利用藻类养殖技术处理有机废水与人畜废物

未经处理而排放的有机废水及人畜废物会给环境造成严重污染,同时也造成了大量的资源浪费。利用藻类养殖技术处理这些废弃资源,既改善了环境又可生产出优良的藻类产品,具有巨大的社会与经济效益,本文对该领域的特点,具体应用及其前景作了较详细的论述 。     

太湖藻类抗逆性的初步研究

分析太湖鲜底泥和干底泥中活体藻类的种类和数量,以及几种太湖水华优势藻类经过低温、低光处理后的变化,探讨了太湖水华中的优势藻类对湖泊不良环境的适应。研究结果表明,在鲜底泥中检测到11种活体藻类。经低温(5~6℃)处理的底泥中检测到8种活体藻类,总细胞密度为2100个·mL-1,比常温(10~28℃)下保存的底泥中的活体藻类种类(4种)更多,总细胞密度(1090个·mL-1)更高。长期干旱处理也不能使底泥中的藻类完全失去生命力;经过低温、无光处理7个月的微囊藻(Microcystisaeruginosa)和斜生栅列藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)依然保持良好的生长能力,只是微囊藻的对数生长期比对照出现的晚一些。它们在湖泊中广泛存在,在水华中的爆发的特性是与它们对不良环境的适应性和抗性密切相关的。     

非稳态条件下藻类种间非生物资源竞争理论及研究进展

从理论及实验研究的角度论述了藻类非稳态种间资源竞争研究进展。实验室内稳态条件下的竞争理论得到了大量实验验证,由于自然水体处于非稳状态,非稳态条件下藻类种间资源竞争日益成为藻类水华形成机制研究的重点。主要理论包括Tilman的R*法则和资源比假说,Grover的拾遗者-机会主义者交替竞争假说(VIS),中度干扰假说(IDH)及关键光强(CLIH)假说。这些假说的提出丰富了藻类资源竞争的理论体系,为研究自然状态下藻类增殖和竞争行为奠定理论基础。今后的藻类种间资源竞争的研究重点为非稳态下物理条件变化以及物理、化学和生物资源共同变化下藻类种间关系及生物多样性的研究。     

围滩鱼塘中藻类生物量与水体养分关系的研究

通过大塘试验和围格试验，研究了围滩鱼塘生态系统中藻类的种群分布，变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明，鱼塘藻类共有１７门１２７种，年平均数量１１９．３９＊１０＾６个／Ｌ、平均生物量９０．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ，藻类种群数量，生物量等存在动态变化；组成、生物量都以蓝、绿、硅藻门为主；影响藻类种群的主要水环境因子是氮磷比和总磷。     

金属纳米颗粒的环境行为及其与藻类的相互作用概述

金属纳米颗粒在各领域的应用日益广泛，可通过多种途径进入环境，并在水生生态系统中积累.因此关于其进入水环境后的行为及与水中初级生产者—藻类相互作用的研究至关重要.金属纳米颗粒在水中会发生团聚、沉降、溶解、硫化反应及光化学反应等，这些行为受到自身理化性质(大小、形状、表面电荷、晶体结构、化学组成等)和环境因素(pH、离子强度、阳离子价态等)的影响，进而改变金属纳米颗粒在藻类表面的吸附聚集和可能的吸收累积.金属纳米颗粒还可能影响藻类光合作用、引起氧化应激、甚至造成藻类的凋亡.同时，与金属纳米颗粒共存的其它污染物及天然有机质也可能改变金属纳米颗粒的行为、生物吸附、生物累积和生物效应.相应地，藻类在面对金属纳米颗粒胁迫时也会启动自我防御机制.尽管如此，真实环境中金属纳米颗粒与藻类的相互作用及分子机制仍有待进一步研究.     

藻类对甲基汞的富集与传递研究进展

甲基汞是一种高毒性的污染物,其易累积在水生生物体内,从而对水生生态系统和人体健康产生危害.作为水生生态系统的初级生产者,藻类控制着进入食物链的甲基汞浓度和总量.藻类对甲基汞的显著富集作用及水生食物链传递过程导致其在高营养级生物中显著累积.因此,厘清藻类在甲基汞的富集与食物链传递过程中的作用对于揭示甲基汞的生物累积和预测甲基汞的环境风险具有重要意义.本文概述了藻类对甲基汞的富集与食物链传递特征与机制,总结了影响富集与食物链传递的生物与环境因素,讨论了全球变暖和富营养化等环境变化对藻类富集与传递甲基汞的影响,并展望了藻类富集甲基汞研究的发展方向.     

基于分子生物学的不同环境因子影响水华藻类生长和产毒的研究进展

近年来,水体富营养化引起的有害水华暴发已经成为全球性的环境问题.PCR技术和高通量技术的发展及其在藻类研究领域中的应用,促进了藻类基因组学和转录组学的发展,丰富了藻类基因信息.从分子生物学角度研究有害藻华频发和藻毒素产生的机理成为国内外的研究热点.本文对近年来从分子生物学角度研究有害藻类产生的物理、化学及其他影响因素进行综述,总结不同环境因素对藻类生长和产毒影响的研究现状及进展,有助于从基因表达及调控角度研究藻华的形成及藻类的产毒机制,阐明其与环境因子的关系,具有显著的科学和实际意义.     

藻类与有机污染物间的相互作用研究

本文就若干有机污染物对藻类的毒性效应及藻类对这些污染物的富集降解作用进行了系列研究。结果表明，不同污染物对藻类的毒性有很大差别，其中三有机锡的毒性最大。此外，不同藻类对毒物具有不同的敏感性，其中扁藻Platymonas sp.和斜生栅藻S．obliquus最敏感。藻类通过生物富集和生物降解两种途径去除水中污染物，其中，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯最容易被去除。藻类固定化能够在一定程度上增加藻类对污染物的降解。     

围滩鱼塘中藻类生物量与水体养分关系的研究

通过大塘试验和围格试验,研究了围滩鱼塘生态系统中藻类的种群分布、变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:鱼塘藻类共有7门127种,年平均(4月～10月)数量11939×106个L、平均生物量9060mgL;藻类种群数量、生物量等存在动态变化;组成、生物量都以蓝、绿、硅藻门为主;影响藻类种群的主要水环境因子是氮磷比和总磷。在本试验范围内,藻类生物量与氮磷比呈极显著负相关关系。     

饮用水水源的化学灭藻

用自制的高铁[Fe(Ⅵ）]复合药剂处理夏季水华地表水，除藻率可达70－90％。实验结果表明，高铁杀灭水华蓝绿藻效果很好，对其它藻类也能大部分杀灭。杀藻机理为药剂与藻类充分接触并伴之剧烈的机械搅拌，破坏其细胞壁、细胞膜，进入细胞体内，由表及里导致死亡。     

电子废物现状评述与资源化初探

电子垃圾是目前增长速度最快的固体废物之一,对其不合理处置和利用已引起了日趋严峻的环境污染。文章从电子废物的危害及回收利用的角度,概述了当前国内外数量巨大的电子废物的污染现状及其回收利用处理技术,并结合国内实际,从电子废物的回收系统和资源化处理利用技术方面提出了具有可行性的建议和设想。     

焚烧源二噁英的排放对周边土壤和植被污染的研究进展

经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的加快,带来了严重的生活垃圾负荷问题。垃圾焚烧技术因其具有减容化、无害化和资源化的优点,成为当今国际社会生活垃圾处理的主要技术之一。然而由于人们对于垃圾焚烧源可能产生的二噁英污染问题缺乏一个全面的认识,使得垃圾焚烧厂的建立遭到了民众的强烈反对,成为影响社会和谐稳定的因素;因此,需要对垃圾焚烧源二噁英的排放对周边土壤和植被的污染状况进行综述,对于解决老百姓对于垃圾焚烧二噁英污染的争议有巨大的现实意义。对近年来国内外学者在相关方面的研究进行了详细地综述,结果发现：国内已开展的研究仅限于二噁英对焚烧厂周边土壤的污染调查,而对于焚烧源二噁英对植被及农作物的污染的研究数据非常匮乏;而国外学者已开展的垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤和植被中二噁英污染的调查研究只是停留在二噁英在土壤和植被中总浓度的研究基础上,而对于不同二噁英同族物在焚烧厂附近土壤和植被中的分布特征和蓄积规律方面的研究比较缺乏,尤其是在其他污染源如废弃物的露天燃烧、交通等协同作用下,垃圾焚烧对二噁英污染贡献率的研究比较少,对于垃圾焚烧厂二噁英污染的控制没有起到直观的指导作用。本文指出今后的研究应加强对二噁英在焚烧厂周边土壤和植被中分布特征和蓄积规律研究,这对于焚烧源二噁英的污染防治以及对已被二噁英污染的土壤和植被的生态修复具有重要的意义。     

Hazardous waste management in educational and research centers: a case study

The hazardous waste management (HWM) practice at Tehran University of Medical Sciences Central Campus, Iran, was investigated in this study. Four schools were selected and the required information such as type and amount of wastes, temporary storage methods, waste discharge frequency, and final waste disposal methods using sampling, questionnaires, interviews with laboratory staff, and reference to available documents were gathered. The quantity of hazardous waste generation per year excluding the uncontrolled wastewater was found to be 2.072 tons per year. The obtained results show that wastes having features of being infectious, toxic, ignitable, carcinogenic, corrosive, and reactive were present at 32%, 28%, 16%, 14%, 8%, and 2%, respectively. In the central campus, hazardous solid wastes managed with household solid wastes and hazardous liquid waste were discharged into the sinks without any kind of control; improper HWM practices are evident from the point of waste production to final disposal.     

Control Criteria and Activities in Dumping Management in Italy

In Italy, two different types of wastes can be dumped in the seas: industrial wastes and dredged material. There are no cases of sludges from urban treatment plants being discharged into the sea.

The sea dumping of harbour dredging sludges is a long standing practice, while the disposal of industrial wastes dates back to 1965.

Two specific laws regulate these two activities, although they do not establish quality standards for the receiving sea environment. Careful evaluation must be made, case by case, of possible effects of discharge with regard to physico-chemical characteristics of materials, to general oceanological characteristics of the dumpsite and to the uses to which such a dumpsite is designated.

The analysis of different cases of industrial waste dumping, carried out at the pre-operational level and during discharge, revealed some potential for negative long-term effects on the sea environment. This, as well as the increasing public sensitivity to environmental problems, led the management agencies in Italy to take several measures aimed to stop all forms of sea dumping of industrial wastes and to revise the general criteria in issuing permits for the discharge of dredged material.     

生物制氢最新研究进展与发展趋势

氢能具有清洁、高效、可再生的特点,是一种最具发展潜力的化石燃料替代能源.与传统的热化学和电化学制氢技术相比,生物制氢具有低能耗、少污染等优势.近年来,生物制氢技术在发酵菌株筛选、产氢机制、制氢工艺等方面取得了较大进展.暗发酵和光发酵结合制氢技术是一种新技术,具有较高的氢气产量.以厌氧细菌和光合细菌为发酵菌种,以富含碳水化合物的工农业废弃物为原料,进行暗发酵和光发酵结合制氢,具有广阔发展前途前景.本文综述了国内外生物制氢技术研究进展,展望了未来发展趋势.     

加强城市固体废物污染防治促进循环经济的发展

为加强城市固体废物污染防治，促进循环经济的发展，文章论述了国内外城市固体废物污染防治现状，天津市固体废弃污染防治对策，“十五”期间天津市固体废物污染防治的十大工程项目。     

Directions for hazardous waste storage and final disposal of treated hazardous waste (THW) in Austria

Austria produces about 700,000 tons of hazardous waste a year. Approximately 8% are sent to the incinerating facility EBS near Vienna. Approximately 60% THW (treated hazardous wastes) are finally disposed of. An unknown amount is sent to foreign countries for storage and landfilling.

By order of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Public Health our institute elaborates guidelines for designing and operating final disposal hazardous waste facilities.

This paper deals with the fundamental aspects and the present state of these guidelines.     

Experimental evaluation of emission factors of cement kilns burning hazardous wastes

Cement industry is an interesting way to eliminate combustible wastes. Thermal valorization is maximal, conditions of combustion are especially favorable to the destruction and the trapping of pollutants, and there are neither ultimate residues (slag) nor aqueous rejects. Moreover the properties of the cement are not modified. Nevertheless the increased use of substitution fuel may lead to deal with unusual amounts of heavy metals. Tests were realized on several rotary cement kilns with varying substitution ratios of fossil fuels by wastes. Mass balances were fitted over the whole plant, and emission factors were explained.     

有机废弃物农业利用的途径与技术简介

本文对我国有机废弃物农业利用的主要途径、技术措施及其发展趋势作了论述。     

Industrial solid waste flow analysis of eco-industrial parks: implications for sustainable waste management in China

Sustainable waste management in the industrial ecology perspective brings enormous challenges to the existing methodology of waste analysis at the industrial park (IP) scale. In this study, a four-step method was proposed for industrial solid waste (ISW) flow analysis of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) and applied to two IPs in eastern China. According to a park-wide census of 619 industrial enterprises and 105 questionnaires by a survey from 2006 to 2008, the results indicated that: 1) at the enterprise scale, more than 60% of enterprises were small-ISW-generation enterprises which encountered great difficulties on effective waste management; 2) at the IP scale, though the two IPs have set up their own environmental management systems and passed the ISO 14001 certification, the efficiencies of the ISW management systems have yet to be improved in the industrial ecology perspective; and 3) at the regional scale, more than 97% of ISW flowed within the provincial region, indicating that the provincial governments prevented the wastes from flowing into their own “back yard”. Effective waste management should be placed in a broader perspective. Approaches to sustainable waste management may include wastes exchange, efficient waste and information flow, virtual EIP, waste minimization clubs and regionalization of waste management.