Characteristics of heavy metal absorption of river bed sludge components

Chronic inhalation of aerosols of different Cd compounds by rats gave sufficient evidence that inhaled Cd is a lung carcinogen in rats. In contrast, the evidence in humans has been termed limited that inhaled Cd causes lung cancer in occupationally exposed humans. In order to assess the carcinogenic potential of ambient air concentrations of Cd, the accumulated dose of Cd in lung tissue from a rat inhalation study was modelled taking into account deposition and retention of Cd in the lung. A lung Cd—cancer incidence relationship could then be established, and an equivalent human exposure could be calculated using man specific pulmonary Cd retention and deposition data for Cd containing particle sizes in the ambient air. Linear interpolation to low doses showed that the pulmonary carcinogenic risk from inhalation of environmental airborne Cd is generally very low, but may reach about 1 × 10^‐4 in polluted industrialized areas. Combined exposures to Cd plus other carcinogens or air pollutants may increase the risk considerably. Cd in cigarette mainstream smoke was estimated to contribute less than 5 % of the total lung cancer risk from smoking cigarettes. However, the influence of co‐exposure to other compounds in cigarette smoke is not known and should be taken into account.     

多种盐分离子作用下苋菜对重金属的吸收累积特征

模拟不同淋洗脱盐阶段滩涂土壤孔隙水中盐分和重金属含量,通过苋菜水培试验,研究多种盐分离子（SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、CO32-、Na＋、Ca2＋、K＋和Mg2＋等）的共同作用下,苋菜对Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb和Cd 6种重金属的吸收、累积和转运的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,在不同盐分离子浓度影响下,苋菜茎叶中Cd的累积增幅为69.2%～146.2%,而茎叶中其他重金属的含量无显著变化,苋菜根系中Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu含量的最大增幅分别为187.8%、197.7%、305.7%、228.1%和58.2%,但根系中Zn含量未受到显著影响。在相对较高的盐分离子浓度（〉1 312.4 mg.L-1）范围内,不同盐分离子浓度处理间苋菜茎叶和根系中6种重金属含量差异均不显著。盐分处理显著降低了苋菜对Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu的转移系数,但未显著影响苋菜对Cd和Zn的转移系数。     

珠江三角洲地区典型菜地土壤与蔬菜重金属分布特征研究

通过对珠江三角洲地区的广州市、佛山市、江门市和惠州市典型菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属（Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg）含量及其土壤中有效态（Pb、Cr、Cd）含量的调查,分析蔬菜重金属污染状况与土壤重金属含量的相关性,探讨了土壤重金属含量、有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,菜地土壤主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染。Pb、Cd主要以轻度污染为主;而Hg污染在广州市菜地土壤以轻度污染和重度污染为主,佛山市菜地土壤以中度污染和重度污染为主,江门市和惠州市菜地土壤以轻度污染为主。蔬菜主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染,少数蔬菜受到Cr污染,但并未检测出蔬菜受As污染。蔬菜中重金属含量与土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd的总量、有效态含量之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤中As、Hg的总量无显著相关性。土壤中Pb、Cr含量与土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量均达到显著相关。土壤中有效Pb与有效锰含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤中有效Cr含量与土壤粘粒含量、有效铁含量呈极显著正相关关系。     

Enzymatic and cellular level effects of chromium∗

Exposure of Cr to four hepatic enzymes activities of tilapia, viz. acid‐ and alkaline phosphatases, catalase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase, was contrary to the results obtained for Cd and Ni. This is the only heavy metal investigated thus far that dramatically augmented glucose‐6‐phosphatase by approximately 83% at a concentration of 12 mg L^‐1 in vivo in lieu of the fact of an initial inhibition of approximately 45 % at a lower concentration of Cr; 6 mg L^‐1. In the case of acid phosphatase and catalase activities progressive increment was observed up to 50 and 217% respectively at a concentration of 12 mg L^‐1 Cr. On the other hand, in contrast to all the investigated enzymes interestingly alkaline phosphatase was inhibited continuously at all concentrations up to 46% at 12 mgL^‐1 Cr. In vitro experiments were contrary to the above mentioned results, whereby all hepatic enzymes were inhibited with major inhibition observed for acid phosphatase of approximately 60% from 5 mgL^‐1 Cr onwards in the system.

At cellular level, Cr exposure at a lethal dose of 12 mgL^‐1 demonstrated similar effects to that of Cd. In general, the glycogen and fat reserves were depleted while lysosomal activity is increased. As compared to the effects of Cd, the mitochondria did not indicate any prominent reflection in the formation of intramitochondrial bodies. Further, similar to Cd, the cell membrane as well as nucleus were not affected.     

Neutron activation and atomic absorption analysis of Ulva Lactuca and Gracilaria Verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

NAA and AAS have been applied to determine the content of As, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sm and Zn in Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. The analytical data has been subjected to cluster and stepwise discriminant analysis. Thus the influence of some industrial sources on the pollution of water in the Gulf is detected and correlation between Zn‐Co‐Cr‐La; Br‐K; Cu‐Ni; Cd‐Sb‐Mn in the investigated algae is established.     

Industries and lung cancer: A population-based case-control study in British Columbia

An investigation was conducted to identify high-risk industries for histological subtypes of lung cancer based on a large population-based case-control study in British Columbia, Canada. Occupational histories and information on smoking and relevant covariates were collected from 14,755 male incident cancer cases. Industrial risk factors for 2998 lung cancer cases, including histological subtypes were assessed by logistic regression using other cancer cases, excluding smoking-related cancers, as controls. An excess risk of lung cancer was found among workers in mining, metal manufacturing, and electric power systems for all histological-subtypes, and construction, water transport, health services for specific histological subtypes. Industrial associations that are unique to histological subtypes of lung cancer were identified. Future research needs to focus on confirming these histological associations, and identifying the risk from key exposures found within these industries (e.g. medical radiation, electromagnetic fields, and cooking fumes).     

神木煤矿区土壤重金属污染特征研究

通过对神府煤田开采区3个煤矿区周围土壤Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni质量分数进行测定及分析,评价了煤田开采对周围土壤的污染程度。结果表明,长期的煤炭资源开发、运输等活动,已导致周围土壤受到重金属不同程度的累积性污染,土壤中Cd、Ni质量分数高于陕西省土壤背景值,且Cd污染程度较高,Ni污染程度较低,而Cu、Cr、Mn基本不受污染。3个煤矿表层土壤各重金属元素质量分数均表现出污染区大于对照区,但这种变化幅度存在一定差异;Cu、Cr、Mn 3种重金属元素虽没有超出背景值,但已表现出一定程度的累积;煤矿周围土壤重金属污染受到开采年限、土壤质地、风向等因素的影响。3个煤矿污染区土壤剖面样品中,5种重金属元素质量分数基本上随着土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势,且这种趋势具有波动性。     

珠江磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属含量及其分布特征

分析了在珠江磨刀门河口采集的37个表层沉积物样品重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As、Ni)的含量及分布特征。采用原子吸收法分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni的含量,采用冷原子吸收法分析了Hg、As含量。结果表明,口门处及其两侧和拦门沙内坡重金属的含量最高;外海区域重金属含量普遍较低;由口内河床至口门处,Cu、Cr、Hg、As的含量减小,Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni的含量逐渐增大;大部分重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Ni)的含量由口门处至拦门沙地区是先减小再增大的;由拦门沙至外海,Cu、Pb、Cd、As的含量减小,Zn和Ni的含量先减小后增大;由口门处至外海,Cr和Hg含量的总体趋势是增大的。磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属元素含量与CEC、小于0.001mm粘粒以及沉积物有机质含量的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平;重金属含量与沉积物pH值的相关性不显著;重金属元素的含量变化和分布规律还表明磨刀门表层沉积物的重金属主要受陆源污染物的影响。     

复合污染下Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd在水稻植株中的富集特征

掌握水稻对污染土壤中重金属的吸收和富集特征,为科学认识水稻中重金属的残留问题、健康风险提供理论依据。采用田间试验,研究了4个不同处理量Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd复合污染下水稻的富集特征及其随生育期的变化规律。结果表明,重金属在水稻植株各部位中吸收富集系数的大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Cr,根部重金属吸收富集系数是地上各部位的吸收富集系数的2~100倍。各重金属在水稻植株不同部位的积累分布明显不同,成熟期水稻植株中Cu在水稻不同部位的质量分数为根〉茎≥叶〉米粒〉谷壳,Ni的分布规律为根〉叶〉茎〉米粒〉谷壳,Cr的分布规律为根〉叶〉谷壳≥茎〉米粒,Cd的分布规律为根〉茎〉叶〉米粒〉谷壳;且随着重金属处理量的增加,水稻植株不同部位的重金属质量分数也呈上升趋势。成熟期米粒中Cu、Ni、Cr和Cd的质量分数范围分别为：4.50~6.19、1.86~4.63、0.72~0.76和0.08~0.39 mg·kg-1,与无公害食品标准（GB15199-94、GBT2762-2005）相比,米粒中Cu和Cr的质量分数均未超标,而Ni和Cd（Cd高剂量处理时）的质量分数均超标,存在食用安全风险。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数随生育期均呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆中期达到最大,而到成熟期又明显降低。不同重金属在水稻植株中的富集能力和分布规律均呈现明显差异,不同生育期水稻植株中重金属的质量分数明显不同但其质量分数变化呈明显规律性。     

Body burden of chromium,copper, cadmium and lead in the neustonic copepod Anomalocera patersoni (pontellidae) collected from the Mediterranean sea

The amounts of Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb in the copepod Anomalocera patersoni were determined for 47 individuals by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The following mean body burdens of these elements were obtained: Cr 0.6, Cu 13, Cd 0.5, Pb 1.5 ng individual^-1, or Cr 2.1, Cu 42, Cd 1.5 and Pb 4.8 ng mg^-1 (dry weight). Cr, Cu and Cd contents did not differ significantly between males and females, however Pb did, with males having more. The data indicate that while the Cr, Cu and Pb body Hurden in these copepods follows the logarithmic normal distribution, Cd follows a normal distribution. Thus, the arithmetic means and the modes of Cd body burden are almost the same, while for the other elements the arithmetic means differ from the geometric means. This indicates that measurements of a few individuals suffice for estimating the mean body burden of Cd. On the other hand, many measurements are necessary for the body burden estimation of other elements, especially Cu.     

橡胶园土壤若干微量元素含量 ——以海南省胶园土为例

胶园土壤微量元素含量有一定的特征。海南省胶园土个别样点Ｃｄ偏高,Ｃｕ偏低,其它样点Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｈｇ含量正常。土壤母质、质地、化学组成、耕作等对微量元素含量有一定影响。玄武岩上的胶园土微量元素较丰富。质地粘重的土壤微量元素含量往往较高。由于铁的水合物吸附固定作用,Ｃｕ、Ｚｕ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ含量与Ｆｅ含量有一定关系。Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ的许多化学性质相似,它们的含量有一定的相关性。     

神木煤矿区土壤重金属污染特征研究

通过对神府煤田开采区3个煤矿区周围土壤Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni质量分数进行测定及分析,评价了煤田开采对周围土壤的污染程度。结果表明,长期的煤炭资源开发、运输等活动,已导致周围土壤受到重金属不同程度的累积性污染,土壤中Cd、Ni质量分数高于陕西省土壤背景值,且Cd污染程度较高,Ni污染程度较低,而Cu、Cr、Mn基本不受污染。3个煤矿表层土壤各重金属元素质量分数均表现出污染区大于对照区,但这种变化幅度存在一定差异;Cu、Cr、Mn 3种重金属元素虽没有超出背景值,但已表现出一定程度的累积;煤矿周围土壤重金属污染受到开采年限、土壤质地、风向等因素的影响。3个煤矿污染区土壤剖面样品中,5种重金属元素质量分数基本上随着土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势,且这种趋势具有波动性。     

Compositional analysis of topsoil metals and its associations with cancer mortality using spatial misaligned data

The presence of toxic metals in soil per se, and in soil impacted by mining, industry, agriculture and urbanisation in particular, is a major concern for both human health and ecotoxicology. The dual aim of this study was: to ascertain whether topsoil composition could influence the spatial distribution of mortality due to different types of cancer and to identify possible errors committed by epidemiological studies which analyse soil composition data as a closed number system. We conducted an ecological cancer mortality study, covering 861,440 cancer deaths (27 cancer sites) in 7917 Spanish mainland towns, from 1999 to 2008. Topsoil levels of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined by ICP-MS at 13,317 sampling points. We transformed the topsoil data in two ways, i.e. log transformation and centred logratio transformation. Principal factor analysis was performed to obtain independent latent factors for the transformed variables. To estimate the effect on mortality of topsoil factor loadings, we fitted Besag, York and Mollié models embedded in geostatistical-spatial models. This model included soil sample locations and town centroids (non-aligned data), fitted using the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) as a tool for Bayesian inference and stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE). All results were adjusted for socio-demographic variables. The results indicated that soil composition could have an influence on the spatial distribution and mortality patterns of cancer. The analysis adjusted for socio-demographic variables showed excess male mortality due to digestive system tumours in areas with soils containing higher Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations, bladder cancer in areas with soils containing higher Cd concentrations, and brain cancer in areas with soils containing As. In both sexes, cancer of oesophagus was associated with soils containing a higher lead content, while lung cancer was associated with soils containing a higher copper content. Stress should be laid on the importance of taking into account the compositional nature of the data in this type of analysis.     

新乡市郊区大棚菜地土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg污染评价

科学评估菜地土壤重金属污染对保障食品安全和公众身体健康具有重要的现实意义。采用原子吸收光谱法和冷原子吸收光谱法,研究了新乡市郊区菜地土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg的质量分数,并参照HJ 333-2006《温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准》,对土壤重金属污染进行评价。结果表明：菜地土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg的平均质量分数分别为25.64、156.18、992.38、0.316 mg·kg-1。东黑堆、前河头、后河头和东水东菜地土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cr均全部超标,其中以Cd污染最为严重,后河头土壤重金属Cd的质量分数达到33.78 mg·kg-1,超过土壤环境质量评价指标限值的111.6倍,东水东采样点次之,也超标66倍。除了前辛庄Hg污染超标127%以外,其他采样点重金属Hg均不超标。表层（0~10 cm）土壤重金属Hg质量分数高于耕层（10~20 cm）,其他重金属没有表现出明显的规律性。在不同季节,Cr质量分数随着季节变化逐渐递增,Hg质量分数则呈递减的趋势;Cd和Pb质量分数没有明显规律性。不同采样点综合污染指数以后河头的为最高,达到了82.49,其他依次为前河头、前辛庄、东黑堆、东水东。总体上讲,新乡市近郊菜地土壤重金属综合污染指数远远超过Ⅴ级的限值3.0,前河头、后河头和前辛庄菜地土壤都处于极高风险的重金属污染状态;东黑堆和东水东菜地土壤也处于高风险状态。     

镉致癌的分子机制研究进展

镉是一种无处不在的重金属环境污染物,广泛用于工业环境中。普通人主要通过摄食、吸烟及饮水等方式摄入镉。1993年国际肿瘤研究机构(IARC)就已将镉及其化合物列为第1类人致癌物,镉的致癌性被广泛研究,大量研究发现镉会提高肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、消化道肿瘤等肿瘤的患病风险。但至目前为止,镉的致癌分子机制尚不清楚。大量研究认为镉通过以下几方面致癌:氧化应激、抑制DNA损伤修复、DNA异常甲基化、抑制细胞凋亡、影响细胞周期调控、致多种基因异常表达、雌激素样效应、促进肿瘤干细胞生长、慢性炎症刺激。     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Heavy metal and nutrient contamination of marine sediments in Hong Kong

A monitoring programme was performed to use marine sediments as an indicator of marine contamination in Hong Kong. A total of 51 samples were collected from eight marine sites and analysed for pH, redox potential, salinity, total‐N, total‐P, total organic carbon, and total Cu, Zn Pb, Cr and Cd. Sites with high industrial or aquacultural activities contained high total organic carbon contents, total‐N and total‐P contents. Sediments from sites with high industrial activities also enriched with heavy metals. Metal speciation results indicate that Cu and Cr existed mainly in the organic fraction, Pb and Zn were distributed approximately equally in both the organic and residual fractions while Cd mainly occurred in the residual fraction. The Cu, Cr and Zn contents were highly correlated with total organic carbon contents. All samples were classified as non‐acid forming according to the net acid generation test and only samples from the industrial site released a high concentration of heavy metals under a complete oxidising condition. The present study reveals that organic and heavy metal pollution is serious in the marine sediments of Hong Kong, and industrial and aquacultural activities are probably the major sources of contamination.     

Heavy Metals Contamination of Topsoil in the Vicinities of Auto-Repair Workshops,Gas Stations and Motor-Parks in a Nigerian City

Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu,Cr, Co and Ni were determined in topsoil obtained from vicinities of auto-repair workshops, gas-stations and motor-parks in Ibadan, Nigeria. The levels were elevated above background concentrations in control sites. Lead and copper were the most significant contaminants, and the degree of contamination was highest in auto-repair workshops. Factors of accumulation for Pb and Cu were: auto-repair workshops: Pb - 95.8, Cu - 117; gas stations: Pb - 46.6, Cu - 33.5; motor-parks: Pb - 31.6, Cu - 16.8. For Zn, Cd, Cr, Co and Ni, the factors of accumulation were much lower and did not vary much among the three study areas. Average values for all locations were: Zn - 5.2, Cd - 4.4, Cr - 3.7, Co - 1.5, Ni - 1.7. Improper disposal of waste lubricants is the likely source of high copper contamination.     

徐州市城区公园绿地土壤重金属污染及其评价

通过对徐州市泉山、云龙、鼓楼、九里4个城区的公园绿地土壤进行系统采样测定,对其土壤重金属富集与污染状况进行分析与评价。结果表明,该城区表层土壤中5种重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)含量均高于中国土壤元素背景值,其中Cd单因子富集指数为30.00,污染指数为14.56,富集程度较高,污染较严重;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr单因子富集指数和污染指数均接近1,富集程度较低,无污染或轻度污染。     

矿粮复合区土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险性评价

为分析矿区污染农田农作物生产的生态安全性,以焦作市中马村矿区的典型农田为例,对矿区农田土壤及植物中Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu和Pb等重金属的质量分数进行了测定,并对重金属污染风险进行了评价。结果表明,根据重金属的单项污染指数,在矿井水污灌农田（F1样地）土壤中Zn和Cd的质量分数达到中度污染水平,Cr的质量分数达到轻微污染水平,Cu和Pb元素质量分数未达到污染水平。在煤矸石污染农田（F2样地）土壤中Zn、Cr和Cd的质量分数达到轻度污染水平,Cu和Pb元素质量分数未达到污染水平。在矿区公路侧农田（F3样地）土壤中各元素质量分数均未达到污染水平。采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染的生态风险进行评价,F1和F2样地综合生态风险指数分别为239．60和178．42,达到中等水平,F3样地土壤达到轻微生态风险水平。采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法对小麦（Triticumaestivum）籽粒中重金属风险进行评价,在F1和F2样地中,小麦籽粒中Cu质量分数均未达到污染水平,Pb、Cd和Cr质量分数均达到重度污染水平。Zn质量分数在Fl样地中达到轻度污染水平,在F2样地中达到中度污染水平。在F3样地中,小麦籽粒中Cd和Cu质量分数未达到污染水平,Zn质量分数达到轻度污染水平,Pb、Cr质量分数达到重度污染水平。从综合污染指数评价来看,F1、F2和F33个样地小麦籽粒中重金属污染综合指数均达到重度污染水平。评价结果对科学治理矿区污染土壤,确保矿区农田生态安全、粮食生产安全具有重要意义。