH值为10,外加偏压3V,曝气,反应时间270min时,2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚降解率可达到98.7%.     

TiO2与Cu2O光催化降解对硝基苯酚比较研究

分别采用自制的纳米TiO2和Cu2O研究对硝基苯酚的光催化降解.结果表明,模拟阳光条件下,100mg·l-1对硝基苯酚水溶液的氧化亚铜催化反应半衰期为20.0min,而二氧化钛不具备可见光催化能力;在SGY-1多功能光化学反应器中,TiO2催化降解对硝基苯酚的半衰期是48.1min.产物分析表明,n-型半导体二氧化钛的光催化反应存在两种降解历程,生成二羟基硝基苯或脱除硝基.而p-型半导体氧化亚铜催化的光降解反应未检出脱硝基产物,仅检出1,2-二羟基-4-硝基苯.     

水热合成silicalite-2分子筛及对对硝基苯酚的吸附与脱附性能

以硅溶胶为硅源、四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAOH)为模板剂,按1SiO2∶0.35TBAOH∶25H2O的物质的量之比,170℃下水热晶化48 h合成silicalite-2分子筛,并用XRD、SEM等方法对其进行了表征.考察了pH、温度、投加量、NaCl浓度对模拟的对硝基苯酚废水吸附效果的影响.结果表明,在对硝基苯酚废水浓度为20 mg·L-1,pH=4,投加量为0.3g·L-1,温度25℃,NaCl浓度580 mg·L-1时,吸附量为98.4 mg·g-1.采用1.44%氢氧化钠脱附剂对吸附饱和的silicalite-2分子筛进行脱附110 min,脱附率达到85%以上.     

重金属离子对酵母降解苯酚的影响

研究了铜、镉、锌和铅对酵母 (Pityrosporumsp .)降解苯酚的影响 .急性毒性试验表明 :Cu2 36h时对菌体生物量的毒性抑制微低于对苯酚降解的抑制 ;48h时对菌体生物量的毒性高于对苯酚降解的毒性 .受试时间段 ,Cd2 对菌体生物量的毒性均高于其对苯酚降解的毒性 .在 0— 36h内 ,Cu2 对菌体比增长速率的EC50 是 45 0nmol·l- 1 ,对苯酚降解速率的EC50 是 0 32nmol·l- 1 ;Cd2 相应的EC50 分别是 681nmol·l- 1 和 33 3nmol·l- 1 .Cu2 比Cd2 具有更高的毒性 .而锌和铅在低浓度时 ,对酵母降解苯酚过程中菌体生物量以及苯酚的降解均有促进作用 ,其促进作用随着金属离子浓度的增加而减弱 .     

Ce/TiO_2/Fe_3O_4粒子电极光电催化降解藏红T模拟染料废水

采用化学共沉淀-超声辅助法,制备出磁性纳米材料Fe3O4,利用溶胶-凝胶法在Fe3O4表面包裹Ce/TiO2,得到磁性复合材料Ce/TiO2/Fe3O4.用XRD、SEM、BET等对其结构和性能进行了表征,催化剂主要以催化活性较高的锐钛矿相存在,Ce/TiO2包覆在纳米Fe3O4的表面形成多孔结构,复合材料具有LangmuirⅣ吸附-脱附等温线,比表面积76.68m2·g-1,平均孔径8nm,主要分布在4.5—15.4nm之间.通过电助光催化降解藏红T溶液研究了Ce/TiO2/Fe3O4的光电催化活性.在催化剂的加入量为6g·L-1,降解时间为60min,外加电压为5V,50mg·L-1的藏红T溶液的降解率可达到90%以上,COD去除率达84.7%.所制备的Ce/TiO2/Fe3O4在重复使用5次后仍能保持较好的光电催化活性.     

可见光照射下α-FeOOH光催化降解有机污染物的研究

以α-FeOOH为光催化剂,酸性桃红(SRB)为目标化合物,研究了可见光照射下光催化剂对SRB的降解,结果表明:在可见光(λ＞420nm)照射下, SRB 浓度为1.2×10-5 mol·l-1,H2O2浓度为1.5×10-3 mol·l-1,α-FeOOH 为0.16 g·l-1,pH=7.05时,SRB的降解效果最好,红外光谱分析表明,SRB降解产物为羧酸及胺类化合物.另外,采用苯甲酸荧光分析法间接测定体系中自由基的含量,表明此光催化降解过程主要涉及·OH历程.     

TiO2光催化降解乙酰甲胺磷

在TiO2悬浮体系中,利用光催化技术消除乙酰甲胺磷(DMAPT).探索了催化剂用量和目标物浓度对消除速率的影响.结果表明,催化剂的最佳用量为4g·l-1,DMAPT的光催化降解规律符合L-H模型,吸附常数和反应速率参数分别为2mmol-1·l和0.6mmol·l-1·min-1.反应中主要的活性物种为·OH.反应的主要中间产物和矿化产物有O,S-二甲基硫代磷酰胺酯,O,O',S-三甲基硫代磷酸酯和磷酸甲酯等.DMAPT的降解从C-N键的断裂开始,随后经过P-N,P-S,P-C键的氧化分解,生成低毒和无毒的中间产物,并随着反应的继续最终达到彻底矿化,最终产物为SO2-4,NO-3,PO3-4和CO2.     

金属有机骨架材料MOF-5催化吸附SO_2

采用溶剂热法制备金属有机骨架材料MOF-5催化剂,应用于SO_2的净化处理.采用XRD、SEM、TGA和N2吸脱附等表征手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行表征.结果表明,溶剂热法所制备的MOF-5,具有规则的立方体结构,尺寸在2—3μm左右,且比表面积可达1024 m~2·g~-1,孔容可达0.65 cm~3·g~(-1).系统考察了不同温度条件下MOF-5催化剂对SO_2的吸附能力,表明在200℃以下,MOF-5催化剂对SO_2均具有较好的吸附能力,并且具有较好的使用寿命;25℃时MOF-5催化剂对SO_2的最大吸附量为4.3 mmol·g~(-1).吡啶吸附和CO_2-TPD分析表明溶剂热法制备的MOF-5晶体具有较多的酸性活性位和碱性活性位,有利于SO_2的吸附氧化及存储.运用in situ FTIR系统研究了SO_2在MOF-5催化剂表面的反应行为,表明MOF-5催化剂表面的主要生成产物为硫酸盐,特别是双齿双核硫酸盐居多.进一步对MOF-5催化剂吸附储存SO_2的反应机理进行了深入的探讨.     

Cu改性悬浮型光催化纳滤膜反应器处理阿特拉津溶液的降解效率及动力学研究

通过将Cu改性悬浮型光催化氧化过程与纳滤分离膜技术进行耦合构成悬浮型光催化纳滤膜反应器联合处理阿特拉津(Atrazine)溶液.在Atrazine初始浓度ρ0分别为5,15和25mg·l-1,光催化剂浓度ρTiO2为1500mg·l-1,废水pH值为5.5,UV强度为45mW·cm-2,膜分离压力和错流流速分别控制在1250kPa和3m·s-1,反应温度20±1℃的最佳实验条件下,35min之内目标污染物基本被彻底光催化降解,矿化率达到90%以上,出现显著耦合效应;当目标污染物浓度分别为5mg·l-1,15mg·l-1和25mg·l-1时,在ρ/ρ0≥0.6的范围内,光催化降解过程分别遵循一级、零级和一级的混合以及零级反应动力学模型.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.