空气负离子暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）的生物学效应

利用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)研究了电晕法空气负离子(Electrically generated negative air ions,ENIs)暴露的生物学效应.将成年野生型和mev-1突变型线虫及新鲜虫卵持续暴露于空气负离子中(空气负离子剂量1×105～1.5×105ions·cm-3),观察空气负离子暴露对线虫发育周期、寿命、繁殖性能和性腺细胞凋亡的影响.结果表明:空气负离子暴露可显著加速野生型和mev-1突变型线虫发育(p<0.05),缩短寿命(p<0.05),与野生型相比,空气负离子暴露对mev-1突变线虫寿命影响更大(p<0.05);空气负离子暴露可显著降低线虫后代数量(p<0.05),原因可能在于空气负离子暴露显著诱导性腺细胞凋亡的增加(p<0.05).以上结果表明,持续空气负离子暴露对线虫具有损伤作用,mev-1基因突变导致线虫对空气负离子暴露更加敏感.     

双酚A不同暴露方式对线虫生长生殖发育及凋亡的影响

双酚A(BPA)是公认的环境内分泌干扰物,由于它在人群中的广泛分布,其对公众的健康危害一直广受关注.本研究利用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabdites elegans)研究了不同暴露时期、暴露方式下BPA对其生长发育及生殖毒性的影响.我们分别以秀丽线虫的虫卵、L1期幼虫为暴露起始阶段,固体暴露在不含胆固醇的60 mm NGM培养基上进行,液体暴露在含有液体培养基(K medium:32 mmol·L~(-1)KCl,51 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl,3 mmol·L~(-1)CaCl_2和3 mmol·L~(-1)MgSO4)的35 mm培养皿中进行,暴露72 h后,分别对线虫体长、生殖腺发育和生殖细胞凋亡进行检测.结果表明,无论固体暴露还是液体暴露,10μmol·L~(-1)及其以下浓度的BPA均不会对线虫的体长产生影响;而在生殖腺发育毒性评估中,BPA液体暴露表现出的毒性显著强于固体暴露,且BPA对胚胎期线虫的毒性显著强于L1期线虫;生殖细胞凋亡毒性结果显示,固体暴露下L1期线虫比胚胎期线虫对BPA更为敏感,但这种差异在液体暴露条件下并没有显现.     

玉米赤霉烯酮暴露导致的秀丽隐杆线虫生殖及发育毒性的世代间比较

利用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans,C.elegans)对玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)暴露导致的生殖、发育缺陷在世代间的可传递性进行了研究。对亲代染毒,后代断毒恢复,实验结果显示,ZEN暴露导致的体长发育缺陷可在线虫后代中得到恢复,而生殖毒性可产生严重缺陷,且这种缺陷在后代中没有明显的恢复。通过多代持续染毒实验,发现ZEN对亲代P0、子一代F1和子二代F2线虫产生的生殖和发育毒性存在差异,其毒性作用强度为P0F2F1。线虫世代之间的发育缺陷和生殖缺陷表现出逐代修复的规律,但修复程度不同,推测与线虫自身修复的复杂应激活动有关。     

铬暴露导致的秀丽线虫多重毒性的世代间比较

利用模式生物秀丽线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)对铬(Cr)暴露导致的多重毒性及其在世代间的可传递性进行了研究.发育、生殖、运动行为、行为可塑性与寿命等方面的参数被用于多重毒性的分析.结果表明,Cr能够导致线虫出现多种表型和行为缺陷.低浓度(2.5μmol·L-1)Cr暴露即可导致发育、生殖与寿命上的严重缺陷,而高浓度(75和200μmol·L-1)Cr暴露还可以导致运动行为与行为可塑性上的严重缺陷.而且,大部分高浓度Cr暴露导致的缺陷可以从暴露当代传递到后代,使后代仍然呈现出严重的表型与行为缺陷.在这些后代中,各表型与行为缺陷只能得到有限的恢复,或没有明显的恢复.因此,就秀丽线虫而言,Cr暴露导致的各表型与行为缺陷很大程度上可以从暴露当代传递到后代个体中.     

铅和得克隆联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的神经毒性作用

以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,探讨铅(Pb)、得克隆(DP)及二者联合急性暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的神经毒性作用。结果表明,Pb(5、20μg·L~(-1))和DP(15、60μg·L~(-1))单独暴露均会引起斑马鱼自主运动频率增加,触摸反应能力和自由游泳活力下降,并且抑制初级运动神经元的生长,加剧尾部细胞凋亡。但与20μg·L~(-1)Pb单独暴露相比,高剂量联合暴露(20μg·L~(-1)Pb+60μg·L~(-1)DP)使斑马鱼的自主运动频率显著降低(P0.05),触摸反应能力和自由游泳活力显著增强(P0.05),初级运动神经元轴突长度显著增加(P0.05),尾部细胞凋亡减少。与5μg·L~(-1)Pb单独暴露相比,低剂量联合暴露(5μg·L~(-1)Pb+15μg·L~(-1)DP)也显著减少斑马鱼尾部的细胞凋亡(P0.05)。上述结果表明,Pb或DP单独暴露对斑马鱼均可引起神经毒性作用;但二者联合暴露对斑马鱼自主运动、触摸反应以及自由游泳活力的影响则表现为拮抗作用。     

不同尺度纳米镍对秀丽线虫的发育毒性

应用模式生物-秀丽隐杆线虫研究金属纳米镍的生殖发育毒性.采用20 nm和90 nm镍分别以2.5和5.0 μg·cm2两个剂量对秀丽隐杆线虫进行染毒,并以微米镍和生理盐水作对照,采用后代数目、世代时间、形态和体长、寿命和半数致死率等生殖发育相关评价指标,对纳米镍生殖发育毒性进行评价.结果发现,与生理盐水对照组和微米镍组比较,秀丽线虫暴露于20 nm和90 nm镍的两个剂量组后,均表现出生殖和发育的异常(P)＜0.01),并有剂量依赖性.且90 nm镍暴露对秀丽线虫后代数目、世代时间、形态和体长、寿命和半数致死天数等指标的缺陷作用均显著于20 nm镍.研究表明,纳米镍可影响秀丽线虫的生殖和发育功能,这一效应与纳米粒径和暴露浓度有关.此结论可为制定纳米镍的接触限值标准提供参考.     

柴油尾气颗粒对秀丽隐杆线虫慢性毒性效应的初步研究

柴油机尾气颗粒(diesel exhaust particles,DEP)对PM_(2.5)有重要贡献,已有研究发现其与暴露人群的肺癌、慢性支气管疾病、心血管疾病等密切相关。以DEP为研究对象,以秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)为模式生物,观察了柴油机尾气颗粒在线虫体内的分布情况,并以线虫头部摆动频率、体长体宽、活性氧自由基(ROS)水平、细胞凋亡水平、脂褐素水平为评价指标探究了DEP暴露对线虫的慢性毒性效应。结果表明,经过10 d的慢性暴露,1 mg·L~(-1)的DEP明显富集在线虫的咽部和肠道,中低浓度的(0.001、0.01、0.1 mg·L~(-1))DEP未出现明显的体内富集现象。随着浓度的增加,线虫的头部摆动频率、体长和体宽均呈先上升后降低的趋势,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。中浓度组(0.1 mg·L~(-1))线虫体内ROS水平和细胞凋亡水平较对照组均有所降低,而高浓度(1 mg·L~(-1))的DEP显著提高了线虫体内的ROS水平和细胞凋亡水平(P0.05)。中高浓度的DEP均能使线虫肠道脂褐素积累升高(P0.05)。研究揭示了DEP具有在生物组织体内富集的特点,长期积累会影响其运动行为,抑制其生长发育,导致其体内ROS水平和细胞凋亡升高并使肠道老化,具有潜在的神经和发育毒性效应。研究结果可为DEP的人群暴露的慢性毒性评价提供理论参考。     

环境剂量磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯多代暴露对斑马鱼子代仔鱼的神经发育毒性

为探究环境剂量磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯(TDCIPP)多代暴露对生物体的影响,选取斑马鱼为模型,研究了斑马鱼暴露于0、3、30和300 ng·L~(-1)TDCIPP至3代后,对每一代子代5 dpf仔鱼神经发育的毒性效应。研究结果表明,F0代暴露于300ng·L~(-1)TDCIPP 120 d后所产F1代仔鱼的孵化率显著性下降,存活率显著性降低;但对F2代和F3代仔鱼的这些终点指标均无显著性影响。运动行为结果表明,F0代暴露于3和300 ng·L~(-1)TDCIPP 120 d会导致F1代仔鱼在光暗周期刺激下的游泳速度受到抑制,并伴随着神经元发育基因(ngn1)以及轴突生长标志基因(α1-tubulin、netrin1b和zn5)的显著性上调,相关性分析表明,游泳速度的抑制与ngn1、α1-tubulin和zn5这3个基因的表达显著相关。但对F2代仔鱼,仅300 ng·L~(-1)TDCIPP导致其游泳速度在黑暗刺激下显著性下降,且导致神经发育和再生相关基因(elavl3、gap43、gfap和shha)表达量显著性下降,但游泳速度的下降与基因表达无显著相关性。继续暴露至F3代仔鱼时,TDCIPP暴露对运动行为不再有显著影响。研究表明,环境剂量TDCIPP多代暴露对子代仔鱼具有神经发育毒性,表现为运动行为受损和神经发育相关基因表达量的改变,但毒性效应随着暴露代数的增加而减弱。     

2种新烟碱类杀虫剂对秀丽隐杆线虫神经毒性研究

新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)是一种类似于烟碱的内吸性杀虫剂,选择性作用于昆虫的中枢神经系统。目前,有关新烟碱类杀虫剂对非靶标生物的生态风险引发了全球的广泛关注。本文采用土壤生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)作为受试生物,探究2种新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉(imidacloprid)和呋虫胺(dinotefuran) 24 h暴露(1μg·L~(-1)～10 mg·L~(-1))后,对秀丽线虫运动行为、摄食行为以及乙酰胆碱酶(ACh E)活性和相关基因(ace,mtl)转录水平的影响。结果表明,2种新烟碱类杀虫剂均对秀丽线虫的生理指标具有随着浓度增加而抑制的效应,其中头部摆动是最为敏感的生理指标,10μg·L~(-1)吡虫啉暴露水平和100μg·L~(-1)呋虫胺暴露水平时,线虫头摆频率相较于对照组有显著减少(P 0.01),其次是身体弯曲摄食AChE活性(吡虫啉)和摄食AChE活性身体弯曲(呋虫胺),相关基因转录水平没有发现与浓度具有相关的效应,但在环境浓度下的暴露有明显的变化。新烟碱类杀虫剂对秀丽线虫的神经毒性作用表明了其对土壤中非靶标生物具有一定的生态风险。     

不同尺度纳米镍对秀丽线虫发育毒性的比较研究

应用模式生物-秀丽隐杆线虫研究金属纳米镍的生殖发育毒性。采用20nm和90nm镍分别以2.5和5.0μg·cm-2两个剂量对秀丽隐杆线虫进行染毒,并以微米镍和生理盐水作对照,采用后代数目、世代时间、形态和体长、寿命和半数致死率等生殖发育相关评价指标,对纳米镍生殖发育毒性进行评价。结果发现,与生理盐水对照组和微米镍组比较,秀丽线虫暴露于20nm和90nm镍的两个剂量组后,均表现出生殖和发育的异常(P<0.01),并有剂量依赖性。且90nm镍暴露对秀丽线虫后代数目、世代时间、形态和体长、寿命和半数致死天数等指标的缺陷作用均显著于20nm镍。研究表明,纳米镍可影响秀丽线虫的生殖和发育功能,这一效应与纳米粒径和暴露浓度有关。此结论可为制定纳米镍的接触限值标准提供参考。     

Antennal responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to volatiles collected from beetles,and their host and nonhost conifers

Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified 13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of the four species of conifers and very little difference across beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural roles in host location and discrimination.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Diet-induced chemical phytomimesis by twig-like caterpillars of Biston robustum Butler (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Summary. Polyphagous caterpillars of the giant geometer Biston robustum resemble the twigs of their respective food sources in color and shape. Common predatory ants, including Lasius and Formica, were often observed to freely prowl directly on caterpillars bodies, even after antennal contact. This suggests that the cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resemble those of the twigs of the foodplants, so we analyzed both by GC and GC-MS. The chemical compositions differed among caterpillars fed on a cherry, Prunus yedoensis, a chinquapin Castanopsis cuspidata, and a camellia Camellia japonica. The cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resembled those of their corresponding food sources. When the caterpillar diets were switched from the cherry to camellia or chinquapin at the 4^th instars, the caterpillars cuticular chemicals changed after molting to resemble those of their respective foods. Caterpillars also changed their cuticular chemicals when they perched on cherry twigs and fed on camellia or chinquapin leaves, but not when they perched on camellia or chinquapin twigs and fed on cherry leaves. The chemical similarities between the caterpillars and the twigs were due to the digestion of host leaves, which indicates that this is a diet-induced adaptation.     

Increase of multi-metal tolerance of three leguminous plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the growth and metal uptake of three leguminous plants (Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania cannabina, Medicago sativa) grown in multi-metal contaminated soil. AMF colonization increased the growth of the legumes, indicating that AMF colonization increased the plant’s resistance to heavy metals. It also significantly stimulated the formation of root nodules and increased the N and P uptake of all of the tested leguminous plants, which might be one of the tolerance mechanisms conferred by AMF. Compared with the control, colonization by G. mosseae decreased the concentration of metals, such as Cu, in the shoots of the three legumes, indicating that the decreased heavy metals uptake and growth dilution were induced by AMF treatment, thereby reducing the heavy metal toxicity to the plants. The root/shoot ratios of Cu in the three legumes and Zn in M. sativa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with AMF colonization, indicating that heavy metals were immobilized by the mycorrhiza and the heavy metal translocations to the shoot were decreased.     

Benthic macrophyte communities in the Ghar El Melh lagoon (North Tunisia)

This work deals with the biodiversity and distribution of benthic macrophytes in the Ghar El Melh lagoon, a Mediterranean coastal lagoon located in the North of Tunisia. An inventory was made of the benthic flora and submerged macrophyte communities were mapped during two successive campaigns (the summer of 1999 and the winter of 2000). The following 24 macrophyte species were identified: seven red algae, two brown algae, 11 green algae, and four marine angiosperms. The results were compared with available data from the literature. Ruppia cirrhosa is the most dominant species. It is found in all lagoon parts, except in the west sector.Ruppia beds are usually associated withCladophora forming heterogeneous communities. During summerRuppia cirrhosa shows a large distribution, covering an area of ca. 21.4 km², with dense, extensive beds covering 80–100%. In winter, severalCladophora species have a very large distribution as well, covering nearly an area of 28.5 km² with an average cover of 46%. The green algaeCaulerpa prolifera is confined to the eastern part of the lagoon which is mainly affected by seawater. In comparison with previous situations, many transformations were observed in biodiversity and spatial distribution of the dominant communities. Thus,Cymodocea nodosa andZostera beds, which dominated in the 1970s, were replaced byZostera andCaulerpa prolifera in the 1980s and are currently succeeded byRuppia cirrhosa andCladophora. Restoration of the Ghar El Melh lagoon will enable an increase in the exchange with the open sea and the circulation of water, in particular in the confined zones. This should considerably improve the water quality and would positively influence the phytobenthic communities.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Absolute configuration of the major sex pheromone component of the satin moth, Leucoma salicis, verified by field trapping test in Hungary

Summary. Male satin moths, Leucoma (Stilpnotia) salicis L. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) were attracted only to (3Z,6R,7S,9R,10S)-isomer out of the four (3Z)-cis-6,7-cis-9,10-diepoxy-3-henicosenes (leucomalure). This was demonstrated by field trapping test with a bivoltine population in a mixed poplar-willow forest along the flood area of the river Danube at Adony, Hungary.     

Testing a new model of aphid abundance with sedentary and non-sedentary predators

Aphid population dynamics has been thoroughly investigated, especially in tree-dwelling aphids. Among the controls of the aphid rate of increase are the negative effects of antagonists, the positive effects of mutualists, the density-dependence of the aphid dynamics, and the non-stationary quality of plant tissues. Here we present a mechanistic model of aphid growth that considers most of these governing factors using a simple formulation. What is new in this model is that it considers two kinds of antagonists. The first kind is a guild of aphid predator specialists that includes ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), but also species of some families of Hemiptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera. The second kind of antagonists consists of omnivores or generalist predators and in this particular setting is exemplified by the European earwig Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The model developed here compared the effects of these two different kinds of aphid predators, the second one always at the site (sedentary predators) and the first one that arrives in important numbers only once the aphid population has already developed to some degree (non-sedentary predators). Multiple model parameter sets, representing different hypotheses about controls on aphid populations, were evaluated within the Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology. The model correctly reproduced the experimental data obtained in an organic citrus grove showing the important effect that sedentary predators as earwigs can have on the aphid populations. Low densities of sedentary predators or even low predation rates can have a disproportionate effect on the final aphid density, as they prey on small populations, when the per capita effect on the aphid population is higher. During the main spring peak of aphids the role of non-sedentary predators is secondary, as they track the aphid density rather than control it. However, these non-sedentary predators are important within the proposed model to keep the second autumn peak of aphids at low values.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

加拿大一枝黄花和小飞蓬叶浸提液对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感效应

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)和小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)常共同入侵至同一农田生态系统。探究了两者对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感作用。加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液显著抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量。而小飞蓬叶浸提液也明显抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗地上生物量。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗地上生物量显著大于加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液单一处理,同时也大于小飞蓬叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。两者叶浸提液单一处理均明显降低大豆幼苗株高(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗株高。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗株高明显大于两者叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。因此,两者叶浸提液对大豆幼苗的生长均具有一定程度的抑制效应,且加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液对大豆幼苗产生的化感作用(尤其是地上生物量)明显大于小飞蓬。两者复合化感作用明显低于两者单一化感作用,尤其是两者对大豆幼苗地上生物量的复合化感作用显著低于加拿大一枝黄花的单一化感作用。所以,化感效应可能在两者共同入侵(即两者复合作用)进程中所起的贡献低于在两者单一入侵进程中所起的作用。