野生及养殖背角无齿蚌中元素的生物积累特征

作为建立渔业生态环境“淡水贝类观察”体系的基础研究之一,以宜兴养殖水域（N=7）和太湖三山岛自然水域（N=7）采集的背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）为对象,运用电感耦合等离子质谱仪测定了背角无齿蚌软组织中元素Na、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Se、Cu、Cr、Cd的质量分数范围,并对各种元素积累水平的差异进行比较研究。结果表明,两水域中背角无齿蚌对元素的积累高低顺序具有相似的趋势。其中Ca质量分数最高,Co、Cr的质量分数最低,其它元素界于其间。养殖蚌样中的常量元素Na、K、Ca、Mg和微量元素Mn、Co的积累质量分数高于或接近自然水域蚌样中的相应元素,但后者中的重金属元素Cr、Cu、Cd、Ni质量分数显著地高于前者。养殖水域蚌样中的Mg-K、Mg-Ca、Mg-Ni、Mg-Mn、K-Ca、K—Co、K．Mn、Ca—Co、Ca—Ni、Ca．Mn、Ni—Mn、Cr-Co、Cu-Cd以及自然水域蚌样中的Mg—K、Ca-Cr、Ca—Mn、Ca-Ni、Ca-Cd、Cr—Mn、Cr-Ni、Cr-Cd质量分数之间呈现显著的相关性。     

太湖背角无齿蚌组织中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的含量及在水体污染评价中的初步应用

对2003—2008年间采集自太湖不同水域的9个背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)样品组织中的DNA损伤产物—8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG)的水平进行了分析,同时研究了蚌体组织中重金属Cd2+和有机污染物PCBs的蓄积残留量,以探明水体污染和DNA损伤的相关性。研究结果显示,9个样本中的8-OHdG的含量在1.021～8.886ng·g-1之间,尤其以无锡三山岛和宜兴大浦这2个水域的样本最为突出,差异显著,表明上述水域已受到较严重的污染。PCBs在9个样本中有7个检出,但含量无明显差异(P0.05),表明PCBs并非引起背角无齿蚌体内DNA损伤的主要污染因素。而背角无齿蚌组织中的Cd2+残留量与8-OHdG水平间存在显著的剂量—效应关系,呈正相关。这一结果与实验室内的模拟试验相吻合,提示重金属Cd2+是引起水体中背角无齿蚌DNA受损的主要污染因素。研究显示,背角无齿蚌机体组织中的8-OHdG具有稳定性强、测定方法简单快速、在一定的范围内具有显著的剂量—效应关系、实验室与野外分析相吻合等特点,因此可作为分子生物标志物来评价生物体受水环境持久性污染物污染而导致的DNA损伤效应。     

太湖背角无齿蚌组织中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的含量及在水体污染评价中的初步应用

对2003--2008年闯采集自太湖不同水域的9个背角无齿蚌（Anodontawoodiana）样品组织中的DNA损伤产物-8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG）的水平进行了分析,同时研究了蚌体组织中重金属cd2＋和有机污染物PCBs的蓄积残留量,以探明水体污染和DNA损伤的相关性。研究结果显示,9个样本中的8-OHdG的含量在1．021-8．886ng．g-1之间,尤其以无锡三山岛和宜兴大浦这2个水域的样本最为突出,差异显著,表明上述水域已受到较严重的污染。PCBs在9个样本中有7个检出,但含量无明显差异（P〉0．05）,表明PCBs并非引起背角无齿蚌体内DNA损伤的主要污染因素。而背角无齿蚌组织中的cd2＋残留量与8-OHdG水平间存在显著的剂量一效应关系,呈正相关。这一结果与实验室内的模拟试验相吻合,提示重金属cd2＋是引起水体中背角无齿蚌DNA受损的主要污染因素。研究显示,背角无齿蚌机体组织中的8-OHdG具有稳定性强、测定方法简单快速、在一定的范围内具有显著的剂量—效应关系、实验室与野外分析相吻合等特点,因此可作为分子生物标志物来评价生物体受水环境持久性污染物污染而导致的DNA损伤效应。     

美国生态水产养殖模式与常规混养模式的环境效应比较

在江苏省扬中市开展池塘养殖试验,以草鱼为主养鱼种,比较研究美国80:20生态水产养殖模式(养殖占80%渔获量的单种主养鱼和20%的滤食性鱼类)与传统混养2种模式对池塘水质和底质的影响.试验结果表明,生态养殖池塘鱼类产量和经济效益显著优于传统混养.生态养殖池塘COD、TP、TN、NH3-N和NO2--N等重要水质指标全年平均质量浓度分别为21、0.12、2.06、0.340、0.021 mg·L-1,明显优于传统混养模式的25、0.15、2.56、0.706、0.113 mg·L-1;BOD5、P043--P、NO3-N和叶绿素a含量则无显著差异.生态养殖池塘底泥厚度比传统混养池塘减少了12.5%,底泥中有机质含量较传统混养池塘高11.2%,TP和TN含量分别降低13.5%和5.1%.80:20生态养殖模式较传统混养体现出明显的优势.     

苕溪流域生猪养殖产污特征

不同规模的畜禽养殖、管理模式不同,畜禽的产污特征存在很大差异。探究不同规模畜禽产污规律可为区域粪污的合理利用及污染防治提供科学依据。选取苕溪流域2家规模不同的生猪养殖场,对其养殖污水及生猪粪便进行收集和分析,对比2家养殖场不同养殖阶段生猪养殖污水、粪便的污染物含量和产污系数特征。结果表明:规模较小的金爱养殖场(年出栏量500头)单头生猪养殖污水及粪便的日均产量均高于大观山养殖场(年出栏量36 000头);大观山养殖场生猪养殖污水和粪便中污染物含量大多高于金爱养殖场,金爱养殖场养殖废物中总磷(TP)含量远高于大观山,可能是因为金爱养殖场使用的泔水中TP含量过高导致;大观山养殖场保育、育肥和妊娠3个阶段的总氮(TN)产污系数分别为8.94、18.68、30.65 g·d~(-1)·头~(-1),TP产污系数分别为3.91、7.62、14.77g·d~(-1)·头~(-1),金爱养殖场保育、育肥和妊娠3个阶段的TN产污系数分别为9.84、19.77、32.95 g·d~(-1)·头~(-1),TP产污系数分别为5.87、15.23、30.09 g·d~(-1)·头~(-1),大观山养殖场TN产污系数略高于金爱养殖场,金爱养殖场TP产污系数远高于大观山养殖场。2家养殖场重金属的产污系数相差不大,说明不同生猪养殖规模对TP的产污系数影响较大,而对TN和重金属的产污系数影响较小。     

太湖五里湖背角无齿蚌体内滴滴涕和六六六的残留

作为建立淡水"贝类观察"体系的初步尝试,选定2003年3月采自太湖五里湖水域的背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)为研究对象,测定其体内滴滴涕(DDT)和六六六(HCH)含量.除β型外,α型、γ型和δ型HCH异构体及p,p'-DDE,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDT均在蚌样本中明显检出.∑DDTs湿重含量5.86～14.13 ng·g-1[平均(9.27±3.04) ng·g-1],高于∑HCHs湿重含量2.45～6.46 ng·g-1[平均(4.00±1.22) ng·g-1].p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD与α型、γ型HCH异构体分别为∑DDTs和∑HCHs的优势组分,说明太湖五里湖水域目前DDT的污染源可能很少,但存在较明显的新输入HCH.各蚌样的残留水平没有超过农业部、美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)和联合国粮农组织(FAO)颁布的最大限量.     

单独与混合暴露条件下褶纹冠蚌对Cu、Zn的积累与分布

采用室内模拟方法,在单独与混合暴露条件下研究了褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)对Cu、Zn的积累与分布特征.结果表明:褶纹冠蚌对水环境中的Cu、Zn具有良好的积累能力,持续暴露8d内,体内各组织重金属积累量基本呈线性上升,其中鳃与外套积累速率最快(p<0.05).Cu在褶纹冠蚌鳃、内脏团和生殖腺中的积累速率与Zn之间存在显著差异(p<0.05),且Cu、Zn之间在各组织中的积累拮抗作用明显.暴露前,Cu含量在褶纹冠蚌体内依次为:生殖腺>外套、内脏团>鳃、足>肌肉(p<0.05),变化幅度为10倍左右;Zn含量依次为:鳃>内脏团>生殖腺>足、外套>肌肉(p<0.05),变化幅度为4倍左右.暴露后,外套和鳃对Cu、Zn的积累量最高,且Cu、Zn含量在不同组织间的变化幅度明显增加.暴露前后,Cu含量在不同组织间的变化幅度均高于Zn.不同暴露条件下,褶纹冠蚌不同组织对Zn的浓缩系数(BCF)明显高于Cu.     

背角无齿蚌不同组织的基因组DNA甲基化分析

用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)腮、唇瓣、闭壳肌、外套膜和斧足五个组织基因组DNACCGG区域的甲基化水平进行了分析.结果表明,背角无齿蚌腮基因组DNA甲基化比例为47.9%,唇瓣甲基化比例为35.5%,闭壳肌甲基化比例为50%,外套膜甲基化比例为46.3%,斧足甲基化比例为56%;基因组中CCGG区域存在甲基化现象.不同组合甲基化比例不同说明该区域甲基化可能参与到基因的调控中.通过比较不同地点的采集的背角无齿蚌,发现污染严重地区(太湖三山岛水域)采集到的样品和非污染地区(南泉养殖水域)采集的蚌样甲基化区域略有变化.其中的相关性有待进一步的研究.     

复合强化净化生态浮床对污水中N、P的去除效果

研究了复合强化净化生态浮床[黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)+组合填料+三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)]和传统生态浮床(仅种植黄菖蒲)对污水中N、P的去除效果.结果表明,三角帆蚌和填料附着微生物与浮床植物间存在颉颃作用,植物生长受到限制;处理30 d,复合强化净化生态浮床使污水中p(TN)和p(TP)分别由9.23和2.16mg·L-1降至0.59～ 1.32和0.83～ 1.20 mg·L-1,去除率分别达到85.70％～93.61％和44.44％ ～ 61.57％,比传统生态浮床平均提高19.86和17.90百分点,最高达24.05和24.53百分点,并且随着时间的推移,去除率保持在更稳定状态;三角帆蚌投放密度宜控制在15 ～ 28个·m-3之间,此时复合强化净化生态浮床系统具有最佳复氧和N、P去除效果.     

池塘循环水养殖模式的构建及其对氮磷的去除效果

构建了一个由水源地、养殖池塘、生态沟渠(1级净化)、2级净化塘和3级净化塘组成的淡水池塘循环水养殖模式,研究该模式对池塘养殖废水中氮和磷的去除效果.2010年5-10月的运行结果表明,经过3级净化后,养殖废水中氨氮水平能维持在约0.33 mg·L-1,6月仅为0.010 3 mg·L-1,亚硝酸盐氮含量低于0.02 mg·L-1,总氮含量在各月均能达到GB 3838-2002<地表水环境质量标准>中V类标准(≤2.0 mg·L-1),总磷含量均能达到地表水Ⅲ类标准(≤0.2 mg·L-1),对叶绿素a的去除效果也很明显,去除率为16.10%～91.22%.可见,该模式能够有效地去除养殖废水中过量的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a.各级净化模块并不能逐级加倍发挥净化效果,这可能是因为在日常管理过程中由于孽生使得水生植物密度过大,从而引起水质变化反复.近2 a来的试验结果显示新建的淡水池塘循环水养殖模式正处于功能完善阶段,尚未成熟.     

Uptake and depuration of organic contaminants by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to environmentally contaminated sediment

Experiments were designed to expose blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) to contaminated sediment collected from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA in 1982. Measurements were taken to allow comparisons of the uptake and depuration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In addition, concentration factors in the mussels were calculated separately against the dissolved and particulate phase concentrations and the results from the exposure and control systems were compared. Both PAHs and PCBs were rapidly accumulated by the mussels exposed to the contaminated sediment. After the mussels were transferred to control seawater, individual PAHs were depurated with half-lives ranging from 12 to 30 d. Individual PCBs showed depuration half-lives which ranged from 16 to 46 d. Concentration factors in the mussels calculated against the particulate phase concentrations were very different in the exposure and control systems. Concentration factors calculated using only the dissolved phase concentrations (bioconcentration factors) showed excellent agreement in the two systems, possibly an indication that the dissolved phase was the direct source of the contaminants accumulated by the mussels. The bioconcentration factors for PCBs were higher than those of PAHs when compounds with similar n-octanol/water partition coefficients were compared.     

Acclimatization to intertidal conditions modifies the physiological response to prolonged air exposure inMytilus edulis

Both the tolerance of air exposure and the metabolic means by which mussles,Mytilus edulis, face air exposure can be modified by intertidal acclimatization. Short-term intertidal acclimatization enhanced the tolerance of air exposure most in early summer. Prevention of air breathing increased the mortality of wild and non-acclimatized cultured (i.e., control) mussels, but only slightly enhanced that of intertidally acclimatized mussels, suggesting their increased dependence upon anaerobic metabolism. In June, anaerobic end products accumulated in the adductor muscle of cultured but not of wild mussels. Intertidal acclimatization shifted the pattern and rates of metabolite accumulation. Control mussels accumulated succinate and alanine in the adductor muscle while intertidally acclimatized mussels accumulated strombine + alanopine, albeit at far lower levels. Pyruvate kinase (PK) from adductor muscle of intertidally acclimatized mussels was gradually activated during prolonged air exposure, while that of control and wild mussels was more inhibited. In July and August, during prolonged air exposure, the PK from the most viable mussles generally was the most inhibited. Prevention of air breathing did not markedly change the time course of PK inhibition during air exposure. Cultured mussels used in the present study were obtained from growers in Québec, and wild mussels were collected from the Baie des Chaleurs (Québec, PQ) in 1988.     

Copper-induced differential mortality in the mussel Mytilus edulis

Copper toxicity experiments were performed with 3 000 mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from a population that is a mixture of individuals originating in the Kattegat and in the Baltic. Subsequently, the electrophoretic patterns of the enzymes phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and phosphogluco mutase (PGM) were analysed in the dead and surviving mussels in order to detect possible differential mortality. Significant differences in allele frequencies between dead and surviving mussels were found for PGI. The results are discussed in relation to genotypic differences in the PGI and in relation to the composite structure of the investigated population. It is concluded that the differential mortality is due to genotypic differences in the PGI locus and/or to different susceptibility to copper by mussels originating in the two geographic areas.     

Mussels flexing their muscles: a new method for quantifying bivalve behaviour

We employed a novel technique to quantify how blue mussels Mytilus edulis react to predation risk in their environment by quantifying mussel gape using a Hall sensor attached to one shell valve reacting to a magnet attached to the other. Change in gape angle per second (CHIGA) versus gape angle plots resulted in a distribution with a boundary, which defined the maximum CHIGA of a mussel at all gape angles. CHIGA boundary plots for all individual mussels were similar in form. However, the CHIGA boundary increased in extent with mussel length (maximum CHIGA for mussel valve closures for mussels 2.98 and 79.6 mm long were −1.5 and −11°s⁻¹, respectively), showing that larger mussels opened and closed most rapidly. Mussel extract added to the seawater, a factor believed to signal predation, caused mussels to close significantly faster than otherwise (P < 0.001). This approach for assessing how mussels react to their environment indicates that mussel response to predation is graded and complex and may well indicate animal-based assessments of the trade-off between effective feeding and the likelihood of predation.     

Very long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons in lipids of mussels (Mytilus edulis) suspended in the water column near petroleum operations off Sable Island,Nova Scotia,Canada

Mussels (Mytilus edulis) suspended in the water column in 1994 and 1995 for the monitoring of oil drilling operations off Sable Island, Nova Scotia were examined for hydrocarbon profiles, particularly aliphatic hydrocarbons. A spring bloom of phytoplankton occurred during the 90-d suspension period in 1995. Hydrocarbons isolated from the 1995 suspended mussels showed very high concentrations of both biogenic hydrocarbons and very long-chain n-alkanes from C₂₀ to C₃₂, initially thought to be petrogenic. Both types of hydrocarbons were either not detected or were only present in trace amounts in the mussels suspended in 1994 at similar sites. The biogenic hydrocarbons in the 1995 mussels were apparently of planktonic origin, from the spring bloom, and were dominated by heneicosahexaene (21:6), followed by pristance, heptadecane, and varions monounsaturated and polyunsaturated phytenes, heptadecenes, nonadecenes and heneicosenes. They could be readily hydrogenated to yield the basic alkanes. The 1995 mussels suspended within 1 km from the oil well platform were probably slightly tainted by petrogenic hydrocarbons, as evidenced by the detection of phytane and high concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons, whereas the mussels suspended 10 km from the platform showed only high concentrations of biogenic hydrocarbons and the novel long-chain n-alkanes. The occurrence of an unusual phytoplankton bloom during the suspension period severely interfered with the petroleum monitoring role of mussels by altering the mussel hydrocrbon profiles through the accumulation into and probably selective depuration of xenobiotic hydrocarbons from the mussel, tissues.J. Parsons (deceased)     

Feeding and predator-avoidance by the rose anemone Urticina piscivora

We investigated the influence of feeding rate on the behavior of the rose anemone Urticina piscivora. We predicted that anemones would travel less and be less willing to detach from the substrate in response to contact with a predator (Dermasterias imbricata) as feeding rate was experimentally increased. As predicted, anemones receiving 0 mussels (Mytilustrossulus) daily moved significantly more than those receiving either 1 or 2 mussels daily. Anemones receiving 0 mussels daily also detached significantly quicker in response to predator contact compared to the 1 mussel per day group, which in turn detached significantly quicker than did the 2 mussels per day group. A field test of the same prediction gave mixed results. We also examined whether anemones could detect feeding rates of neighbors. Movement rates of anemones receiving 1 mussel daily when neighbors received 0 mussels daily were compared with those when neighbors received 2 mussels daily. We predicted that if the subjects could detect feeding rates of neighbors, they should move less when neighbors received less food than themselves (since their position is relatively good) than when neighbors received more food. The results support this interpretation. Received: 21 August 1996 / Accepted: 22 October 1996     

Predator-prey relationships between the rock lobster Jasus lalandii and the mussel Aulacomya ater at Robben Island on the Cape West Coast of Africa

The natural diet and mode of feeding of the rock lobster Jasus lalandii (H. Milne Edwards) was determined in a rock-lobster sanctuary near Cape Town, South Africa. Field observations were tested and confirmed by means of aquarium studies. Rock lobsters feed mainly upon ribbed mussels Aulacomya ater (Molina), which comprise the largest component of the sessile benthic fauna. Mussel remains were found as the major constituent in 97% of the rock-lobster stomachs examined. The density of rock lobsters averaged 8,100 per hectare (0.81 m^-2), while mussel biomass averaged more than 5 kg (wet whole weight) m^-2 within the same depth range (12 to 30 m). More than 80% of the mussel biomass comprised large individuals between 60 and 90 mm in length. Large rock lobsters (mainly males) were capable of feeding on all sizes of mussels, although many of these were inaccessible to predation. Smaller rock lobsters became progressively more limited in the size range of mussels which they could crack open and consume. Competition between rock lobsters for small mussels appeared to be intense, as mussels of suitable size for feeding were generally in short supply to most of the rock-lobster population. Hence, feeding and growth rates of rock lobsters are likely to be affected by the relative population densities of predator and prey. Growth rates of rock lobsters could be limited by food supplies even in areas where mussel biomass is comparatively large.     

Depression of feeding and growth rates of the seastar Evasterias troschelii during long-term exposure to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil

To test the effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on predation by the seastar Evasterias troschelii (Stimpson, 1862) on the mussel Mytilus edulis (L.), we exposed the predator with the prey to six concentrations of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook Inlet crude oil. Seastars and mussels were collected at Auke Bay, Alaska, in November 1980. During a 28 d exposure in a flow-through system, seastars were more sensitive to the WSF than mussels: the LC₅₀ for the seastars was 0.82 ppm at Day 19 and, although no mussels were exposed to WSF for more than 12 d, none died. Daily feeding rates (whether in terms of number of mussels seastar^-1 d^-1 or dry weight of mussels seastar^-1 d^-1) were significantly reduced at all concentrations above 0.12 ppm. At 0.20, 0.28 and 0.72 ppm WSF, daily feeding rates (in terms of dry weight of mussels) were, respectively, 53, 37, and 5% of the control rate; at the two highest concentrations (0.97 and 1.31 ppm WSF), the seastars did not feed. Seastars at concentrations greater than 0.12 ppm WSF grew slower than individuals from the control group and the 0.12 ppm-treatment group combined. These laboratory results show that E. troschelii is more sensitive to chronic low levels of the WSF of crude oil. The possibility that such oil pollution could reduce predation and permit M. edulis to monopolize the low intertidal zone of southern Alaska remains to be studied.     

An integrative response by Mytilus chilensis to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella

Physiological responses of Mytilus chilensis exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella were measured over 21 days in the laboratory and were compared with control mussels not exposed to the dinoflagellate. Mussels were collected from culturing ropes at Yaldad Bay, southern Chile (43o08′S 73o44′W), in August 2004 and acclimated to laboratory conditions for one week prior to the experiment. After 8 days, the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins (i.e. saxitoxin) in the tissues of exposed mussels exceeded safe levels for human consumption. Clearance rates, ingestion of organic matter, and absorption efficiency of exposed mussels were significantly lower than those of controls on day 0, but this was followed by an increase on day 3. The exposed mussels also increased their excretion rate over time, and this increase was significantly correlated with the accumulation of PSP toxins in their tissues. Oxygen consumption was not affected by the PSP toxins. The scope for growth (SFG) on day 0 was negative in exposed mussels, but it increased during the experiment. Although feeding activity and absorption efficiency were adversely affected during the first few days of exposure to PSP toxins from A. catenella in the laboratory, the M. chilensis cultured in Yaldad Bay may have evolved mechanisms that allow them to exploit the toxic dinoflagellate as a food source.